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By L. A. Forsyth

"SINCE I received and accepted your invitation to present to this meeting a paper on A Canadian Integrated Coal and Steel Industry, I have given the subject a great deal of intensive study.Two conclusions have emerged from my considerations: first, that the subject should be dealt with by a person having a firm grasp of its technical aspects; and second, that it is a subject which requires expert analysis of the complicated problems it presents in pure economics.A third conclusion inevitably results from the two just mentioned -namely, that the mantle of the prophet which has been draped up-on my shoulders is too large for me to wear, because I am neither a practical nor a theoretical coal and steel man; and I am not an economist.With the warning that I have discovered, and am keenly conscious of, the inadequacy of my background for the task, I shall attempt to place before you those aspects of my subject which appear to high-light it from a layman's point of view.In the first place, in .order to avoid confusion as between my audience and myself, some definition of terms may be required.As I interpret it I am discussing -a coal and steel industry, using the last word in the generic and not the unit sense, self-sufficient in the provision of all its needs from within the geographical limits of Canada.Now, I start with the proposition that, in the very broadest aspects of such a concept, the Corporation of which I happen to be the executive head meets my definition as a combination of operations resulting in one fully integrated unit of a coal and steel industry."

Jan 1, 1952

By Staff

Introduction The Hedley mine, perhaps better known as- the Nickel Plate mine, is one of the outstanding properties of southern British Columbia. Discovered in 1898 by Woollison and Arundell, prospectors, the property was bonded in 1899 to M. K. Rodgers for the Marcus Daly Estate, of Butte, and development was started the same year. From the high grade of the ore outcrop, and its colour, due to oxidation of the arsenopyrite, it was not difficult to open up and trace the showing. The Nickel Plate ore-shoot, which apparently had been easy to follow on surface, was more difficult to trace underground. In 1903, prospecting on an adjoining property, the Sunnyside, showed commercial ore at surface, but it was only after two years' work that the ore-body was defined and shipments started. From this property, $1,200,000 have been taken out. Prospecting was also carried on on the IXL, Climax, Copper Cliff, Mound, Bulldog, Exchange, Silver Plate, Gold Plate, and other properties, all of which had surface showings, but up to date only the Nickel Plate, Iron Duke, Morning, and Sunnyside have produced commercial ore. In 1904, the Bulldog looked like a very promising mine, but it failed to make good. In 1905, the Sunnyside No. 1 was in the limelight, but it also failed to make the grade. In 1906, an outcrop on the Sunnyside No. 3 looked interesting. Subsequent work. on this claim produced $840,000, and at the same time ore which yielded $400,000 was mined from the Sunnyside No. 4. In 1908, the Nickel Plate ore-body entered a lean zone and, as the diamond drill failed to give satisfactory results, the Daly Estate, after making a profit of $1,151,000, sold the property to the Hedley Gold Mining Company, Limited, for $760,000, retaining, however, a large interest.

Jan 1, 1929

By Donald F. MacDonald

METAL PRICES RISE WITHIN the past nine months, the mining industry of the world has been revivified by a spectacular price advance for the metals. ln fact, practically all geological raw materials have been marked up during this period. Reviving industry started the price rise, but the armaments race among the nations has intensified it. These factors, coupled with our decided building shortage, which must be made up, will probably maintain metal prices at decidedly favourable levels over the next two or three years, or longer. OUR MINERAL CIVILIZATION It is interesting to recall that in the past hundred years, while the white population of the world increased some three ta three and a half fold, the consumption of minerals increased seventy-five fold. In other words, ours is a mineral civilization. If we disregard short slumps, which we will occasionally experience, it seems certain that the bread upward trend in mineral consumption will be maintained for many decades into the future. Nations without reasonably abundant and diverse mineral deposits will eventually become nations without much power. Canada is blessed with a splendid store of minerals. Its mineral industry is now facing an exceptionally rosy future. What of the mineral industry of Nova Scotia? GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ALLOWED TO LAG RN NOVA SCONA Many years ago, when geological science was in? its infancy, much geological study was carried on in Nova Scotia. In 1827, Francis Alger began work on the iron ores in the Bay of Fundy region. In 1886, E. R. Faribault began his series of remarkable papers on Nova Scotia geology. Between these dates, many others published papers on the geology of the Province. The most outstanding of this early group of geologists was Sir William Dawson, whose published works on Nova Scotian geology extended over the period from 1845 to 1891.

Jan 1, 1937

By M. Sukhram, S. A. Argyropoulos

"In the aluminum and steel processing industries there is a need for velocity sensors to measure the flow characteristics of liquid metal. This paper will present a sensor and an inverse heat transfer technique to determine the direction of velocity in flowing liquid aluminum. Experimental research work with the sensor involving liquid aluminum was conducted, using the Revolving Liquid Metal Tank at the University of Toronto, which rotates 50 kg of liquid aluminum with velocities up to 0.35 m/s. Experimental data for various magnitude of velocity demonstrate that the sensor records different thermal profiles under different fluid flow conditions. Using the transient temperature information and the inverse technique, the direction of velocity of the molten aluminum flow field can be inferred. INTRODUCTIONOur research at the University of Toronto has focused on developing invasive sensors to determine the velocity of high temperature liquid metals. High temperature in this setting is defined at VALUES (in excess of 660 °C. The discussion which will persist in this manuscript involves detecting the direction of flow in liquid aluminum using an inverse heat transfer technique. We first reported on the sensor which is used in this article in the following two publications (Sukhram and Argyropoulos, 2011a; Sukhram and Argyropoulos, 2011b). The motivation to perform this research is due to the lack of sensors available to characterize the conditions within a high temperature liquid metal reactor/vessel. A report conducted by The Minerals Metals and Materials Society (TMS Energy 2011) has suggested that the introduction of sensors into molten metal processing environments has the potential to increase process efficiency up to 15%. Such sensors will aid in the understanding of high temperature liquid metal processing operations with the goal to implement more efficient process design and practice."

Jan 1, 2012

By W. S. Dyer

Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to the fire-clay and silica-sand deposits of the Mattagami and Missinaibi rivers and ? to the lignite occurring in them. The fireclay especially deserves this attention; it is of first-class quality; it appears to be widespread; it is the only fire-clay in central Canada, and part of it lies not more than 20 miles west of Coral rapids, to which point steel will be laid this coming spring by the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario railway. Undoubtedly, these clays will rapidly find a place in industry. The fire-clays and the better grades of silica-sand are Mesozoic in age and have been referred to the Lower Cretaceous or Upper Jurassic. Glacial clays and sands and Palaeozoic shales also occur in the same region, but are of little economic value, and will not be dealt with in this paper. Dr. Robert Bell was perhaps the first to discover the clays, since in the Report of Progress of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1877 and 1878 he reported beds of lignite on Coal brook, a tributary of the Missinaibi river, underlain by sticky clay and overlain by glacial drift. In 1880 E. B. Borron (1) discovered an extensive deposit of white sand and clay on the east bank of the Missinaibi river, five miles below Coal brook, and in 1890 (2) he examined the deposit found by Dr. Bell on Coal brook. He recognized that the underlying clays were quite distinct from the glacial clays of the region, and suggested that they might be used for fire-brick if metallurgical operations were undertaken in the region. Somewhat later, J. M: Bell described a deposit of fire-clay and silica-sand on the Wabiskagami river, another tributary of the Missinaibi.

Jan 1, 1928

By Eric Johnson

"IntroductionHistoricalCyanidation is a leaching process, in world-wide use, to extract gold (and silver) from ores and concentrates. The process has many inherent advantages on account of its adaptability:a. to any scale of operation;b. to a wide range of ore types and mineral associations;c. to a wide range of physical characteristics of the gold particle size, alloy (electrum) or mineral (telluride);d. to relatively simple plant controls and operating procedures;e. to simple marketing procedures and quick cash return.The basic idea for cyanidation was first described and patented by a German chemist, L. Elsner, in 1846. Some forty years later, J.S. McArthur, a metallurgical chemist and R.W. and W. Forrest, medical doctors, all of Glasgow, Scotland, came to realize the import of the discovery and accordingly, registered patents in Great Britain in 1887 and in the United States in 1889. The keystone of the McArthur-Forrest patent registration was the use of weak (0.05o/o) instead of strong (1.0%) solution.The years 1890-1910 saw much progress in equipment design and the advance from batch to continuous processing to increase efficiency and reduce operating costs.In later years, technological progress followed advances in materials of construction and control systems. Current innovations include large-scale equipment, high-capacity thickeners, belt type filters and Steller, candle-type filters for plants using zinc dust precipitation. As well, environmental protection is increasingly a major concern.The technology of gold adsorption from cyanide solution onto activated carbon has made rapid strides in recent years. This has followed the initial efforts of Potter, Salisbury, Zadra and their colleagues of the U.S. Bureau of Mines Research Station in Salt Lake City, Utah, and the field work of Homestake Mining Company personnel, in Lead, South Dakota."

Jan 1, 1989

By S. S. Al-Thyabat, A. M. Ghrair

"Printed circuit board (PCB) is the main part of any electric or electronic device, providing mechanical support and electric connection for the board eclectic components such as capacitors, resistors, diodes etc. PCB consists of non-conductive substrate overlaid with one or more layers of copper sheets. They also contain appreciable amounts of base metals (copper, nickel, tine, and aluminum) and precious metals (gold, silver, and rare earth elements (REE)) which end up in the landfill at the PCB end-of-life.PCB recycling E-waste in general is a profitable business; many valuable raw materials, precious and base metals, can be extracted with high purity. Approximately, one metric tonne of PCBs may contain 80-1500 g of gold and 160–210 kg of copper. The precious metals recovered from PCBs occur at concentrations higher than commercially mined minerals. Also PCB recycling is very important to our environment since many heavy metals (e.g. lead) may be leached from the landfills to the underground reservoirs. In Jordan, however, the work conducted on E-waste and PCB recycling in particular is limited; currently most of the E-waste is either exported or dumped in the landfill.In this work, a combination of physical (magnetic separation), physicochemical (flotation), and chemical methods (leaching) were used to compare metals concentrations in leach liquors produced from a concentrates resulted from a combination of these methods. It was found the leach liquor of the magnetic fraction of the PCB coarse size gave the highest concentration of Fe, Al, and Ni while concentration of Cu was higher in leach liquor of nonmagnetic sink fraction. On the other hand, metals concentration almost similar for both sink and float of the fine size fractions, indicating even distribution of metals concentrations in the fine size fractions."

Jan 1, 2016

By Theodore H. Boggs

The battle of the gold standard is not limited to one country alone, or even to a single group of countries. It is being waged merrily in many important commercial and industrial quarters. Though it is not always a practical issue calling for immediate attention, it is none the less, quite widely, engaging the thought of bankers and other students of finance. The controversy arises, in the last analysis, because of the desire of men to secure a stable currency. There are two ways of restoring a reasonably stable currency system: (1) the re-establishment of the gold standard, or (2) the deliberate and artificial management of a paper currency. Both systems are well known. The gold standard was in use prior to the war in the principal commercial countries. A currency of inconvertible paper has been at times employed in the past in various countries; for example in Britain from 1797 to 1821, and in the United States from 1862 to 1879. The gold standard, as all are aware, implies the selection of gold as the standard of value. The unit of value is a fixed weight of gold and, so long as the standard remains unimpaired, all other means of payment are maintained at a parity with standard gold coins. And gold coins alone constitute the standard money, inasmuch as their value as bullion equals their value as coins. Under the gold standard this would not be true of any other form of money, although all other varieties of money, including bank notes, government notes and silver coins would be freely convertible into gold money. Strictly speaking, the gold standard also implies that the gold money in turn shall itself be freely convertible, through melting, into gold bullion and freely exportable.

Jan 1, 1925

By A. R. Byers

"This paper describes the distribution, occurrence, and paragenesis of known sulphide deposits within an area bounded by longitudes 102°00' to 106°00' west and latitudes 54 ° 301 to 57 °00 1 north. The Precambrian bed-rock which outcrops over all but the southern fringe of the area con- . sists of regional metamorphic assemblages ranging from low grade or green schist facies to high grade or amphibolite-granulite facies. The areas . of low-grade metamorphism correspond to 'islands' of volcanic rocks which are surrounded by highgrade paragneisses and migmatites. Intrusive rocks range in composition from ultrabasic to granitic and may be divided into syntectonic and posttectonic sequences. The average composition of the former is granodiorite and of the latter quartz diorite.The massive sulphide deposits fall naturally on basis of mineral content into the following divisions: ( 1) pyrrhotite and / or pyrite, (2) sphalerite and/ or chalcopyrite plus iron sulphides, (3) sphalerite and galena, ( 4) sulphide-bearing pegmatite, and (5) nickeliferous pyrrhotite and / or chalcopyrite. The deposits of iron sulphides are ubiquitous. Ratio of pyrrhotite to pyrite is fairly constant for individual deposits, but their areal distribution appears to be independent of the nature of the enclosing rock and grade of regional metamorphism. All deposits containing ore-grade quantities of base metals have been concentrated at favourable structural locations. Copper-zinc and lead-zinc deposits appear to be associated with syntectonic granodiorite with the lead-zinc concentrations confined to calc-silicate gneisses. Copper-nickel deposits show a close relationship to post-tectonic gabbros and pyroxenites. The paragenesis is more or less the same for the majority of deposits, with iron sulphides and sphalerite being introduced early and followed by chalcopyrite and galena. Some vertical and / or horizontal zoning is apparent in a few deposits. Temperatures of formation and origin of the deposits are briefly discussed."

Jan 1, 1960

By J. F. Liu, L. Chen, C. P. Wang

"Calcite-cemented joints abound in the rock masses of Beishan area, which is the most potential area for the high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal of China. The mechanical properties of Beishan granite containing a calcite-cemented joint with a dip angle of 82° was investigated under uniaxial compression and the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics were also studied in this paper. Compared to intact granite, the calcite-cemented joint caused a decrease more than 50% in uniaxial compressive strength and a decrease more than 90% in shear strength. The Young’s modulus was also decreased, while the circumferential deformation of jointed granite was sharply increased. The AE monitoring system successfully recorded the process of micro-crack development and the results indicated that the risk of rock-burst could be reduced due to the appearance of calcite-cemented joint.INTRODUCTIONThe properties of jointed rocks differ considerably from that of intact rock. Due to the difficulties in specimen preparation, analogue experiments with artificially prefabricated fractures are often used to study the mechanical behavior of jointed rock (Chen et al. 2012; Kulatilake et al. 2001; Singh et al. 2001). However, natural joints are not quite similar to the artificial fractures and it is necessary to investigate the mechanical behavior of jointed rocks. Xie et al. 2011 studied the mechanical properties of marbles with natural joints by uniaxial compression tests and found that the uniaxial compressive strength of jointed rock is greatly decreased. With the unaxial compression tests, Jacobsson 2005, 2007 tested the intact and jointed granites, which were taken from the potential site for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal of Sweden. However, no significant difference in strength or modulus was found. The above research results are inconsistent and it indicates the complexity of the mechanical properties of natural joints."

Jan 1, 2015

By Yang Shuxin, Guo Qiliang, He Ping, Lu Lizhi, Yao Rui

"We combined stepwise regression and constrained regression statistical method to obtain the best boundary conditions for the calculation of in-situ stress field in Wushaoling tunnel using finite element method. Our numerical results reveal that: the main geologic factors contributing to the initial background stress are gravity and tectonics; the principal stress values would drop in fault zones; the angle between the maximal horizontal stress and the axis of Wushaoling tunnel is acute; Wushaoling tunnel tends to become stable when this tunnel has 2:1 ratio of the height to its width; the possibility of rock-burst exists under high stress.INTRODUCTIONStress state of engineering region is an important factor affecting the stability of project. Geological disasters in the project area are closely related to their stress environment. Wushaoling tunnel which is 20,050 meters long, lying along Lanzhou-Wuwei segment of Lan-Xin Railway in China, is the key project of Lan-Wu double-track railway. The region surrounding this tunnel is under a high stress environment. Accurate identification of the stress environment of the engineering area and the interaction between geomaterials and geotechnical engineering construction holds significant scientific and practical value for engineering design, construction, and operation.Many scholars explored and discussed the present-day tectonic stress through investigations of tectonic evolution history (Ding, & Lu, 1986), crustal deformation (Zoback, 1992), focal mechanisms (Yang et al., 2003, Xie, Cui, & Zhao, 2004), and so forth. However, the above methods would only provide the approximate direction of the principal stress in a broad region, and could not give the absolute stress values. In-situ stress measurement is one of the primary means to directly gauge the current crustal stress. However, in-situ stress measurement can only be applied in small number limited by measurement conditions."

Jan 1, 2015

By Ross D. Lawrence

"IntroductionOne of the methods used when applying the Market Approach to the valuation of a mineral exploration property is known as the Joint Venture Terms Method. The method is particularly useful for the valuation of early-stage exploration properties. Unfortunately, valuators are sometimes imprecise in distinguishing between joint ventures and other types of transactions.At VALMIN '94, Bob Appleyard1 proposed that, if one ignores the time value of money and the probability that the expenditure commitment would be completed, the formula to calculate the value ($V) of a property owned by Party B at the time of the deal would be:$V =$Ex (100-1%)/1% (Formula I)Where $V is the value of the property2Where $E is the expenditure commitment by Party A, andWhere 1% is the percentage property interest to be earned by party A.At PACRIM '99, Mike Lawrence and Graham Dewar3 referred to this method and suggested that there was an ambiguity in the formula proposed by Appleyard in 1994. Mike Lawrence referred to this problem again at VALMIN '014•Lawrence & Dewar suggested that the formulashould be:$V100% =($Ell%) x 100 (Formula 2)Where $V 100% is the value of the entire property,Where $E is the expenditure commitment by Party B, andWhere 1% is the percentage property interest to be earned by Party B.Subsequently, there has been considerable discussion in the AuslMM Bulletin5. In my view, this discussion has touched on a number of useful points, but generally has overlooked one essential element needed for an understanding of the correct application of the N Terms method. That essential element is to understand that there is a material difference between (1) entering into a joint venture arrangement and (2) the purchase of an interest in a property."

Jan 1, 2003

By John O. Galloway

"The year 1947 was a momentous one in the history of the petroleum industry in Canada. It was in that year that Imperial Oil Limited made its discovery at Leduc, the forerunner of other discoveries, large and small, and the spark wl1ich started a most intensive exploration and development programme there.If, to use boxing parlance, Leduc was the first blow of a one-two combination which left doubting Thomases groggy, then Redwater was the number two blow which achieved the knockout. The oil industry's exploration leaders did about-face without delay and the rush of oil operators of all classifications to western Canada began. It is still continuing, and the influx of capital which the operators have brought in and are bringing in has a bouyant effect upon the over-all economy. The boom is on, but it is a sound one, and it is difficult to conceive that it will have anything but the most beneficial effect on Canada, and particularly western Canada.The petroleum industry is an important segment of the general economy. Its activities call for tremendous amounts of capital; its employees are well paid; it is a large customer for a wide range of products of other industries; its commodities are essential to the citizens and the nation.The industry is carried on by highly aggressive and independent groups and individuals, of which a small minority are integrated while the majority are relatively small operators engaged in only one or two phases of the business. Competition is the rule and, since the nature of the business is mass production, the industry is faced from time to time with serious problems, many of which are peculiar to it."

Jan 1, 1950

By W. W. Beaton

The Coxheath copper mine is situated on the north side of the Coxheath hills and opposite the French Vale, at a distance of about 10 miles southwest of Sydney, Cape Breton county. The deposit was discovered in 1880, and the first work on the property was carried out with local capital. Lacer some Boston men became interested and formed a Company to finance the undertaking. This group operated the mine intermittently for approximately 20 years, spending close to one million dollars on the undertaking. Three shafts were sunk to depths of 110, 190, and 340 feet, and further underground workings to the extent of approximately one-half mile were driven. Also, an extensive surface programme was carried out. in which many test pits and hundreds of feet of trenches were dug, Early in the summer of 1928 the Arno Mines, Limited, optioned the property and immediately started an exploration campaign. A series of trenches were dug along the parallel vein system, and over 4,000 feet of diamond-drilling was done. The results obtained were so encouraging that a mining plant was erected in the fall of chat year and No. 2 shaft was drained. A complete new plant was installed, consisting of one 120 h.p. Fairbanks-Morse Diesel engine, direct connected to a Sullivan angle compound, air compressor; an 80 h .p. Leonard boiler, which supplies power for the 7 by 11 Ingersoll-Rand hoist; and a Sullivan class C steel sharpener and oil furnace. Two 250-gallon Cameron pumps, one operated by steam and the other by air, were placed in the mine so that, in case of a break-down, the mine would not be flooded.

Jan 1, 1930

By E. S. Moore

To properly understand industrial conditions in Spain it is necessary to consider the early history of the country. Spain is very backward in many lines. They use the sickle for cutting grain, and plows for cultivating the land, which resemble those of Biblical days. In the great mining camp at Bilbao only one steam-shovel is in use, although about two hundred million tons of ore has been produced, and this almost entirely from open cuts. It is the lack of industrial development, such as is found in many other countries, which permits large mining enterprises to be controlled almost entirely by foreign capital, although Spain is such an old country, and which permits mines opened in the days of the Phoenicians to still operate. Such deposits in America would be exhausted in a comparatively few years. The Phoenicians are supposed to have reached Spain about 1100 B.C. and to have worked some of the properties in the Rio Tinto district. The Carthagenians invaded the country about 236 B.C., and they were driven out about 205 B.C. by the Romans. The Romans ruled until 483 A.D., when they were overthrown by the Visigoths. Then, about 711 A.D., the Moors from Africa became prominent and they were finally expelled by the Spaniards in 1492. Spanish power reached its zenith under Phillip II, during the latter half of the 16th century, and since the close of that century the country has lost its prominent place among the nations. There are some evidences of revival in the development of good roads, the construction of a satisfactory network of railways, and the building of magnificent thoroughfares through the capital city, Madrid.

Jan 1, 1927

By Douglas Lay

Attention has been drawn in the publications of the Department of Mines to the view that veins of two different ages occur in the Cariboo district, namely, those of Jura-Cretaceous age and those of pre" Mississippian age. It has been further pointed out that while there is doubtless a wide distribution of veins of pre-Mississippian age in and about the Barkerville and Stanley areas, and in the vicinity of Round Top mountain and Yank's peak, there is no such wide distribution of veins carrying gold values of commercial significance. Veins of the latter type discovered to date occur almost exclusively within one or other of two comparatively narrow zones, both trending northwest and southeast, the one extending from Island mountain co Round Top mountain, and the other from a point somewhat north of Stanley co Yank's peak. In addition, there is some evidence of a third zone trending northwest from Spanish mountain, at or near the contact of the pre-Cambrian and Mesozoic rocks. In short, all the evidence from prospecting and lode-mining operations to date indicates that values are mainly restricted co zones having marked directional distribution. Moreover, it can be demonstrated that the placer deposits resulting from the erosion of the pre-Mississippian veins have a similar directional distribution, allowance being made for modifications due to glaciation. The observations offered in this paper are of the nature of a generalization which seeks to explain certain anomalies both in the vein-mineralization and in the -important auriferous-pyrite replacement deposits in limestone which have recently been discovered. For the sake of brevity, the Island Mountain-Round Top Mountain zone will be referred to as Zone No. 1, and the Stanley-Yank's Peak zone as Zone No. 2.

Jan 1, 1936

By A. Rahmati

Geological and geo-statistical modeling of the ore deposits play a prominent role in resource and reserve estimation for geo-statistical evaluations. Sheytoor iron deposit is located in the Bafq iron ore district (Central Iran) and in the south-east of the Esfordi 1:100000 sheet. According to the geological data, limestones and dolomitic limestones are situated in the north and central parts of the area, on the other hand, iron ore outcrops are observable in the center, south-west and south-east of the studied area. Meanwhile this ore deposit represents a sulfide one. Based on the boreholes data, geological and geostatistical models of the high and low grade iron mineralization zones were generated by Rockworks v.15 software. The IDW method was selected and employed for processing the collected data and a good adaptation between the results was revealed. The distribution model of Fe concentration displayed a relatively high grade Fe in the center, south and south-east parts of the area. Furthermore, this model illustrated a relatively high grade S and P in some parts of the center, north and south-east of the area. The Fe concentration, in the high grade mineralization zone, was between 45 and 61.5%. In addition, in the low grade mineralization zone, it was between 3.64 and 57.64%. Moreover, in the intrusive granites, the Fe concentration was between 30 and 48.73%. Due to the significant amount of the sulfur in the deposit model, most of Fe-bearing minerals are pyrite, so it is recommended an evaluation on Cu-bearing minerals and their related elements in the area to get done. Additionally, there are too much Fe values in granitic zones which could be caused by possible measurement errors and the geological classification of the area. Therefore, it should be done more carefully.

Aug 1, 2013

By Jas. E. Thomson

"The Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake gold area is in northeastern Ontario and is a continuation of the ore-bearing belt that extends across northwestern Quebec through the Rouyn, Cadillac, Malartic, and Bourlamaque areas. It is the oldest mining camp along this famous mineral belt. Gold discoveries were first made at Larder Lake and Swastika in 1906, but it was not until 1913 that important developments at Kirkland Lake created a real interest in the country. Total gold production of the camp passed the million dollar a year mark in 1920 and increased in amount yearly until the advent of the second World War when there was a falling off due to labour shortage. The Kirkland-Larder camp ranks as the second largest gold producing area ' in Ontario. To the end of 1944, twenty-two mines in the area had produced bullion valued at $515,631,428 and ten mines had distributed dividends amounting to $205,981,116. The average grade of the ore milled in this period has been $15.17 a ton for the mines in the Kirkland Lake area and $6.49 a ton for the mines at Larder Lake.ROCK FORMATIONS OF THE AREAIn a general way the rocks of the country may be divided into the lithological groups indicated on the accompanying geological sketch map. This map has been compiled largely from recently issued geological sheets of the Geological Branch of the Ontario Department of Minest. Owing to the present difficulty of separating the formations of the Larder Lake country into the twofold age divisions of Keewatin and Timiskaming, the usual custom in the past, a lithological grouping of formations has been adopted. The age terms 'Keewatin and 'Timiskaming' are loosely used in this article to express the often used but not necessarily accurate distinction between the main groups of older strata."

Jan 1, 1954

By J. E. Armstrong

THE Pinchi Lake mercury belt is in central British Columbia, about fifty miles north of the Prince Rupert branch of the Canadian National railway (Figure 1). Until 1936 little was known about the geology of this area. Jn 19~6 and 1937, J. G. Gray and the writer mapped the Fort Fraser area (G.S.C. maps 630A and 631A) for the Geological Survey of Canada. During the field season of 1937, cinnabar was discovered by J. G. Gray in the Permian limestones on the north shore of Pinchi lake on what have since proved to be the main showings of the Pinchi Lake mercury mine. Claims were staked in the spring of 1938 and later that year were optioned to the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company. Development work revealed cinnabar deposits of commercial size and grade, and a small reduction plant was erected, production of mercury commencing in June, 1940. Since 1940, this plant has been enlarged by additional units. The ore treated is reported to contain between 0.5 and 0.75 per cent mercury. The production of mercury from this deposit is now far in excess of Canadian requirements and this country is able to supply the United Kingdom with part of its needs. In 1940 and 1941, several other occurrences of cinnabar were found northwest of Pinchi lake. During 1941, the writer made a geological investigation of the known cinnabar occurrences and of the belt of country in which they are located. The present paper summarizes the results of this work. The writer is indebted to officials of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, and to Mr. E. Bronlund of the Pinchi Lake mine in particular, for their generous co-operation in the work.

Jan 1, 1942

By H. Fuchs, W. Hilger, E. Prosser

"The Lone Gull discovery of Urangesellschaft Canada Limited was made in 1974 as a result of extensive exploration activities for unconformity related uranium deposits in the Baker Lake area of the Northwest Territories. The structurally controlled mineralization is hosted in Aphebian metasediments and intrusive granitic stocks located approximately 2 km south of the unconformity between the Lower Proterozoic Aphebian and the Middle Proterozoic The/on Formation.The original discovery was made with a helicopter mounted radiometric system during systematic prospection over the unconformity. Diamond drilling was first carried out in 1977 and continued, with an interruption in 1981, to the present. A total of 25,500 metres and 199 holes have been drilled and outlined three ore zones. Preliminary geological reserves are estimated at some 16 million kgs. U30 8 at an average grade of approximately 0.4%.IntroductionUrangesellschaft initially entered exploration in Canada as a participant in joint ventures in 1968, and was incorporated in Canada in 1974 as Urangesellschaft Canada Limited. Subsequently, UG was among the first companies to apply exploration criteria developed from the Athabasca Basin, namely the Middle Proterozoic unconformity over Archean/ Aphebian basement, for selection of exploration targets in the geologically similar Thelon Basin.The Baker Lake area in the Keewatin District of the Northwest Territories was selected from the extensive Thelon Basin because it had the best accessibility (Fig. 1). The hamlet of Baker Lake located close to the geographical centre of Canada, is largely an Inuit settlement with a population of approximately 1,100 inhabitants. The distance from Baker Lake to the Lone Gull property is about 80 km. Baker Lake is connected to the tidewater of Hudson's Bay via Chesterfield inlet and is serviced by scheduled domestic flights several times weekly from Churchill, Manitoba, about 650 km to the south."

Jan 1, 1986