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By Marsh A. Cooper

THE THEME of my remarks provides a great deal of latitude. I shall therefore take advantage of the scope it offers to look at our industry across a broad spectrum. My observations reflect a Canadian mining man's varied career as a geologist, mine operator, geological consult ant and company executive in Canada and overseas ... under differing cultures, business environments and political jurisdictions. I was fortunate to come into this industry in the mid-1930's when it was characterized by great enthusiasm, drive and resourcefulness. It was the beginning of a burgeoning era of some 30 years' duration in which the individualist, the entrepreneur and the builder found ample room for expression. As I contemplate the environment in which we now have to operate and try to perceive what lies ahead, I find myself deeply disturbed. Something serious has happened to this industry along the way. It appears that our very success has been the source of our undoing. I believe it is useful to summarize our industry's basic strength at home as a take-off point f or assessing its position in world terms. I hope that I can focus on some of the things that, in my view, must be done for this industry and by this industry to restore Canada's historic role in the world mining community. The Canadian mineral industry provides 140,000 jobs. It pays the second -highest average weekly wages and salaries among the country's major industries. The output per employee in the mining industry is estimated at about three times that for the economy as a whole.

Jan 1, 1977

By Ross D. Lawrence

"IntroductionOne of the methods used when applying the Market Approach to the valuation of a mineral exploration property is known as the Joint Venture Terms Method. The method is particularly useful for the valuation of early-stage exploration properties. Unfortunately, valuators are sometimes imprecise in distinguishing between joint ventures and other types of transactions.At VALMIN '94, Bob Appleyard1 proposed that, if one ignores the time value of money and the probability that the expenditure commitment would be completed, the formula to calculate the value ($V) of a property owned by Party B at the time of the deal would be:$V =$Ex (100-1%)/1% (Formula I)Where $V is the value of the property2Where $E is the expenditure commitment by Party A, andWhere 1% is the percentage property interest to be earned by party A.At PACRIM '99, Mike Lawrence and Graham Dewar3 referred to this method and suggested that there was an ambiguity in the formula proposed by Appleyard in 1994. Mike Lawrence referred to this problem again at VALMIN '014•Lawrence & Dewar suggested that the formulashould be:$V100% =($Ell%) x 100 (Formula 2)Where $V 100% is the value of the entire property,Where $E is the expenditure commitment by Party B, andWhere 1% is the percentage property interest to be earned by Party B.Subsequently, there has been considerable discussion in the AuslMM Bulletin5. In my view, this discussion has touched on a number of useful points, but generally has overlooked one essential element needed for an understanding of the correct application of the N Terms method. That essential element is to understand that there is a material difference between (1) entering into a joint venture arrangement and (2) the purchase of an interest in a property."

Jan 1, 2003

By Z. F. Lodhi, J. H. W. De Wit, H. A. Terry

Zinc and its alloys have been extensively used as replacements for Cadmium coatings in aeronautical and automobile industries. Zn alloys with low Co or Fe have been highly investigated but coatings with higher amount of Co are very difficult to achieve due to anomalism associated with these coatings. Anomalous Zn-Co-Fe alloy is a relatively recent addition to the family of Zn alloys. It is found that the addition of Fe in the electrolyte assist in overcoming the anomalism. In this research Zn-Co-Fe alloys especially with higher amount of Co (>15%) and Fe (~1%) are investigated, after overcoming the anomalism associated with its deposition, and the corrosion resistance is compared with pure Zn and Cd. It is found that an increase in Co to higher than 25 % accounts for a shift in the OCP to a level near Cd yet keeps it electronegative to steel. The coating shows superior corrosion resistance, in terms of its sacrificial and barrier properties in 3.5% NaC1 as compared to Zn and Cd.

Jan 1, 2006

By Joseph D. Martinez

"The benefits of modern technology can readily be identified with energy availability. A clear correlation has been established between per-capita energy consumption and the GNP for various nations. The United States is an outstanding example of a nation which has benefited from vast energy reserves. The nation is now challenged, how¬ever, by dwindling reserves and the need to develop new sources consistent with the preservation of environmental quality. The development of new, virtually inexhaustible and environmentally acceptable sources cannot be expected for several decades. Meanwhile, we will have to depend on coal, nuclear energy and/or rigorous conservation measures.The net effect of environmental considerations has been to delay and perhaps ultimately eliminate the nuclear energy option as a national energy alternative. This forces a more positive move toward coal as the next major source of electrical power. Our coal resources are large, but the use and production of coal is also a threat to the environment. Thus, we seem to be moving from one major accessible source to another due to environmental concern only to face the probability that the alternative is also environ¬mentally unacceptable.Controversies revolving about energy choices must be resolved by an analysis of the relative benefits and impacts of these two sources and others. The pattern of changing energy sources is not new. We have moved from wood to coal to oil and gas in the past and must learn to adapt in the future. Rational decisions must be made relative to the utilization of intermediate energy sources pending development of promising future approaches. A collapse of current levels of energy supply could threaten our technological society and the means to develop a new energy base."

Jan 1, 1976

By H. V. Kinsey

"IntroductionTITANIUM is probably the most widely publicized metal today. Much has been written, both in the lay press and the technical press, about its properties and potentialities. In view of the fact that Canada possesses large quantities of titanium-bearing ore, and could conceivably become a major producer of metallic titanium, it was felt that a paper dealing mainly with the physical metallurgy of titanium would be of interest to this Institute. This paper is concerned chiefly with the useful properties of titanium and its alloys and the fundamentals governing the modification of its properties by alloying.Physical Properties of TitaniumTitanium belongs to a family of metals that have been termed 'gas sensitive' (I), because their mechanical properties are altered by certain gases which they readily absorb and retain. Other metals of this group are zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, columbium, tantalum, and chromium. Titanium has a strong affinity for oxygen and nitrogen and once it has absorbed these gases they cannot be removed either by melting in vacuum or by any degassing agent. These gases, when present in excess of about half a per cent oxygen plus nitrogen, render the metal brittle and useless as a structural material.Some of the typical physical properties of titanium are listed in Table I along with those of common structural metals for comparison."

Jan 1, 1953

By A. Warczok

The computer simulator of slag cleaning in an electric furnace is based on a set of mathematical models describing heat liberation, the rate of slag reduction and gravitational coalescence of matte and metallic copper inclusions. The simulator consists of a mass and heat balances as a frame, in which the kinetic equations of the slag reduction and phase separation are incorporated. Friendly user-screen interface allows for dynamic control of process parameters in real time together with simulation of typical operations, such as furnace charging with liquid slag, solid reverts and coke, tapping out of the slag and matte, motion of electrodes and control of the transformer. The batch, semi-continuous or continuous process can be simulated. The process parameters are displayed and continuously recorded for further analysis. The computer simulator is a powerful tool for process optimization, training of furnace operators and the design of new slag cleaning installations.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. M. Bell

General Summary THIS paper attempts to describe in a preliminary and general manner the nature of certain copper discoveries now being developed by Gaspe Copper Mines, Limited, in Holland township, in the interior of the Gaspe peninsula. Some copper mineralization appears to have been known here at the time of the earliest French explorations, was rediscovered in 1921, and has been under intermittent development by Noranda Mines since 1938. In the last two years discoveries have enhanced the picture so that the deposit now promises to develop into one of the important Canadian copper producers. As ideas are constantly changing with continuing development, any picture given now is very partial and tentative and must be subject to future revision. The nature of these copper occurrences differs from others known in eastern America. In many respects they have unique features but they are most closely akin to some copper deposits found away from the intrusive rocks in the porphyry copper districts of the western United States. The most important orebodies are replacement deposits in a limestone horizon in which the ore gangue is converted to skarn. These lie at considerable distances from any known intrusive but seem to have been derived from a buried stock of granite that intrudes the sedimentary rocks of Lower Devonian age. This intrusive has produced alteration effects in the overlying rocks that may afford a key to locating other ore areas in the Peninsula.

Jan 1, 1951

By K. C. Hendrick

The paper will review the significant developments in world copper over the past ten years and their impact on the Canadian industry. It will also examine the outlook for the future.

Jan 1, 1971

By S. P. Lowe

Flotation testing of Flin Flon ore was started in the Denver laboratory of Complex Ores Recoveries Co. in March, 1926. There had been a considerable amount of flotation testing previously which had shown possibilities of success, and it was felt that, with the increased knowledge of flotation and the comparatively new reagents then available, flotation held out the best prospects for a successful commercial treatment of this ore. There remained available for this experimental work a small amount of the rejects from a thorough sampling of the mine and some ore from the mine dump.

Jan 1, 1930

By Z. Yang, M. J. Collins, N. E. Tuffrey, R. J. Kalanchey, I. M. Masters

The high elevation of China Western Mining Company (WMC)' s Ganhe refinery, and the high iron content of concentrates produced by the WMC mines, were key factors in the selection of pressure leaching by WMC for their new zinc refinery. This paper describes the results of pressure leaching test work conducted by Sherritt in Fort Saskatchewan with a sample of WMC concentrate from Qinghai Province in China. Results from batch pressure leach tests and a four-day pilot plant campaign are reported. The pilot plant campaign included continuous operation of a two-stage pressure leach circuit, as well as neutralization and iron removal steps, resulting in the production of iron-free zinc sulphate solution. Greater than 98% zinc extraction was achieved in pressure leaching, while producing solution containing about 9 g/L H2SO4 and 2 g/L Fe. Following neutralization and iron removal, the solution contained about 170 g/L Zn and less than 10 mg/L Fe. Overall recovery of sulphur in the zinc concentrate feed to elemental sulphur byproduct was about 85%, while 75 to 80% of the indium in the feed was recoverable from the neutralization residue. The test results highlighted the technical and economic advantages offered by the Sherritt Zinc Pressure Leach Process and provided the required data for the engineering design.

Jan 1, 2008

By H. Golzarpoor

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with a product during its life cycle. LCA is identified as the most reliable method for verifying environmental impacts; however, current LCA-based approaches have certain limitations for environmental analysis of construction products. Integration of the LCA methodology with Discrete Event Simulation (DES) provides a sound framework for modeling and analysing the environmental impacts of construction products. LCA and DES is one possible combination for analysing the cause and effect of various scenarios where time, resources, and randomness of input variables affect the outcome and, therefore, has the potential to address the shortcomings of LCA in construction. Recent studies in disciplines other than construction such as manufacturing systems have revealed positive effects on evaluation of environmental metrics while integrating LCA with DES; however, this integration has not yet been applied for environmental analysis of construction products. By implementing LCA data in a DES model, this research proposes an environmental model of earthmoving operations in a case study. Environmental variables are simultaneously assessed with production variables in the same simulation model and the integration of DES and LCA is discussed.

Aug 1, 2013

By Christopher Riley

A relatively unexplored lead zinc deposit lies about 12 miles northwest of Revelstoke, B.C., in the highly metamorphosed Monashee Group of rocks of the Shuswap Terrane, Precambrian in age. Host rocks are of sedimentary origin and consist of gneisses, schists, marbles and quartzites with intermediary types. The marbles and quartzites provide good horizon markers. Using these it is possible to interpret the controlling structure which is a syncline overturned to the north, dipping south at about 45°, and plunging east at about 12°. The syncline is truncated at about halfway of its length on a peak on the west side of which a partial cross section together with superimposed minor folds may be seen. The quartzites and the two marble beds may be traced over much of the structure. There are two lodes, above the marble and below the quartzite, which converge eastward and which are the exposed edges of the same host bed -an impure limestone.

Jan 1, 1961

By S. Simukanga, J. Masinja, P. A. Bepswa, A. N. Mwale

Screening is an important operation in dry and wet closed circuit mineral processing applications. Most of the operations have seen the benefits of using fine wet screens in primary grinding sections where the product is relatively coarse, and screens can handle the tonnage. Although many models are available, most of them are confined to dry and wet coarse screening applications. Most models do not give good predictions for wet fine screening. To facilitate model development, pilot plant tests were performed using a single deck Derrick Screen at aperture sizes of 45µm, 75µm, 106µm, and 150µm. Experimental data for a range of feed solids concentrations and flowrates was collected and used to calibrate the performance of the screen under the different operating conditions. The results showed that the performance of the screen deteriorated with an increase in feed solids concentration, and, similarly with an increasing feed flow rate. The percentage of fines carryover also increased with the reduction aperture size. The carryover was even more pronounced at higher feed rates and solids concentrations. A model was developed for predicting the performance of fine wet screening. Data from the test work was used to compare the actual and predicted results, and to calibrate the model. Additional independent data was used to validate the model and assess its limitations. This model will give an expected screen performance based on the initial feed conditions. It incorporates screen design parameters that allow for an estimation of a suitable screen size for a desired performance based on given feed conditions. This paper discusses; the results from the test work performed, the model development and its limitations.

Jan 1, 2016

By Dean Millar

Clean, green, cheap compressed air can be produced efficiently and renewably by modernization of a 19th century technology ?The hydraulic air compressor has no moving parts ?After commissioning, the Ragged Chutes HAC operated for 70 years, only being stopped twice for repairs to the intake heads ?Operates using hydropower from Montreal river ?Produced air for ~29 silver mines in Cobalt, 20 km distant

May 1, 2013

By L. H. Bergmann

THE blasting practices described are fairly representative of those employed in the coal mines of Eastern Canada. As such, they may be of interest to Western Canadian coal mine operators. The treatment of the subject is general, no attempt being made to discuss blasting operations at any particular coal mine in detail. All the mines dealt with are mining bituminous coal and are classified under the Coal Mines Regulation Act of the Province of Nova Scotia as 'closed light' mines. As such, they are required to use only 'permitted' explosives and to apply them in a 'permitted' manner, except where authority is given by the Mines Department to do otherwise.

Jan 1, 1945

By S. Yannacopoulos, L. Bichler, P. Wanjara, J. Gholipour

Characterization of a virgin and in-service Inconel 718 alloy was undertaken to study the changes caused by the service conditions on the grain size, ?? phase, MN-type nitrides and MC-type carbides. The size, distribution and volume fraction of these phases and grain size were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analyses. A considerable difference in the grain size, as well as distribution and volume fraction of the precipitates was observed in the in-service material as compared to the virgin Inconel 718. As a result of these microstructural changes, a notable dissimilarity in hardness between the materials investigated was observed. The results presented in this study are important for proper development of repair parameters and heat treatment of in-service Inconel 718 material.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. W. Choung, T. Fu, Z. A. Zhou

An on-line visualization technique and methodology was developed to investigate the role of fine sphalerite (< 10 um) aggregation in flotation. The images of particle aggregates under different operating conditions were recorded and analyzed. The effect of impeller design on particle aggregation was demonstrated. This difference was not mainly due to the energy input into the system, but due to the resultant hydrodynamic conditions created by the impeller and their effect on particle interactions. The recorded image showed that adding fine silica (- 5 um) did not interfere with fine sphalerite aggregation, thereby showing no effect on the sphalerite recovery. Effect of the enlarged aggregate size on increasing flotation recovery was confirmed. Although Malvern Mastersizer produced consistently lower estimates of aggregate size than those by the image analysis, both methods responded to the changes in operating conditions in the similar trend. It was shown from this study that on-line visualization technique is a powerful tool for studying fine particle aggregation and morphology in the context of diagnosis for the flotation separation.

Jan 1, 2004

By Fulchand Shende

Around the world many potash mines experience brine inflow problems. The presence of brine in underground excavations may induce structural and stability problems. A study has been carried out to simulate the effect of brine on the performance of pillar support. The testing program consisted of loading potash specimens in a creep frame, and simulating inflows by continuously pumping brine into an experimental cell. Brine temperatures and load conditions were varied to simulate several mining and inflow conditions. Specimens were fitted with acoustic emission transducers to monitor energy emissions during an eight-hour test duration. Samples of brine were also collected to provide K+ and Na+ concentration data necessary for an accurate assessment of the dissolution process. Test results indicated that dissolution rates are highly dependent on brine temperature and load conditions. Loads approaching 50% UCS tend to generate very high rates of energy emissions, often leading to the failure of the simulated pillars. This study demonstrated that acoustic emission could be effectively used for predicting the performance of pillars when exposed to inflow brine.

May 1, 2001

Vast quantities of cosmic material, ranging in size from fine dust to large meteorites and planetoids, have been colliding with and accumulating on the earth since its origin 4.5 billion years ago. There are less than twenty well preserved meteorite craters and Jess than thirty fossil craters or astroblemes on the present face of the earth. On the moon, there are approximately 200,000 craters on the visible face alone -the largest crater being 132 miles in diameter and attaining a depth of 16,000 feet. Making allowances for the different physical conditions on the moon and assuming that these lunar features are of impact origin, the indifference is that, since primeval time, large numbers of celestial objects have also encountered the earth, but that both the topographic expression of the impact and the objects themselves have been destroyed by weathering and erosion. It may be reasonable to suggest that additions of cos-mic bodies have materially altered the chemistry of the earth&apos;s crust from place to place and that the impact of large meteorites and asteroids has created zones of weak-ness in the crust that could be the center of magmatic intrusion and mineralization.

Jan 1, 1965

By John Loop, W. A. Gibbins, Donald D. Hogarth

"Introduction Background The Frobisher voyages of 1577 and 1578 were organized by the Cathay Company for the express purpose of finding and mining gold ore. Since publication of the Baffm expedition of Charles Francis Hallill, the location of Kodlunarn or Countess of Warwick Island, the headquarters of Frobisher&apos;s third (1578) voyage, and focal point of the largest Arctic voyage of all time, has been known to the world. Through Hall we also know the location of the Countess of Warwick Mine on Kodlunarn Island. However, the exact locations of the other mines are not known. Of the ""ore"" we know little. Pieces of the original ""black stone"", once as large as ""a half-penny loaf&apos; have now disappeared altogether. Specimens collected at random from the repository of shipments in England and from loose rock on Kodlunarn Island were termed, respectively, ""hornblende pyroxenite"" and ""amphibolite"" and from a locale about 200 yards from Kodlunarn as (hornblende) ""pyroxenite""121. However, it is uncertain whether these specimens are representative of Kodlunarn or of the other mines, although Blackadar131 notes that, in the northern trench of Kodlunarn, biotite gneiss contains lenses and bands of amphibolite. The ""gold"" itself is even less well defined. It has long been accepted that gold was virtually absent in Frobisher&apos;s ore. The ""gold"" has been termed pyrite, biotite and both biotite and pyrite together. Even t h e word "" marquesset"" , which appears and reappears in contemporary descriptions, is nebulous and is defined as ""a stone participating in the nature of some metal, yet in so small quantity, that the metal cannot be melted from it"" (0.E.D., definition of 1616)."

Jan 1, 1999