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By Mark W. Booth

THIS paper deals with the subject of inbye power as the mechanical . engineer sees it, and invites discussion, particularly from the electrical engineer. At the outset, it will be necessary to clear the ground a little by some definite statements. In this question of compressed air versus electricity for the transmission of power and driving of machinery in underground workings, we must see that there are definite fields that compressed air on the one hand, and electricity on the other, can fill to much greater advantage than the other, and in which there can be little or no direct competition, at least for the present. It is under conditions where these fields overlap, and as to where the line must be drawn between the two, that the respective merits of each must be considered. Steam was the first means used to transmit power from the surface of a mine to drive underground machinery, and so long as distances were short and means possible to ensure fairly efficient use of the steam, and where the fire hazard was not in evidence, it gave fairly efficient service. I have in mind an instance during my own connection with the mines-a duplex pump at the shaft bottom at Princess colliery, driven by steam, and which used the steam compound and condensing; and, but for the mechanical difficulties, it was a not inefficient proposition. The steam was taken direct from the surface boiler-plant through a line down the shaft, and used directly at the pump, being in effect a straight conversion from coal to steam to work done. It was the mechanical arrangement, and failure of the pump in that direction, that led to its removal and replacement by something better in the way of an electrically driven turbine pump. Given modern mechanical arrangements, such as a steam-turbine drive on a high-speed turbine pump, and all other parts made in accordance with best practice in the art of steam generation and use, a steam-driven unit fully as economical would have been obtained. But the central electric supply station, and all that that means or promises (not always the same), turned the scale against steam.

Jan 1, 1936

By Chi Zhang, Junyi Wu

"The use of permanent stainless steel cathodes for electrorefining and electrowinning of cathode copper had been introduced to the market long time ago and now is a well-accepted technology worldwide. During the last decades, the Chinese copper refinery industry had been growing rapidly and many large scaled production plants had been built. In the modern refineries, permanent stainless steel cathodes are introduced and used instead of traditional starter sheets. The most common steel grade used is austenitic stainless steel S31603 (316L/1.4404), while both S30403 (304L/1.4404) and N08904 (904L/1.4539) have been used depending on the actual working conditions, especially with regarding corrosion environment. While 316L permanent cathode functions well in many plants, different kind of problems, such corrosion and deformation, have been reported. There is therefore an increased need for more suitable material. New stainless steels, such as duplex stainless steels, with better properties have been tried and introduced into the application of permanent stainless steel cathode with satisfied results. The article introduces first the Chinese copper refinery industry and properties of duplex stainless steel in general, and then describes the development of using permanent duplex stainless steel cathode, including the actual working conditions, production of cathode sheets as well as the experiences of application in details. After more than one year’s usage, the advantages of permanent duplex stainless steel cathodes are clear seen.INTRODUCTIONChina has become a major player in the international copper market, accounting for around 40 percent of global refined copper demand. Despite the slowdown of the Chinese economy, the consumption of copper products will still increase, but with a medium and/or low growth which will be the new situation for the coming years. The average growth rate is expected to be around 5 percent per annual. In the coming Five-Year plan for National Economic and Social Development a number of initiatives will be finalized which will require massive amounts of copper. In 2015, the expected consumption of copper products will be over 9 million metric tons. The main driver of the consumption is the electric power industry which accounts nearly the half of the total consumption; followed by cooling application with 15% and transportation with nearly 10%, see figure 1."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. Walker

This paper deals with the selection and design of a belt conveyor handling steam coal between a mine and a barge loading terminal, and extending for some 5 ¼ miles over some of the most rugged terrain in the state of West Virginia, U.S.A. After a thorough analysis by consulting engineers and the owner's engineers, a single-flight cablebelt conveyor was chosen as representing the alternative of greatest reliability and lowest over-all cost. The value analysis and design features of the system are covered in this paper along with an updated report on the performance of the system since its start-up in the spring of 1969.

Jan 1, 1971

By V. Labiouse, F. Orellana

"Hollow cylinder samples can be tested for both the characterization of rock properties and the physical modelling at reduced scale of engineering applications. Particularly, this type of experimental setup can be used to simulate different stress conditions around underground openings, as already developed in the petroleum engineering field e.g. to study the instabilities around deep wellbores during either drilling or the oil production phase. Some authors have also used this technique to successfully characterize the damaged zone around underground openings in the tunneling engineering field looking for an efficient design of their support.This article presents a new hollow cylinder testing device developed at the Rock Mechanics Laboratory of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. It allows a full and independent control of the confining pressure and pore water pressure conditions at both the inner and outer boundaries of Thick-Walled Hollow Cylindrical samples. In order to mimicking a tunnel excavation in a porous rock mass, after initial recovery of the in-situ stress and pore water pressure, the hollow cylinders are subjected to a decrease in the internal confining pressure. Moreover, X-Ray Computed Tomography scans of the specimens are performed through the testing cell before and after the mechanical unloading to monitor the displacements undergone and the sample damage. The equipment, testing procedure and data analysis techniques are briefly presented in the paper.The good performance of the apparatus has already been checked on weak rock specimens, among others on Boom and Opalinus Clay samples. In many configurations, the mechanical unloading is found to induce a Damaged Zone (DZ) around the central hole. Its geometry and extent show a great similarity with in-situ observations around tunnels driven in the Boom and Opalinus Clay formations. Such similarities contribute to increase confidence in the understanding and modelling of the ongoing processes."

Jan 1, 2015

By L. Paulino, R. A. Camilli, J. Yamamoto, J. C. Araujo

The first paper presented on this work [1], showed how bath ratio was increased from 78% to over 95% using a structured approach to reduce bath chemistry variability. This update will illustrate the steps taken and update the results presented earlier, showing the effects of long power interruptions and several load reductions as well as load increase during the period from 1999 to 2005. Current efficiency was affected by such processes upset; however, bath ratio in range (±0.05) is still higher than 90%, even after an increment of more than 6 kA. This review will explain each of the steps taken to reach stability in this critical smelting parameter.

Jan 1, 2006

By G. L. Palmer

"Abstract- ln 1986, anomalous sampling results for heavy minerals were obtained at various sites in Namaqualand on the west coast of the Cape Province. Drilling in 1987 at Graauwduinen penetrated up to 35 meters of heavy mineral-bearing Tertiary sands which extend several kilometers inland from the coast. The heavy mineral suite includes ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene, zircon and monazite, along with garnet, pyroxene and amphibole. Three deposits are recognized, two of which comprise the resource to be mined by Namakwa Sands Limited, a recently formed Anglo American Corporation subsidiary company.Mineable reserves in excess of 500 million tonnes have been delineated, sufficient to sustain mining for over 35 years at projected production rates. During the feasibility study, on-site investigations included test mining at various sites to assess mineability and to provide material for metallurgical testing in a pilot plant located at the site. Ilmenite produced at the mine will be smelted at a new facility to be built at Saldanha Bay . Saleable products comprise titania-rich slag, pig iron, zircon and rutile.During the exploration phase, company environmental guidelines were established and monitored. The feasibility study incorporated a Class 1 Environmental Impact Report, the contents of which were made public following the principles of the Integrated Environmental Management legislation."

Jan 1, 1994

By Clifford S. Gibson

THESE troubled times suggest three reasons for maximum effort to control silicosis: (1) To keep to a minimum the ever-increasing burden occasioned by past deficiencies in this respect. (2) To effect the greatest production with maximum efficiency, which means at the least cost. (3) To preserve man-power in every way. Good control of the silicosis problem aids these aims. Inadequate control hampers all three. Insofar as our knowledge goes, silicosis in Ontario mines is caused by the inhalation of finely particulate quartz. It follows, therefore, that removal of dust containing this mineral automatically erases the cause. The achievement of this ideal is the aim of the mine operator. His best tool to this end is ventilation. This paper discusses mine ventilation from the viewpoint of dust control and it is hoped that in so doing there may result a better understanding of the part played by air in silicosis prevention. No attempt will be made to treat the subject fully. Instead, there will be presented certain salient aspects culled from field observations, the data in all cases referring to gold mines, unless mention to the contrary is made.

Jan 1, 1942

By Barry Hope, Javier Rico

"Goldcorp’s Hoyle Pond mine has recently completed several projects which have impacted the overall ventilation system. The project includes extending the Fresh Air Raise (FAR) to depth, development of a new Return Air Raise (RAR), and the installation of new sensors and ventilation controls throughout the mine. Two years after the completion of #2 Winze, the mine is ramping up its ore production to 1,300 tpd (up from 1,100). To ensure safe and profitable production, a reliance upon technology has been needed to provide the required ventilation to the work areas according to the mine plan. To systematically assess the mine’s ventilation in real-time, a significant increase in remote monitoring was required. This included installing additional flow, pressure, temperature and gas sensors. The first step in upgrading the existing monitoring was to purchase airflow and differential pressure monitors and install them in key areas of the mine. This paper presents the process of expanding the monitoring capability at Hoyle Pond mine, the selected equipment and the results of the implementation. The intended goal was to improve safety while minimizing capital and operation costs. The monitors were installed in strategic locations to provide immediate feedback on the impact of changes to the primary ventilation airflows. Comparing the available sensor technologies, installing them and systematically monitoring the ventilation served as a first step towards developing a mine wide Ventilation Control System. In addition, the initial state of the monitoring and control system, with final results and the chosen solution for the mine site, are presented. INTRODUCTION The Hoyle Pond mine is located in the City of Timmins, within the Porcupine mining district, Ontario, which has produced more than 70 million ounces of gold since 1910. Currently, approximately 60% of Porcupine Gold Mines gold production comes from the Hoyle Pond underground mine. Mechanized cut and fill and long-hole mining methods are used to extract the ore. The remainder of the ore comes from the Hollinger Open Pit mine. The Dome Underground mine ceased operations in 2017. Hoyle Pond is currently mining at 1820 meters below the surface and plans to go deeper. The average dry-bulb as wet-bulb temperature underground varies according to the depth and surface conditions which has extremes of –40°C in winter to +30°C in summer. The total airflow volume pushed down from surface is 240 m3/s to accommodate the diesel-powered equipment needed for normal operations. In order to improve the quality of air underground a program has been implemented to use diesel particulate filters, starting with the truck fleet and 6-yard scoops, followed by the intention to implement the rest of the functional diesel-powered equipment and eventually move to electric equipment."

Jan 1, 2019

By Ralph Johnson, Philippe Gaultier, Loui Fauteux, Andrew Dasys

"This paper outlines the implementation of the Mechanic's Stethoscope from the earliest stages of development to the implementation at Brunswick Mining and Smelting. It details the cooperative efforts of personnel at Noranda Technology Centre (NTC) and Brunswick Mining & Smelting (BMS) during the technology transfer of the Mechanic's Stethoscope. It demonstrates how everyone worked toward a goal of developing a product that is accepted as a useful addition to the work environment.The Mechanic's Stethoscope is an underground vehicle diagnostic system consisting of computer hardware and software intended to assist mechanics in daily tasks. Its tools facilitate quick and easy access to any information required during the maintenance of an underground vehicle. Each tool presents vehicle condition data in a simplified manner. The additional information improves the mechanics understanding of the vehicle condition. The result is a healthier fleet of vehicles and faster diagnosis times.When introducing a computer based system into a traditionally non-computer oriented environment a concern is the acceptance of the system. This concern exists on many levels."

Jan 1, 1995

By K. Janghorban

Multilayered ceramic-metal composites were produced by solid state diffusion bonding of polycrystalline alumina and three Al alloys containing 1 to 2%Sr, 2% Mg and Mg + Si (5057 Al alloy), The multilayered structures were fabricated at 610°C under a compressive stress of 3 MPa for 2 hours in He-5%H atmosphere, The ceramic-metal interfaces were studied by SEM and TEM equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Addition of 1 wt % Sr to Al promoted good adhesion, without producing any interfacial products, while the Al-2%Sr was poor in this regard due to the presence of dispersed A14Sr which is an intrinsic phase in the Al-Sr phase system, The Al-2%Mg alloy produced a continuous film at the interface, which was characterized to be MgAl2O4. Al alloys containing Mg and Si (5057 commercial alloy) produced not only the spinel structure (MgAl2O4), but another phase rich in Mg and Si (close to Mg2Si), These latter interfacial reaction products were not the intrinsic phases in Al-Mg alloys, and were reaction products at the Al2O3 ?Al alloy interfaces.

Jan 1, 2005

By F. R. Joubin

MR. CHAIRMAN, Members of the C.I.M., and Friends -particularly friends, because I am not entirely a stranger in your city. I was last here some five years ago and it has given me a great deal of pleasure this evening to be able to say "Hello" again to those I had met at that time, when Bourlamaque and V al d'Or were very busy centres of intensive and successful gold exploration. My remarks this evening have to .do with Canada's Place in the Atomic Age. They will be of a general nature but I hope to tell you ?enough to whet your appetite so that you may be provoked into per-.suing the subject further. Now, atomic developments have become quite commonplace. Words like radioactivity, reactors, nuclear fission, and so on are known to everyone, even the youngsters. I re-member two or three years ago one of my office boys came to me and said "Mr. Joubin, I would like a raise." I gave the request a few seconds of serious thought and finally said "Alright, Jimmy, we'll give you a raise." However, he made no effort to leave, so after a -couple of seconds more I said, "Is there something else ?" and he said "Yes, Mr. Joubin, could you make that raise 'radioactive' to the first .of the year ?"

Jan 1, 1958

By N. Behnood, W. Pascheto

"Laboratory wear tests are important tools that can be used for the evaluation of materials for wear applications and mitigation of wear problems in the mining industry. However, laboratory test parameters must be fully characterized and test results must be carefully interpreted if a material selection is to be made. Failure to do so may lead to erroneous conclusions. Suitable lab-oratory tests are valid only if they reflect the field conditions to which materials are subjected. Therefore, it is important to know, in detail, the field conditions, as well as the wear test techniques being considered. It is important to recognize the limitations of the various wear tests and the wear test data published in the literature. This work will review present wear testing technology, including the various wear tests avail-able, wear test equipment and test limitations. Several wear test procedures will be related to common equipment used in the mining industry.IntroductionThis paper will concentrate on non-lubricated wear mechanisms, because they are the most costly to the mining industry. Very frequently we are faced with the task of selecting materials for wear applications or improving existing systems that are giving poor performance. There are plenty of examples in the literature of practical wear cases and ranking of materials for wear applications. It is also very common to find materials manufacturers’ data -sheets listing wear tests results by comparing their materials performances against those of competitors. Much of the published wear data lack the description of the type of wear test, test parameters and the type of wear mechanism to which the data should be applied (if any).Before considering wear test data for a specific problem one should ask which type of wear mechanism is involved? What type of test and what test parameters were used to produce the results? Even if the type of wear tests and parameters are known, how accurate and useful are the published wear data? How are the results related to a particular type of wear? It is important to point out that even the standardized wear tests, such as those in ASTM standards, have limitations. Such limitations are recognized and clearly spelled out in the standards themselves. Basically, wear tests may lead to erroneous results if the test is not able to repro-duce the same wear mechanisms encountered in the field. Therefore, the use of published results may be helpful, as a starting point, but may be of little value for a final material selection.This work will discuss the main types of non-lubricated wear mechanisms encountered in the mining industry. In addition, it will discuss the many wear tests available and their correlation with the various types of wear mechanisms. The limitations of several standardized wear tests and the limitation of using published wear data will also be discussed."

Jan 1, 1997

By Iina Vaajamo, Jani Jansson, Lauri Pesonen

In pyrometallurgical operations, structural integrity of a high temperature furnace plays a crucial role in the overall safety, profitability and ecological footprint of the plant. Furnace integrity is related to how reliable a furnace is and it can be compromised, for example, by having poor operating and maintenance practices, an inefficient cooling system and flaws in the overall furnace design. These flaws and poor practices might lead to unexpected shutdowns, production losses, increased emissions, or worse. This paper presents the main factors to consider when engineering a furnace and developing its operating practices, while ensuring safe and reliable operations without compromising process efficiency and quality of the final products. In this respect, Outotec’s solutions for the cooling system and for automation systems like PROSCON, Process Advisor, Sentinel and our Smelting Information Management System, are also introduced.

Jan 1, 2015

By A. W. JR. Whitaker

Introduction Within the last quarter of a century the Lake St. John-Saguenay valley has been converted from a quiet agricultural district to one of the important industrial centres in the Dominion. First there was the expansion -of the pulp and paper industry, and then, starting a little over ten years, ago, the development, in large .blocks, of the enormous hydro-electric power resources of the Saguenay river. Coincident with this power development, the world aluminum industry was rapidly expanding and looking for a new source of cheap power. This was found in the Saguenay valley-and so, in 1925, Arvida was established by the Aluminum Company of Canada as a location for one of the largest aluminum plants in the world. Arvida, an incorporated city comprising an area of some ten square miles, is ideally located on a more or less level plateau about 350 feet above the Saguenay river. Seldom has industry stepped boldly forth and carved out of Nature a community with full city status. The process usually goes through the steps of camp, village, town, and city, involving improper planning or lack of planning; all of which has been avoided at Arvida by starting out in the right way. While this community has only a population of approximately 2,000 at the present time, it is carefully planned for a population many times this figure. Streets, city parks, business and residential sections, have been definitely planned, and, with a City government, proper ordinances were passed at the beginning to ensure the building and maintenance of a model industrial community. As the crow flies, Arvida is about 35 miles due east of lake St. John, and 0 miles west of the St. Lawrence river at Tadoussac. From a shipping standpoint, it is well served by the Canadian National railways, with direct lines to Quebec and Montreal, and by ocean shipping facilities at Port Alfred, which is about 15 miles to the east on the Saguenay river and is served by the Roberval & Saguenay railway. The latter has interchange connections with the Canadian National at Arivda, and also operates a branch line into the city of Chicoutimi.

Jan 1, 1933

By Finch. J. A., C. Perez, J. M. Ortiz, G. Cortes, A. B. Yañiez, F. Coddou, P. Morales, H. Elgueta

A campaign to perform characterization tests in a TankCell®-300 flotation cell installed at Chuquicamata Codelco's concentrator was conducted. The campaign included integrated gas dispersion measurements (gas velocity radial mapping and single point gas holdup and bubble size) and determination of frother concentration. Cell streams were sampled to assess metallurgical performance at the same time. The experimental program was designed to establish the bubble surface area flux operating range and its effect on performance, and the effect of using longer residence times and of a device designed to enhance mixing in the collection zone (FlowBooster(TM)). The gas dispersion results and their relationship to metallurgical performance are discussed.

Jan 1, 2009

By J. E. McMenamin, R. B. Hall

"With the emphasis in the past decade on larger and more efficient equipment for open-pit operations, the Normandie mine of the Asbestos Corporation has followed the trend, switching from the smaller type of percussion drills to down-the-hole rigs. One 5 Y2 -in. percussion drill is still in use, but is limited to a ""smooth blasting"" role or to the control of the slope on final benches.In keeping with the times, an attempt was made to eliminate, as much as possible, the use of high explosives and to maximize the percentage of ammonium nitrate -fuel oil mixture. As the concentration of ground water increased with increased mining depths, small pumps were initially employed for the dewatering of boreholes. This proved unsuccessful, and a hole-blowing rig was built and a conversion to plastic liners made. The acquisition of a bulk-mix AN-FO truck has permitted the changeover from an AN premix to an ammonium nitrate prill -fuel oil combination at the borehole."

Jan 1, 1966

By Mike Johnson, Greg Andrews, Niels Verbaan, David Dreisinger

"The Search Minerals Foxtrot project in Labrador represents a significant Canadian resource of rare earth elements rich in the sought after heavy rare earth elements (19.8% HREE/TREE). A preliminary economic assessment of the project indicated that the project is technically feasible and economically attractive. A variety of metallurgical test programs have been undertaken which have led to significant streamlining and simplification of the process flowsheet. The improved flowsheet should allow Search to reach production earlier and will use conventional processing equipment. The results of these test programs are presented and discussed in this paper INTRODUCTIONSearch Minerals Inc. (Search) is exploring and developing a number of deposits for rare earth element (REE) recovery in Labrador, Canada. The Port Hope Simpson District is in the southeast of Labrador and is highly prospective for heavy and light rare earth elements. The Foxtrot deposit sits within the Port Hope Simpson REE District (Figure 1), which is 70 km long by up to 10 km wide. The infrastructure available at Foxtrot is excellent; a deep-water port, air strip, and road and power infrastructure are pre-existing at St. Lewis. The three communities of Port Hope Simpson, St. Lewis and Mary’s Harbour are in close proximity to the site."

Jan 1, 2016

By Stephen Hardcastle

Presentation Outline ? Introduction ? Mine Ventilation Facts ? Ventilation-on-demand (VOD) ? Sensors/Controls ? Continuing Work ? Conclusions ? Mine ventilation engineering practices were published in 1556 in Agricola?s De Re Metallica (wind sails, bellows, etc.) That was then? This is today? Large fan installations handling >1M cfm

Nov 1, 2011

By G. Anger, J. Enser, H. Antrekowitsch, S. Koch

Homogeneous chemical composition and microstructure are always necessary, but not always attained in practice. As-cast aluminium alloys tend to have a segregation microstructure. Features of the cast structure, which affect subsequent processing or properties, can be altered by the homogenization. The main task of the Department of Nonferrous Metallurgy was to investigate the effect of homogenization treatment on precipitation hardening of aluminium alloys 6061 and 6082. The effect of the solution heat treatment (SHT) temperature on the mechanical properties was also analyzed. The homogenized and non-homogenized rolling slabs were produced according to the usual conditions and methods. The metallographic investigations were carried out on the as-cast samples, after homogenization, after the hot and the cold rolling mill, and after natural and artificial ageing. Then, Brinell hardness measurements and tensile tests were conducted on both alloys in order to examine the influence of the homogenization.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. U. MacEwan

Introduction The equilibrium between copper, zinc, and chlorine may be considered as the simultaneous equilibrium of the two separate chemical reactions of formation of the stable chlorides of copper and zinc at the temperature of the reaction i.e., l440°K. (1,167°C., 2,133°?F.)§ [Zn(g) +Ciz(g) ZnCl2z(g). ... (1) ] [2Cu(l)+Cbi'g) Cu2Cl2(l 1 ....... (21 ] Subtracting, [Zn(g) +Cu2(Clz(l i ZnClz(g) +2Cu!l) ... . (3) ] If this reaction is carried out with a copper-zinc alloy at some constant temperature above the melting point of brass, and at a total pressure of one atmosphere, the equilibrium concentrations obtained will depend on the free energy decrease .of the reaction as written in (3) and on the activities of the various components in. the reaction mixture. If the equilibrium is examined from the point of view of the phase rule, it is a three-component system, and if it exists in two phases (liquid and gas) it will have three degrees of freedom. If the restrictions of constant temperature and pressure are imposed, the degrees of freedom are reduced to one. This means that, in a two-phase system under these conditions, each different alloy phase will be associated with a gas phase of constant composition.

Jan 1, 1951