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By B. Arsenault

Aluminum coatings can provide galvanic cathodic protection for several metals and alloys, In order to be a suitable protective solution on structural components, the mechanical integrity of the component must be preserved, In particular, fatigue properties are a challenge for thermal-spray protective coatings on mechanical structures, To address the issue of the fatigue integrity of 7075 aluminum alloy with an arc-sprayed protective coating, different surface preparations prior to arc spraying were considered, In the present work, a feasibility study was performed using laser ablation as a surface-preparation technique before or during arc spraying of coatings, This was collaborative effort between the LERMPS laboratory in France, the National Research Council Canada and the Royal Military College of Canada, Both fatigue and adhesive properties of aluminum coatings were evaluated in relation to substrate-surface-preparation techniques including laser ablation (Protal® process), grit blasting and shot peening. Results indicate that a combination of key conditions, including the use of nitrogen as the arc spray gas, shot peening, and proper laser energy density for ablation, provide high fatigue resistance of metallic coated 7075 alloy substrates. Specimens prepared under these conditions show a similar fatigue resistance to uncoated substrates.

Jan 1, 2005

By V. I. Ryaboy, S. A. Kondratyev

"The paper describes influence of desorbed species (DS) of a number of xanthates and higher dialkyldithiophosphates on the collective ability of these reagents. Adsorbed on mineral DS of the reagents in the form of products of non-stoichiometric interaction between xanthates and heavy metal salts can pass to the gas–liquid interface and remove liquid from the layer between mineral particle and water surface. A high-speed video recording displays the process of spreading of DS of xanthates and dialkyldithiophosphates over water at the moment of local rupture of the water layer. Expansion of “dry” spot on the mineral surface after DS of xanthate capture and displace liquid from the layer has been proved with video images. The comparative analysis of collecting ability and dynamic surface activity of dialkyldithiophosphates shows that these characteristics are in good correlation. The forces exerted by spreading film of the reagent’s DS on liquid in the water layer are evaluated, and the water flow rate from the layer is determined. The line of the reduction in thickness of the water layer behind the front of spreading film of DS of dialkyldithiophosphates and xanthates coincides with the line of the increase in their dynamic surface activity. Their force on the liquid volume in the water layer characterizes collecting ability of the DS film of xanthates and dialkyldithiophosphates. It has been supposed that the collecting ability of DS of a reagent is a part of its overall flotation activity, conditioned by surface tension of solution and, thus, defined by the structure of hydrocarbon fragment of the reagent.INTRODUCTIONIt is believed that collecting ability and selectivity of collecting reagents is mainly governed by adsorption of a reagent at the solid–liquid interface. A few studies have shown that activity of collecting reagents at the gas–liquid interface may have deep influence on their collecting capacity and selectivity. Experimental researches have revealed correlation between surface pressure in a carboxylic acid film on liquid’s free surface and floatability of useful components (Kulkarni & Somasundaran, 1975; 1980; Quast, 2006). According to Quast (2006), it is not always that surface pressure of a reagent film influences collecting ability of carboxylic acid. For instance, pH range of adsorption of tetradecanoic acid on hematite does not coincide with pH range of high surface pressure. So, surface properties of this acid contribute little to flotation efficiency.The correlation between reagent film surface pressure and mineral floatability has been reveled for quartz and cationic reagents, too (Bleier, Goddard, & Kulkarni, 1977). Finch & Smith (1973) showed that combination of adsorption of ion–molecular amine complexes on mineral surface and high surface tension of “fresh bubbles” was favorable for flotation performance. The use of bubbles with reduced surface tension resulted in a decrease in quartz floatability."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Nejati, A. Paluszny, R. W. Zimmerman

A numerical method is proposed to propagate multiple discrete fractures leading to primary fragmentation in a mine that is being worked using block caving. Deformation is computed using the finite element method, fractures are represented explicitly, and the mine domain is discretized by an unstructured mesh. Bedding planes are represented by systematically varying the elastic modulus of the rock and by defining horizontal weakness planes. Fractures and matrix are represented using parametric surfaces, and tips are defined by their boundary curves. Tip advance is controlled by a failure criterion, and a criterion for propagation direction and magnitude, based on the evaluation of the modal stress intensity factors. A novel domain integral approach is applied to accurately compute stress intensity factors (K) ahead of fracture tips in three dimensions. The method does not require a structured volumetric mesh structure around the crack tip, as integration is performed over a series of virtual surface domains along the crack front. The method is efficient, as it makes direct use of automatically generated, arbitrary tetrahedral meshes, and approximates stress intensity factors (KI, KII, KIII) along each crack front using Interaction-integrals. As opposed to the JIntegral, the method does not decompose K a-posteriori, but instead uses an auxiliary field to directly compute modal K. When using this method, numerical approximations of K do not exhibit dependence on the mesh layout, and require meshes that can generally be ten times coarser than are required by displacement- and stress-based methods. Volumetric meshing requires only, on average, 17% of each computation step. Thus, cracks do not follow any pre-existing mesh structure, and the method is well suited for high-density fracture datasets. The method is demonstrated for primary fragmentation of a mine area covering 110 initial draw points, immediately beneath a 2m high undercut. Displacement is constrained at all boundaries except the surface of the undercut. The growth of the fractures is investigated at the onset of the undercut. Ninety initial disc-shaped fractures are taken into account, each having an initial radius of 10 m. Fractures grow around the undercut, intersect the bedding plane boundaries, and the domain is fragmented as a result.

Jan 1, 2015

By Kati Tschöpe

Cathode wear has become an increasing challenge in the aluminum industry due to the use of more graphitized materials. Today, there exist no standard laboratory methods for measuring cathode wear where different commercial materials can be ranked. The typical average wear rate in an electrolysis cell is quite small. The aim of this work was to design a test method where the wear could be accelerated compared to industrial cells. It was focused on polarized tests where the cathode is exposed to electrolyte, which gives higher aluminium carbide solubility. The cathode materials were characterized by microscopy and image analysis.

Jan 1, 2011

By Y. Chengxian, F. Yaorong, Xinzhe. L.

Many factors about the HIC (hydrogen-induced cracking) resistance of pipelines are discussed in this paper. The main factors that influence the ability of HIC are environmental and material factors. The chemical compositions, non-metal inclusions and microstructure are discussed in detail, while a group of tests on HIC resistance are done according to varying C, S, Mn and P contents in pipeline steels, different experiment time and different strength to the coupon. It is concluded that decreasing the amount of C and S can obtain good HIC resistance; the test time has an effect on the different microstructure of X70; microstructure is the most sensitive factor for the initiation processes of HIC.

Jan 1, 2005

By Brian O'Hearn, Doug Hanson

"The most commonly used tendon supports in the Sudbury area include rock bolts, rebars, friction anchors and cable bolts. Due to the fact that these tendons are physically different and employ different anchoring systems they offer varying degrees of stiffness, yield ability, load capacity, anchor dependability and energy absorption. These differences coupled with variable rock mass and changing stress conditions have made it challenging to engineer the design of an effective support system. By tapping into the knowledge and experience gained by ground control practitioners, an empirically based rating system has been assembled that offers a guide to designers of support systems when choosing the most effective tendon support over a range of rock mass and stress conditions.A methodology referred to as support planning can be used to design support systems whose rehabilitation costs will be minimized. The use of multiple tendon types in anyone support layout is advocated, particularly when the stress state of the rock mass to be supported is expected to undergo a change."

Jan 1, 1995

By H. Abdollahi

Cold rolling is one of the most important techniques in metal forming since the cold rolling products are almost finished product, The product quality of this process is widely influenced by friction in the roll gap; therefore, controlling the friction and other parameters affecting the cold rolling is very important in order to have a product with high quality, Among the cold rolling parameters, the pressure distribution or friction hill within the roll gap is known as the most significant one, In this study, a new software (Matroll), is introduced which can determine the coefficient of friction (COF) and plot the friction hills for an industrial mill, Besides, based on rolling equations, it offers about 25 rolling parameters as outputs. To verify the software operation, the real industrial rolling data was used as inputs, The results (outputs) are in good agreements with the findings of other researchers, The COF values are very reasonable, The friction hill shows that COF is not constant over the whole arc of contact.

Jan 1, 2005

By Jan E. Nesset, Phillip J. Mackey

"Studies have shown that there is a correlation between commissioning and start-up time, i.e. time to reach full plant design capacity, and the degree of innovation and technical/engineering uncertainty in the project design. The paper describes the types of start-up curves for plants according to the level of technology or uncertainty in the process design. The need to properly describe and understand the commissioning and start-up time is examined using these curves and the importance on project success is highlighted. A number of case histories of recent mining and metallurgical projects are also reviewed. Finally, the paper reviews how to better assess the level of start-up uncertainty associated with a project and makes suggestions for decreasing the commissioning time due to technological risk.INTRODUCTIOThe start-up of a new mining and metallurgical facility, a much anticipated event, is a critical step in the life of such a project. Achieving a successful start-up and reaching the design capacity on-time requires careful planning, a thorough understanding of the key technological and engineering components involved and a well-trained and adequatelystaffed start-up crew. In this paper, some of the aspects related to start-up of a mining/metallurgical project will be explored, and in particular, the impact of the technology component will be examined. In order to illustrate this, a number of case histories based on recent mining and metallurgical projects will be discussed. Ways of assessing and understanding the uncertainty associated with technological issues related to start-up of a mining and metallurgical plant will also be examined.The history on mining and metallurgy is full of success stories of great mines and mills that are now considered “company makers” (well known examples of such successes include the Horne mine for Noranda which had a 1 year start-up in 1926-27, the Dome mine for Placer Dome, the Grasberg deposit for FMI in Indonesia). Less well documented are specific studies relating to plant start-ups and what constitutes a success or a failure, however there are a few notable references in the literature and these will be reviewed."

Jan 1, 2003

By R. Alarcón Sch., R. Abel F.

For many years, copper cathode quality has been a priority for end consumers, since it affects the variety of products that can be obtained from them. From the beginning, physical and chemical quality of the wire bars was controlled, as this product was used to obtain wire rod and other forms of copper by wire drawing. At that time, all the electro refined cathodes were melted and casted as wire bars. Subsequently, in the 80’s, with the introduction of continuous casting furnaces, it was possible to directly produce wire rod from cathodes. From then on, cathodes quality standards were consistently increased, by the introduction of uniform criteria, among which we can identify ASTM and British Standards as well. Also, producers began to use more demanding internal standards than the existing specifications, in order to differentiate their cathodes as high quality products among customers. Today the physical aspect of cathodes, including nodules, cracks, sulfates, or others, is the first element used by end customers to assess their quality. This paper aims to show a brief vision of the evolution of quality specifications for products used to manufacture copper wire. INTRODUCTION From the beginning of refined copper production for industrial purposes, mandatory minimum quality conditions were established. These quality conditions were used as the main element to determine prices and discounts of the respective sales contracts. Reviewing the copper development history, we can appreciate that its quality requirements had been constantly evolved, so that currently refined copper has an extremely high quality standard, that allows its direct use in the production of ultra-thin cables and other products applied in the industry. In each stage, refined copper production has fostered the development of technology used in their treatment. Similarly, cathode processing technology has been evolving to minimize treatment costs in order to generate a wire rod for several uses, ranging from power cables to super conductors. In this sense, to the already known type of fusion processes of the Southwire or Asarco type (capacities over 80 kt / year), wire rod production processes of the Upcast or Rautomead type (capacities between 20-50k t / year) have been added. They immediately deliver oxygen-free wire rods. In both cases, we can conclude that the clients' requirement had evolved from a chemical criteria focus, to considering more subjective aspects, such as visual control as the first stage of inspection.

Jan 1, 2019

By K. Loutet, A. Guenkel, K. Nikolaisen

"The INCO SO2/air process was patented by INCO in 1985. Well over 80 mining operations worldwide are using this process to oxidize cyanides to cyanates in the tailings from gold, silver and copper mining operations. The sulphur dioxide (SO2) for this process can be supplied either as liquid SO2, SO2 gas or as a sulphite-based salt. The majority of SO2/air operations have used sulphite-based salts as the ‘SO2’ equivalent probably due to low capital cost. Liquid SO2 has also been used frequently, but due to concerns with safety and availability, this option is often not preferred. The solid salt sodium meta-bisulphite (SMBS) is commonly employed, but its cost is an order of magnitude higher than that of sulphur. Due to the high cost of SMBS, the increased capital cost for a sulphur-burning SO2 gas plant (green field or retrofit) usually has a pay-back of less than three years. In addition, a SO2 gas plant offers potential for significant heat recovery from the sulphur burning process. In terms of safety, the SO2 gas plant only requires the storage of relatively benign sulphur and the site inventory of SO2 will be limited to the plant gas volume. Therefore, a SO2 gas plant will not trigger the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) E2 Regulations or the US Clean Air Act Section 112(r) accident prevention regulations, as may be the case for liquid SO2.Most existing mining operations using ‘SO2’ are gold operations, but in recent years there has been an increased interest in larger sulphur dioxide gas plants for hydrometallurgical facilities that employ leaching of cobalt/manganese minerals or precipitation of manganese/iron (e.g. Tenke Fungurume and El Boleo).This paper focuses on the production of sulphur dioxide gas generated on site and on demand for the use in hydrometallurgical processes. The capital and operational costs of a SO2 gas plant is compared to conventional process alternatives using sulphite-based salts or liquid SO2."

Jan 1, 2016

By C. A. Sutherland

"Smelting of copper-gold ore from nearby Rossland mines started at Trail in the 1890s. As ore from the Rossland mines became exhausted, lead smelting offhand-sorted galena orefrom other British Columbia mines was initiated. With the development of flotation technology for the separation of lead, zinc, and iron sulphides in the first two decades of this century, the large Sullivan orebody at Kimberley, British Columbia, became the foundation for the growth of a major zinc and lead smelter at Trail. Lead smelting began in 1901, electrolytic zinc in 1916, and by 1984, the Trail metallurgical complex had produced 10 million tons of each metal. Its present capacity is 270000 tonnes per year of zinc and 110 000 tonnes/year of lead.This paper reviews the history of technological changes in the Trail production plants, emphasizing the zinc plant modernization program started in the 1970s, and also the planned introduction of the QSL oxygen lead smelting process in the late 1980s. Lead modernization will increase production capacity to a maximum of 160000 tonnes per year.IntroductionCopper-gold ore was discovered at Rossland, British Columbia, in the year 1890, starting a mining industry that was to last over three decade s. Selected ore was at first transported at high cost to distant U.S. smelters, so there naturally followed a decision to construct a small copper smelter to process the local ore to matte. It was built in 1896 at the mouth of Trail Creek on the Columbia River, about 10 km from Rossland. This little smelter was to develop and diversify in the next 90 years into the world's largest lead-zinc produce.The mining boom that occurred in the northwestern United States and southeastern British Columbia in the period of 1890 to 1910 saw the brief operation of many small local smelters. The only one to survive was the smelter at Trail. The circumstances that permitted its continued life and subsequent growth, form a fascinating history of business deals, litigation, and steady technical progress.Early investment in local railway transportation and options by F.A. Heinze, the smelter' s founder, attracted the attention of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which purchased Heinze' s assets in 1898. This provided the capital base for survival and growth of the smelter, which remained and prospered under the Canadian Pacific umbrella for almost ninety years. It was registered as the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada Limited in 1906; in 1966, this name was shortened to Cominco Ltd."

Jan 1, 1988

By Richard W. Herzer

Introduction Thermal methods have been predominant in the metallurgy of the base-metals ever since the foundation of the industry thousands of years ago. Development in hydrometallurgy has been confined largely to the past six or seven decades. It was at first necessarily slow, then for a number of years rapid progress was made. At present, the uncertain state of the metal industry has curtailed research on the subject; however, in the next few years one may assuredly look forward to an ever increasing use of wet processes. Leaching methods have attained the dominant position in the case of certain metals, notably zinc. For others, they have made no headway at all. Copper presents a situation all its own. Due to the varied nature of its ores and to the large number of localities in which it is mined, a great number of processes have been developed, each suitable in its own particular field. In the case of this metal, therefore, it is more difficult to arrive at definite conclusions. It is the purpose of this paper, first, to review the outstanding developments of base-metal hydrometallurgy, and, secondly, to consider possible Canadian applications of some of the processes in use. The discussion will be confined to the three metals, zinc, lead, and copper, with particular reference to the last mentioned. Zinc General Note At present, zinc is produced by two principal processes, the older retort process and the electrolytic process. The latter is a development of the last twenty years and, judging by its present progress, bids fair eventually to supplant older methods in a large proportion of cases. It is certain, at least, that in the erection of a new plant, a hydrometallurgical process would be given the most serious consideration

Jan 1, 1934

By J. F. Henderson

"IntroductionTHE National Advisory Committee on Research in the Geological Sciences was set up by the Privy Council of Canada in 1949. It was set up because you, the Geology Division of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, asked that it be set up. The Committee is, therefore, to a consider-able degree, your offspring. In the role of good parents you, of the Geological Division of the C.I.M., should be interested in the progress of your progeny. How is the Committee organized? What has it recommended? What has it accomplished? On behalf of the National Advisory Committee, that is what I want to tell you about this afternoon.HistoryYou will remember that, in 1946, the Geology Division of the C.I.M. set up a Committee on Geological Research. This Committee, under the Chairmanship of Dr. J. E. HAWLEY, found ""that there is no national organization interested in surveying, co-ordinating, and implementing with financial help, fundamental and much needed geological research. Accordingly, the first and most necessary step to put the geological sciences in Canada on a proper footing .is the recommendation that a National Advisory Committee on Research in the Geological Sciences be formed"" (l).This recommendation was endorsed •by the President and Council of the C.I.M. in 1947 and submitted to the Minister of Mines and Resources."

Jan 1, 1952

By Jean Fortin

In order to remain competitive, the search for excellence has been and will remain the only viable option facing the Mount-Wright operations. Safety and environment, process and technology as well as cost performance have been the focus points on which the operations have concentrated their efforts in order to meet and exceed our company's "Vision 2000" plan. Some of our mine's accomplishments have been a new work organization, a world class maintenance and a new collective agreement. The concentrator, maintenance and production departments have evaluated their processes and implemented various improvements in areas such as power supply, dewatering, blasting, implementation of service centers for large and small vehicles, fleet standardization, crusher, mills and silos improvements... etc. Safety and work environment for personnel have been our driving force in order to achieve this plan.

May 1, 2003

By C. A. Sutherland

"Smelting of copper-gold ore from nearby Rossland mines started at Trail in the 1890s. As ore from the Rossland mines became exhausted, lead smelting of hand-sorted galena ore from other British Columbia mines was initiated. With the development of flotation technology for the separation of lead, zinc, and iron sulphides in the first two decades of this century, the large Sullivan orebody at Kimberley, British Columbia, became the f oundation for the growth of a major zinc and lead smelter at Trail. Lead smelting began in 1901, electrolytic zinc in 1916, and by 1984, the Trail metallurgical complex had produced 10 million tons of each metal. Its present capacity is 270000 tonnes per year of zinc and 110 000 tonnes/year of lead.This paper reviews the history of technological changes in the Trail production plants, emphasizing the zinc plant modernization program started in the 1970s, and also the planned introduction of the QSL oxygen lead smelting process in the late 1980s. Lead modernization will increase production capacity to a maximum of 160000 tonnes per year.IntroductionCopper-gold ore was discovered at Rossland, British Columbia, in the year 1890, starting a mining industry that was to last over three decade s. Selected ore was at first transported at high cost to distant U.S. smelters, so there naturally followed a decision to construct a small copper smelter to process the local ore to matte. It was built in 1896 at the mouth of Trail Creek on the Columbia River, about 10 km from Rossland. This little smelter was to develop and diversify in the next 90 years into the world 's largest lead-zinc producer).The mining boom that occurred in the northwestern United States and southeastern British Columbia in the period of 1890 to 1910 saw the brief operation of many small local smelters. The only one to survive was the smelter at Trail. The circumstances that permitted its continued life and subsequent growth, form a fascinating history of business deals, litigation, andsteady technical progress.Early investment in local railway transportation and options by F.A. Heinze, the smelter' s founder, attracted the attention of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which purchased Heinze' s assets in 1898. This provided the capital base for survival and growth of the smelter, which remained and prospered under the Canadian Pacific umbrella for almost ninety years. It was registered as the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada Limited in 1906; in 1966, this name wasshortened to Cominco Ltd.The Rossland mines continued to supply copper ore for the smelter until the late 1920s, but lead-silver ore also became available from the contemporary mining boom in the Slocan area, about 80 km away. In 1901, the Trail smelter diversified into lead; and when the CM&S Co. acquired the St. Eugene Mine at Moyie and the Sullivan Mine at Kimberley, the smelter was guaranteed a firm supply of lead ore. The company also purchased the West Kootenay Power and Light Company, which even before the turn of the century had constructed the first of four hydroelectric generating plants on the Kootenay River near Trail. This acquisition assured the CM&S smelter and its local mines of a stable power supply and the opportunity to diversify into power intensive technology."

Jan 1, 1988

By G. W. Govier

Measurements of the settling rates and the rheological behaviour of heavy media formed of fine suspensions in water of each of magnetite, ferrosilicon, and galena have been made. For media ranging from 1.6 to 2.8 specific gravity the settling measurements gave initial settling rates of from 0.5 to 0.01 ?cm. 'Per minute for magnetite; from 4.0 to 0.8 cm. per minute for galena; and from 35 to 1.6 cm. 'Per minute for ferrosilicon. These measurements indicate the ?relative stability of the suspensions and should be helpful in establishing the useful specific gravity range for each medium. Measurements of the consistency of the media were made with a Fann Model 35 rotational viscometer. Aibnormal or non-Newtonian behaviour was observed in the case of each media, the apparent viscosity being dependent upon the rate of shear or the intensity of motion. Measurements were made over the rate of shear range of 10? to 1,000 reciprocal seconds. The apparent viscosities of the magnetite media ranged from 450 down to 4?0 centipoise at 2.30 specific gravity, and from 2,450 down to 700 centipoise at 2.80 specific gravity. In the case of the galena media, the variation was from 40, through a minimum of 6, to 10 centipoise at 2.20 specific gravity, and from 950, through a minimum of 180, to 450 centipoise at 3.6 specific gravity. The ferrosilicon suspensions exhibited apparent viscosities ranging from 42, through a minimum of 5.6, to 9 centipoise at 1.9 specific gravity, and from 160, though a minimum of 35, to 85 centipoise at 2.8 specific gravity. The dependency of apparent viscosity or consistency upon intensity of motion is considered to be of particular significance in applications of heavy media where the medium is in rapid motion.

Jan 1, 1957

By David Penswick

Despite anecdotal evidence to the contrary, the mining industry is not in decline. Rather, the world?s largest mining companies are among the most consistently profitable companies in any industry. In many cases, profitable mining companies have been built around a few large scale, long life mines. These criteria for success ? size and long life ? have led to the current preference for deposits that can be exploited using open pit methods. However, developments in the science of block caving have resulted in this mining method achieving costs and productivities that are competitive with the largest open pits, while achieving widespread applicability. One implication of the low costs and widespread applicability of block caving is that some current open pits are possibly too deep.

May 1, 2003

By M. Ramström

"In 2002, Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB released the new rig control system (RCS) technology for all of its drill rig types. RCS opened the way for a new generation of computerized drill rigs based on modern, standard PC-computer technology. Drilling accuracy, information logging, reduction in manpower in some types, and serviceability have all taken a quantum leap forward when compared with previous generations of drill rigs. RCS is modularized and distributed by means of CAN-bus technology. This technology, which is well proven in automobile applications, forms the communication backbone of the rig. The modularity facilitates almost unlimited possibilities for the expansion and adaptation of drill rig functions."

Jan 1, 2005

By R. G. Rosehart, S. Y. Lee

"The current investigation concerns the removal of arsenic from waste waters using ion-exchange resin and activated carbon as sorption media. Use of certain weak and strong base anion exchange resins permits the removal of arsenic. Arsenic may be loaded on the weak base resin in the pH range of 2 to 3 and on the strong base resin above pH 5. The elution of arsenic is successfully achieved using 0.5 M NaCl or a mixture of NaCl and NaOH. The activated carbon investigated was less effective on loading arsenic, but the arsenic loaded was easily eluted by simple pH adjustments."

Jan 1, 1972

By K. Kudo

Magnesium rods of 99.95% purity and approximately 6 mm in diameter were continuously cast at rates of between 15 and 25 mm/min by a heated mould process and their mechanical properties evaluated. It was found that rods cast at 15 and 20 mm/min consisted of a single crystal, while rods cast at a speed of 25 mm/min were multi-crystalline and showed a unidirectional structure. Although room temperature tensile ductility to fracture varied widely, it was found that with an appropriate crystal orientation, cast rods can exhibit elongation by as much as 215%.

Jan 1, 2006