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By L. Klatzel-Mudry, D. J. Nikols, J. D. Hughes

"The Geological Survey of Canada Paper 88-21, A Standardized Coal Resource/Reserve Reporting System for Canada, is referenced by National Instrument 43-101 for the preparation of resource and reserve estimates on coal deposits. However, for all disclosure of mineral resources or mineral reserves for coal, issuers are required by NI 43-101 to use the equivalent mineral resource or mineral reserve categories set out in the CIM Definition Standards and not the categories set out in Paper 88-21. “Because the framework is based on Canadian deposits and their tectonic regimes, the Canadian Securities Administrators believe it is not reasonable to apply Paper 88-21 to foreign coal properties. The “Resource Links” at the end of this volume provide website links to guidance documents for preparing coal resource and reserve estimates in Australia, South Africa, and the USA.”This report discusses definitions, concepts and parameters used to determine coal resource and reserve quantities, and provides a framework to facilitate consistent categorization of coal quantities found within various depositional and tectonic regimes in Canada.Coal deposits, or portions thereof, are first categorized in terms of their geological complexity <Geology Type), and probable recovery method (Deposit Type). Methods for determining quantification parameters including seam thickness, areal extent and bulk density are outlined for each geology/deposit category. Within each geology/deposit category, coal resources are further divided, based on their assurance of existence, into measured, indicated, inferred and speculative subdivisions and, according to their feasibility of exploitation, into immediate and future interest subdivisions. Coal reserves within each geology/deposit category are subdivided according to whether they are within or outside active mining areas, and may be reported on in place, recoverable and saleable bases.A wide cross-section of the coal industry in Canada contributed to the development of this reporting system. To ensure that the parameters and concepts expressed in the system continue to reflect technological and economic realities in the future, the Coal Association of Canada has established a committee to facilitate periodic reviews."

Jan 1, 2003

By A. Lewis, J. Zachwieja, M. Widell, P. Zhou, W. W. Geissler, M. Svensson, A. Movahedi, H. Nordberg

Flotation collectors for sulfide minerals has been traditionally based on xanthate, thiophosphate, thiophosphinate and thiocarbamate, all derived from sulfur chemistry. Tecflote™ is a new family of patented collectors based on nitrile chemistry which can supplement or replace thiol collectors, depending on the ore types. A steep grade-recovery curve typical of Tecflote™ collectors was observed when using Tecflote™ as the main collector for the rougher and cleaner steps allowing a better recovery compared to current thiol collectors while maintaining the desired grade. Additional recovery increase has also been observed by the addition of scavenger steps using Tecflote™ collector in combination with current thiol-based collector. The selectivity seen in the lab is transferred to full scale trial and is clearly seen in the rough flotation where the increase in the rough concentrate grade of 5% after pumping Tecflote S11 directly into the tank cell. The mechanisms for Tecflote’s selectivity towards sulfides are currently under investigation and will be discussed. Results of TOF-SIMS analysis will be presented, demonstrating the collector’s selective affinity to different mineral surfaces in flotation. INTRODUCTION The history of collectors used today started in 1882 when Zeise first made xanthates. It was first used in flotation in 1925 – Cornelius Keller’s first patent (Fuerstenau, Jameson, Yoon, 2007). Between 1928 and 1930 American Cyanamid filed 7 patents for dithiophosphate, including flotation and chemical synthesis of the reagent, the first of which was filed by Christmann in 1928 (Christmann, 1933). Synthesize of thionocarbamates for mineral flotation was filed in 1954, by Dow Chemical Company (Harris, 1954). Now that the head grades have been declining over the last decades the need to find more selective collectors to extract difficult and complex ores has pushed the industry to look at different chemistries. Thiol collectors standard to the industry rely on the sulfur in the collector molecule to bond to the mineral surface. The electronic property of this group is modified by the adjacent chemical groups, such as additional S, P or N have the effect of changing the selectivity of the collector (Wills & Finch, 2016). In the case of xanthate the length of the hydrophobic group also has an effect on the selectivity with some minerals such that the ethyl xanthate is more selective against pyrite and pyrrhotite than the long chain xanthates (Wills & Finch, 2016).

Jan 1, 2019

By Z. Jun, L. Kerning

Jinlong copper smelter and refinery, originally designed for 100,000tpa primary copper and started up in 1997, has been expanding its capacity on the basis of operational optimization and by modifying its facilities. Currently it is producing 210,000tpa primary copper, and the new phase of expansion project with a target capacity of 350,000tpa primary copper is ongoing. This paper reviews problems and improvements made with operation and equipment in the past years. Recent plant operation is briefly described. The expansion projects completed are summarized and the ongoing expansion project is present.

Jan 1, 2007

By W. G. Miller, J. D. Scott, D. C. Sego

ABSTRACT The influence of using different extraction processes (caustic versus non-caustic) on thethixotropic strength of oil sands fine tailings is examined, as is the influence of adding a coagulant tocaustic fine tailings. The thixotropic strength of fine tailings at large void ratios manifests itself as a bonding or gel strength that has been widely noted both in the laboratory and in the field. This gel strength has a significant influence on preventing the initial consolidation or settlement of fine tailings. Differences between the fine tailings’ thixotropic strength development are explained based on their physical and chemical characteristics.

Jan 1, 2010

By M. Cai

"It is well known that Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) plays a critical role in triggering rockburst damage in burst-prone underground mines. To estimate the PPV distribution around excavations, advanced numerical modeling can be used. In wave propagation numerical modeling, velocity field is often assumed to be uniform around an excavation. However, it is observed that wave velocities near mine openings are not constant, but rather non-uniform. Wave velocity in a rock mass depends on many factors such as rock quality and confinement. In particular, confinement has a large influence on wave velocity. The confinement around an excavation is low at the wall boundary and increases gradually and reaches a constant value far away from the excavation boundary. Hence, stress redistribution due to excavation will have a profound influence on wave propagation in underground mines. A better understanding of the influence of excavation effect on wave propagation helps to interpret the field observation of rockburst damage and improve mine safety. For this purpose, a non-uniform velocity model need to be constructed and the influence excavation effect should be taken into account in numerical wave propagation modeling.In the present study, a non-linear velocity model is developed firstly by considering the influence of confinement on wave velocity. This model links wave velocity to confinement explicitly. A coupled numerical method is then developed and used to study the seismic wave pattern around excavations in underground mines. Two codes, FLAC and SPECFEM2D, are coupled in the analysis. The motivation of developing the FLAC/SPECFEM2D coupled approach is to take merit of each code, such as the stress analysis capability in FLAC and the powerful wave propagation analysis capability in SPECFEM2D. The coupling process is realized through three steps: (1) static stress redistribution around an excavation is analyzed in FLAC; (2) data for coupling analysis, such as non-uniform velocity field (based on the new developed velocity model), mesh, absorbing boundaries, etc., are generated by FISH functions in FLAC and passed to SPECFEM2D; and (3) wave propagation modeling is performed in the SPECFEM2D considering a fault-slip seismic source. Because stress redistribution around the excavation is considered, non-uniform velocity field for the SPECFEM2D model can be obtained and this is a notable feature of this study. Very large difference in the S-wave response in these two modeling approaches with uniform and non-uniform velocity fields can be seen from the modeling results.Using the FLAC/SPECFEM2D coupled modeling approach, accurate velocity models can be constructed and this in turn will help to produce accurate PPV distribution around the excavations. Accurate PPV contours can be used to identify high rockburst risk zones for improved dynamic ground support strategy."

Jan 1, 2015

By Sylvie Poirier

This paper focuses on new developments regarding thermal rock fragmentation applications. The technology consists in a strong burner powered by diesel fuel and air. The thermal reaction, which is created, allows for the enlargement of 125-mm to 450-mm holes by breaking the rock in a spalling effect. It has been used for over 30 years in Russian open pit mining. Following an agreement between Dynamitage T.C.G. Inc. and the owner of the technology, major improvements have been brought to this technology, allowing for the fabrication of a prototype suitable for the Canadian industry. In Russia and Ukraine, thermal rock fragmentation is actually used to drill large diameter holes in surface mining. Upon having acquired a better knowledge of this technology, it seems that it presents a great potential for selective mining in narrow-vein operations, for either surface or underground mining. Rocmec International Inc., a subsidiary of Dynamitage T.C.G. Inc., and Natural Resources Canada are technical partners in the evaluation of the operational parameters and environmental aspects, such as gas, heat, dust and fog emissions. Furthermore, Canada Economic Development is a financial partner in this project. This paper presents the technology and its history. It also reports on the changes brought to the equipment to adapt it to North American environments. A summary of the tests realized since 1995 is provided, along with the main conclusions obtained. The anticipated applications for the use of this technology in both surface and underground environments are described, such as open pit mining, bulk sampling and narrow-vein ore extraction. An estimate showing a comparison between the thermal fragmentation mining concept and the long-hole mining method is presented and, finally, the future developments planned are listed.

May 1, 2002

By Sylvie Lévesque, Frederic Couët, Laura Pérez-Barnuevo, Cory Hennessey

Determining mineralogical characteristics of samples throughout the iron ore concentration process – from drill core samples up to the concentrate – is critical to process improvement and remediation. However, assessment of mineral proportions, liberation, and texture, although essential, can be time-consuming and costly. Thus, a mineralogical study is often not performed or only restricted to a limited number of samples. New iron ore deposits or new ore zones in active mines will bring new challenges as they are known to be problematic due to their lower grades, complex textures and presence of mineral impurities. In those cases, applied process mineralogy will be necessary to understand and to diagnose potential processing issues. To take full advantage of mineralogical information along the iron ore concentration process, new tools are being developed to provide mineralogical data based on texture, composition and liberation. In an early stage at the mine, the automated identification of drill core textures could provide essential information for the prediction of ore concentrability and grindability. In a later stage, the automated modal tool, combining the knowledge of the iron ore mineralogy of a specific deposit and the results of chemical analyses, can quantify the mineral proportions of the ore; results show good agreement between mineral estimation via chemical analysis and modal analysis using a Mineral Liberation Analyser. A bulk mineralogical analyser allowing semi-quantitative evaluation of the liberation of iron oxides is being validated. The results from the bulk mineralogical analyser will eventually be linked with the mineral proportions issued by the automated modal tool to provide complete mineralogical characteristics of iron ore samples. Ultimately, these mineralogical tools could provide valuable and timely insight for predicting concentrators’ performances or troubleshooting gravity separation processes.

Jan 1, 2016

By L. P. Connolly, M. J. Fraser

"Hydraulic transport of solids has long been an important technique in mining and beneficiation. More recently, slurry pipelines have proved to be economic for longdistance overland transport of many commoditieis, including iron ore concentrates and coal. Now, the Marconaflo system brings the many advantages of hydraulic transport to bulk storage, loading, transportation and unloading of ships and other carrying equipment, thus providing important new means for delivering mineral commodities to market. In this paper, the authors describe the Marconaflo system and the potential economies which can be realized when applying it for loading, transporting, storing, reclaiming and blending a variety of mineral commodities, using several commercial installations as examples."

Jan 1, 1972

By Matthew D. Meyer

SMART, an association of surface mining companies formed in 1995 to develop a coordinated approach to technology development for the mining industry, has recognized the need for the establishment of a worldwide database that continuously collects mining equipment data and provides metrics related to productivity and cost. Under the auspices of SMART, Syncrude Canada, Suncor Energy and Albian Sands Energy (three oil sands mining operations located in northern Alberta) have established a pilot project for mine benchmarking. This presentation will include a review of the pilot progress including: ???Data gathering techniques: means of collection and storage, proposed practice for data control and normalization, access to data/reports and format for data. ???Reports/analyses for individuals, across groups, within the total industry pool and publicly. ???Security and confidentiality of information belonging to identified parties. ???Sharing of best practices among members. SMART has identified two key deliverables to ensure success of the project. First, data supplied from surface mines must be validated and normalized to common definitions and then analyzed to provide participating companies with regular reports that allow them to understand their position and resultant opportunities to achieve world-class performance. This model maintains granularity of the data for each operation that can then be recombined into standard comparisons or specific indices as required. The general categories of: operating delays, maintenance downtime, standby, and scheduled downtime, have been used to frame comparisons. Second, participating companies are looking to go behind the indices to identify and share best practices that distinguish particular operations. The spirit of cooperation between the companies involved in the pilot project is meant to be a model for future expansion of the benchmarking project.

Apr 1, 2005

By K. J. Aglias, M. Jeffery, J. V. Simmons, J. A. Johnston, S. G. Fityus

"Shales and mudrocks undergo weathering in the near-surface geological environment, and degradation when directly exposed at the surface. Despite having superficially similar appearances, many shales have very different degradation behaviours. For example, some shales break down readily upon exposure whilst others remain more or less intact. Further, for those shales which break down, the style of degradation can vary greatly. A phenomenon is described where fresh shale blocks that are exposed at the surface undergo rapid breakdown to a fragmented texture which then persists for relatively long times, without further breakdown to finer soil particles. This is illustrated for some coal mine waste rocks. Furthermore, this metastable fragmented texture seems to be particular to each particular type of shale. The paper presents a conceptual model for this physical breakdown of shales which accounts for the differences in fragmental texture that are observed. The importance of several factors including strength, permeability and expansive clay content are identified for their contribution to the degradation behaviour of different shales.INTRODUCTIONShales and MudrocksThe term shale is applied widely to a class of mudrocks having a range of distinctive but gradational appearances and mechanical behaviours. Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks primarily composed of silt and clay sized particles (Tucker 1982). Mudrocks form in low to very low energy environments such as flood plains, lakes and deltaic environments, where the finest detrital particles are able to settle out of suspension (Reeves et al., 2006; Stow, 2005; Tucker, 2001).Unlike coarser siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, mudrocks do not present with a wide variety of sedimentary structures and textures. The most common texture is a preferred orientation of clays and micas parallel to the bedding plane. This textural component is related to the property of fissility or the ability for such textured mudrocks to split along smooth planes that are parallel to the bedding. Another common structure is lamination, formed by variations of grain sizes and types during deposition, Massive texture describes the situation where no sedimentary structures or textures are apparent (Boggs Jr., 2009; Tucker, 2001). The term shale varies between sources and contexts, with Reeves et al. (2006) stating that a shale is a fissile mudrock, where “fissility is a property that has developed at a certain stage of weathering”."

Jan 1, 2015

By Larry B. Smith

"Feasibility studies are the means by which mineral reserves are established prior to financing a project. However, guidelines are generally lacking for the content, data quality and accuracy of these studies. Regulators take a principle-based rather than prescriptive approach to the content of studies and look to the industry to define study content. Professional organizations, engineering firms and mining companies must eventually establish guidelines and best practices for this work. Most likely these will draw on standards or “stage gates” that have been developed by major mining houses and engineering firms. Engineering studies must: 1.,Define optimal mining and processing methods, production rates, infrastructure, product sales, environmental management and risk mitigation. 2.,Increase confidence in resources, reserves, production plans, processing performance, infrastructure design, environmental management, permitting, capital and operating costs, and financial performance to support financing. 3.,Provide engineering designs suitable for accurate cost estimates. 4.,Develop project execution plans with sufficient confidence that project delays and cost overruns will not occur. Conceptual (scoping, preliminary assessment) Establish the principal characteristics of the project from the geology, resources, metallurgy and development constraints. Assess different approaches to mining and processing. Identify project execution requirements. Test project viability with economic analyses. Recommend additional work to increase the confidence in geology, resources, metallurgical performance, infrastructure, operating and capital costs, environmental conditions and permitting to allow selection of the best development options."

Jan 1, 2003

By S. V. Ulianov, A. Y. Senchenko, E. M. Kurchevskaya

"A process sample of old copper-containing tailings (-2.0+0 mm) from an iron-ore plant was tested in TOMS institute in order to develop a process for copper concentrate production. The study of tailings material composition indicated that -0.2+0 mm fraction was efficient and contained 97.26% of copper. Copper is predominantly concentrated in chalcopyrite which is present both in free form and in intergrowth with ore and rock-forming minerals. Study of chalcopyrite using an optical microscope and Qemscan SEM determined that the most grains surface was covered with oxide films. Additionally, a lot of grains had micropores on their surfaces that indicated a partial mineral leaching. The oxide films did not make it possible to float copper minerals from head material. It was recommended to apply an attrition operation to restore chalcopyrite floatability. In order to increase selectivity a regrinding stage for a primary copper concentrate was introduced to obtain P80 26 um. Taking these recommendations into account a flotation flowsheet was developed to process the old Cu-containing tailings. The flowsheet allowed us to obtain a concentrate with 23.5% Cu content at 71.5% recovery.INTRODUCTIONStudy of material composition is an important prerequisite for development of a minerals processing technology. Mineralogical study contributes to search for an efficient technology to recover valuables and for prospective methods of minerals processing.The use of such up-to-date analysis methods and equipment as Qemscan and Mineral-C7 allows one to determine minerals size, liberation degree, and mineral associations. Mineralogical data can reveal reasons for hard processing of minerals prior to development of the process.The advanced process mineralogical methods used to study Cu-bearing pond tailings indicated several factors that influenced development of the process. The first one is a barren size fraction which is to be removed from the process in order to considerably reduce the costs connected with grinding. The second is the presence of films on chalcopyrite surface; in this context, a preliminary attrition of the material was recommended. The third factor is finely disseminated Cu minerals in sulphide and in the rock, which predetermined selection of particle size for flotation. All these data led to significant decrease in time required to develop the process technology. The developed process flowsheet based on the obtained mineralogical data is present in Figure 1."

Jan 1, 2016

By Marcelle A. Hauseux

"The Turgeon Lake granite lies 5 miles north of Baie Johan Beetz, Quebec, at the eastern margin of the Grenville Province. The rocks are classed as granites, granulites, quartzites, biotite schists and gneisses, and amphibolites. The granite's uraniferous character is manifested by phosphuranylite, uraninite, and metamict .zircons associated with magnetite. Field anomalies occur in irregular pods, conformable with the tectonic foliation, in bands roughly paralleling sedimentary bedding. Associated features diagnostic of uraniferous granite are smoky quartz, brick-red feldspar, magnetite and a coarse to pegmatitic grain size. The granite is chemically and physically heterogeneous. Metasediment-granite contacts are diffuse or sharp, and usually conformable to bedding. The regional foliations within all rock types are coherent, and sedimentary structures are often preserved within both metasediments and granite. Autometasomatism probably was a strong granitization agent.A uranium reconcentration into fold-axial zones from original sediments which have been highly granitized during at least two phases of folding is suggested from the available data."

Jan 1, 1977

By R. L. Christie

"THE ISLANDS lying north of the Canadian mainland, and the large Boothia and Melville peninsulas, form one of the great archipelagos of the world; this sparsely vegetated and nearly unpeopled region extends about 1,500 miles east to west and 1,200 miles from the mainland to the northern tip of the northern-most island. Sea access to most of the islands is restricted by ice to the summer season, and the 'polar pack' ice of the Arctic Ocean presses the year round against the northwest margin of the archipelago. Although the region is remote, the accessibility has greatly increased through a network of weather stations, airfields and air routes connecting with southern centres.The area considered in this paper is that part of the island region underlain mainly by sedimentary rocks. In broad terms, this includes the land and sea areas of the archipelago and the adjacent continental shelf, but excludes the dominantly 'Shield' terrain of Baffin Island, and of Melville and Boothia peninsulas. An impression of the size and potential of this sedimentary region may be gained by comparing some areas: the land area of islands underlain mainly by sedimentary rocks is over 300,000 square miles or about 50,000 square miles greater than the area of Alberta. The total area of the region, including the continental shelf and the inter-island areas, may be double this figure, and may approximate one-seventh of the land area of Canada."

Jan 1, 1970

By J. Kalynchuk, R. Poulin, R. Pakalnis, D. Peterson

"A market survey of all underground mines in Canada (Fig. 1) was completed to determine the ex1ent to which cable bolts are being used as ground support. One hundred and nine questionnaires were distributed with 65% of them being returned completed. As a result, the quantity, types and locations of cable bolt installations have been determined. In addition, the grout pumps used, time required and cost of installations have been addressed. The popularity of other support types used in underground mines is summarized.IntroductionRock reinforcement consists of installing support within the rock mass (internal) or within the excavation (external). Within the past twenty-five years several new types of ground support have been introduced within the mining industry. Cable bolts were first introduced to the Canadian mining industry in the 19605 (Gramoli, 1975).Cable bolts have gained increased acceptance as a method of ground support during the past decade. The cable bolt is comprised of one central wire surrounded by six slightly smaller outside wires and typically having an over-all diameter of 15.2 nun to 15.9 nun (0.6 in. to 0.625 in.). The cable wires are made from high-strength steel with an ultimate strength of 26 tonnes (58 000 Ibs) (Goris, 1990). Current cable bolting practice consists of cement grouting one or more steel cables within a drill hole in order to reinforce the surrounding rock mass. Cable bolts are a form of internal support and are generally used in open stoping and cut-and-fill mining methods (Fig. 2).They can be either tensioned (active support) or untensioned (passive support) and may be of any length, though for underground mining applications, they are generally less than 20 m (65.5 ft) and are untensioned. A major advantage compared to previously used ground support is that the cables are flexible and can be coiled to approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) diameter coils allowing relatively long support to be installed in areas with limited head room (1.8 m).With the advent of bulk mining methods which require comparatively large stopes, it has necessitated the use of relatively long support tendons to stabilize the large spans being created. As a result, the use of cable bolts for ground support in mines has increased significantly within the past decade."

Jan 1, 1995

By S. A. Briggs

Bioremediation has been accepted as a treatment technique for groundwater contamination in subsurface soils and shows promise for contaminated fractured rock environments. Biological growth in fractured rock is expected to occur predominantly as biofilms attach to the fracture surfaces. Biofilms in rock fractures are subject to a complex system of forces and other phenomenon due to the dynamics of the bulk fluid in which they grow. In this paper, through the applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to rock fractures, where the boundaries are rough and the flow is complex, a precise analysis was conducted of the interaction of a fluid flow and the rock fracture. Specifically, hydraulic parameters and velocity profiles of an actual rock fracture were calculated and compared to a fracture of equivalent aperture. From the analysis it is clear that it is important to use more complex models such as the Lattice Boltzmann Method used is this paper to describe fracture flow.

May 1, 2009

By Wataru Inagaki, Kozo Kawano, Tetsuya Ando

Cu–Ni–P alloys are the typical precipitation-hardening material. Thus, Cu–Ni–P alloys is expected to apply alternative materials for heat-exchanger tubes. Therefore, it was investigated that the effect of the heat-treatment simulated brazing on mechanical properties of Cu–Ni–P alloy in this study. The hardness of specimen as heat-treatment simulated brazing after solution heat treated (sht) was shown approximately 105 HV. The peak hardness and tensile strength of the specimen as performed aged at 498 K for 43.2 ks following the heat-treatment simulated brazing achieved at approximately 140 HV and 260 MPa, respectively. From these results, it is expected the application to higher-strength tube for heat-exchanger after brazing in a furnace. INTRODUCTION Copper prices have increased dramatically with high in recent years. At the same time, manufacturing industries are required to reduce the environment load by reducing the wall thickness of the copper tubes used in heat exchangers. High-strength copper alloys are developed for reducing the wall thickness, while achieving high strength, of the copper tubes. Moreover, excellent workability and corrosive durability are also required by these copper tubes. Furthermore, the brazing, which are carried out at about 1050 K during the assembly process of heat exchangers, leads to grain growth and re-solving of additive elements. Nomura et al. achieved a tensile strength and Vickers hardness of approximately 260 MPa and 110 HV, respectively, after aging at 723 K for approximately 36 ks. Tamagawa et al. studied that the strength of Cu–Ni–P alloy rapidly increased at about 125 HV during the cooling process after the heat brazing due to the Ni2P precipitates sized 5–10 nm. Furthermore, Inagaki et al. achieved a Vickers hardness of approximately 130 HV by aging at 498 K for 10.8 ks. In the present study, we focused on the lowest aging temperature of 498 K in the previous study, and investigating the effect of heat-treatment simulated brazing on the mechanical properties of the Cu–0.93 mass%Ni–0.24 mass%P alloy.

Jan 1, 2019

By Marc Tardif

"The way alarm information is provided to an operator can make a huge difference in the minutes following an upset. Process alarms are often looked at as a way to help avoid catastrophic failure and serious accidents. But knowing that mineral processing is so energy consuming and that raw material is not consistent, all small upsets should also be seen as a catastrophe because they can have significant impact on product cost and quality.This paper will demonstrate how it is possible to use data from process alarms to provide operators with real time, value added information that will help them take the right decision at the right time and in turn, reduce unplanned downtime by 20 to 80% and incidents by up to 50% (number and cost),and optimize energy and capacity usage.In the era of Big Data, living in a world where we are submerged with information, one of the biggest challenges is to find the right information at the right time.Alarm rationalization projects will often focus on alarm quantity, but alarm quality is also very important. It is possible, by following a simple 6-step process to turn “alarms” into truly valuable information for operators. Based on known standards (ANSI/ISA 18.2 and EEMUA 191), this process will capture the knowledge of the best and most experienced operators and process engineers, and make it readily available to everyone, right on time, when it matters the most.INTRODUCTIONWhen spending some time in a modern control room, it is easy to notice the huge quantity of information that is available to the operator. Modern operation stations feature multiple screens with HD capability. These screens display information like process display, history trends, alarms and events list, maps with geo-located information, images from live cameras, etc. However, it is harder to assess whether all this information is really helping operators: Is all the information relevant? Are process screens overcrowded? Is the information easy to understand? Does the operator know what to do with all the information? Are there too many alarms?"

Jan 1, 2016

By R. A. Campbell

Pig iron and silicospiegeleisen were produced experimentally from a very low-grade manganiferous iron ore from Steep Rock, Ontario, by a two-stage electric smelting process. The most favourruble operating conditions were determined for each stage. Cement clinker then was made by calcining the slag from the second stage of smelting, with additional limestone and alumina. (This slag would normally be a waste material). The cement clinker produced had the composition of commercial Portland cement, and met the physical test requirements of the Canadian Standards Association Specification A5-1951 for normal Portland cement as well as could be expected for a material produced on .such a small scale.

Jan 1, 1958

By W. J. Jenner

"Introduction The Saskatchewan Power Corporation is a provincial crown corporation which operates under a mandate to supply all customers within Saskatchewan with electricity and natural gas. The Saskatchewan Power Corporation operates two coal mines within the province of Saskatchewan. The Souris Valley Mine is located a few miles south of the city of Estevan and produces approximately 300 000 Mg of lignite per year. The lignite is shipped about four kilometres by truck and burned at the 882 MW Boundary Dam Power Station, also owned by the Saskatchewan Power Corporation. The Poplar River Mine is located just south-west of the town of Coronach, Saskatchewan which is some 190 kilo metres west of Estevan. This mine produces approximately 1 675 000 Mg of lignite per year. The lignite is shipped seven miles by rail to the Saskatchewan Power Corporation's Poplar River Power Station. The Poplar River Mine is the sole sup plier of fuel to the Poplar River Power Station, which generates some 300 MW of electrical power. A second 300 MW unit is due to be commissioned at the Poplar River Power Station in mid-1983 and the Poplar River Mine will have doubled its capacity to approximately 3 350 000 Mg per year by that time: Souris Valley Mine Geology The Souris Valley Mine extracts lignite from the Estevan seam of the Ravenscrag Formation. This formation is of Tertiary age and was deposited during the Paleocene Epoch. The Ravenscrag Formation outcrops throughout southern Saskatachewan and all coal mined in the province occurs in this formation. Ravenscrag sediments are deltaic in origin and are composed of a series of fine sands, silts, clay and lignite deposits."

Jan 1, 1985