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By D. C. R. Espinosa, P. Aliprandini, J. A. S. Tenório, M. M. Jiménez Correa

"Nickel and cobalt are the main value metals in nickel laterite ore. Cyanex 272 is an extractant used to separate nickel from cobalt present in leach solutions. Previous studies demonstrated the extraction of cobalt, magnesium and manganese at pH 5 using Cyanex 272 as extractant, while nickel remained in aqueous solution. However, it is difficult to separate cobalt from a solution containing magnesium and manganese. One possibility to change the metals’ behavior during the solvent extraction process is to change the mixture of extractants used. In order to study the solvent extraction of cobalt from a solution containing manganese, magnesium and nickel, a mixture of two extractants was investigated. Cyanex 272 (CY) and Versatic 10 (VC) were selected as extractants in the organic phase. The extractant concentrations used were: 20% CY; 15% CY, 5% VC; 10% CY, 10% VC; 5% CY, 15% VC; and 20% VC. In all cases, kerosene was used as a diluent, at 80 vol%. The synthetic leach solution used in this study was prepared according to the composition of a typical nickel laterite leach solution. The pH value of the solution used was 5, and the aqueous/organic ratio used in solvent extraction testwork was 1/1. The study has shown that the composition of the organic extractant mixture did not increase cobalt separation.INTRODUCTION Sulfide and laterite deposits are the main sources of nickel. However, production from nickel sulfide ores has been decreasing over the years, relatively speaking, increasing the focus on the exploitation of laterite nickel ores (McDonald & Whittington, 2008). Laterite ore deposits are found in tropical and subtropical regions. A characteristic of laterite ores is the presence of a complex and heterogeneous mixture of metals (Crundwell, Moats, Ramachandran, Robinson, & Davenport, 2011; Georgiou & Papangelakis, 1998; Gupta, 2003; Kesler & Simon, 2015; Moskalyk & Alfantazi, 2002; Oliveira, 1990). Nickel concentrations in laterite ores are typically 1–2% (Dalvi, Bacon, & Osborne, 2004)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Bruce Chalmers

INTRODUCTION TIE most important practical problem with which Physical Metallurgy is faced is the control of the mechanical properties of alloys. The most difficult aspect of this problem is the development of new alloys with the properties that are required for meeting exacting engineering requirements. A great measure of success has been achieved by following the empirical method and most, if not all, of the present variety of alloys have been developed by the process of experiment and observation or trial and error. It may, however, be that this method will become. less productive as time goes on, and that eventually it should be replaced by a process based on an understanding of the factors that determine the properties, so that alloys can be 'designed' to meet the requirements. This method of investigation will not be possible until a much better fundamental understanding of metals has been gained, and this will come only about as a result of a great deal of detailed research. The subject of Physical Metallurgy can be divided, as follows, into two parts: we may consider the factors which determine the structure, in the broadest sense, of an alloy. These include the composition and also the treatment to which the material has been subjected. The second aspect is the influence of the structure on the mechanical and other properties. In order to make an effective contribution in this field, it is necessary for an individual or a group to concentrate on a specific and very restricted topic. It is proposed to discuss in some detail the particular subject in which the writer and his colleagues are working.

Jan 1, 1951

By B. R. Schneiders

"Atikokan is 200 km west of Thunder Bay and earned its mining fame from the discovery of the Steep Rock Iron Range in the late 1930s. Gold, however, was discovered in the Atikokan and Mine Centre areas in the late 1800s and eventually led to one of Ontario's first gold camps, and a total production of approximately 52,000 oz of gold and 174,000 oz of silver from 218,000 tons milled.The general geology of the area consists of Early Precambrian rocks of the Wabigoon and Quetico subprovinces, separated by the east-trending Quetico Fault. The Wabigoon Subprovince, to the north, consists of metavolcanics, minor metasediments and granitic batholiths. The Quetico Subprovince consists of metasediments and granitoids. Small ultramafic plutons occur throughout the metasediments.Within a 50-km radius of Atikokan, more than 50 gold occurrences, prospects and past producers have been discovered since the 18oos. The Atikokan Gold Study performed by the Ontario Geological Sur vey (Wilkinson, 1980, 1982) defined three types of gold mineralization in which gold is concentrated in quartz and quartz-carbonate veins:I) Metavolcanic-Hosted, Stratabound Type-associated with altered felsic fragmental units and chemical sedimentary rocks; possible gold mineralization source rocks. The mineralization is due to metamorphogenic (epigenetic) enrichment. Associated with dynamic metamorphism events and/or felsic intrusive events.2) Marmion Lake Batholith Type-occurs within the gneissic core of the batholith associated with north east-trending lineaments, representing faults or shear zones. Mineralized veins are related to several periods of deformation and shearing, suggesting that metamorphogenic veins were produced during dynamic metamorphism.3) Contact Zone Type -occurs in the contact zone rocks between gneissic batholiths and meta volcanic belts. Hydrothermal solutions produced during several deformational periods acted to leach and concentrate gold mineralization. Localized, discontinuous shear zones host the epigenetic (metamorphogenic) veins.Twenty-one properties in the area were mapped and sampled, and researched petrographically and geochemically. Geological data from the Atikokan Economic Geologist Program of the Ontario Geological Survey are used in discussing the types of mineralization, genetic models, and exploration targets and techiques."

Jan 1, 1983

By Ramin ArameshAsl

Urumieh-Dokhtar is the well-known vast metallogenic belt extended from NW to SE of Iran and basically is referenced in copper mineralization studies in Iran. Hashtjin 1:100000 sheet (NW Iran) is located on this belt and rock units are consisted of Oligocene intrusive, volcanic rocks and Eocene Sedimentary rocks. Concerning the significance of identifying the alterations and faults zones in copper exploration, the aim of this study is identifying the copper mineralization by multi-spectral analysis of ASTER (Advanced Space borne, Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite images in the limitation SD-SWIR (Spectral Domain of Short Wave Infrared). Several analytical methods are implemented in this study such as SAM (Spectral Angle Mapper), MF (Matched Filtering) and PCA (Principal Components Analysis). These methods have been utilized for recognizing the Argillic, Propylitic and Sericitic alteration zones and all of them are relying on the remote sensing methods as well as geological studies of new targets for copper mineralization identification in the area.

Aug 1, 2013

By K. Pirapakaran

The Geotechnical Engineering research group at James Cook University has been working closely with all the leading mines in Australia in the area of minefills. They have carried out substantial research and consulting work on the drainage and stress developments within hydraulic fills. The objective of this paper is to summarize their work during the past five years on hydraulic fills. The paper will serve as a one-stop reference, pointing to relevant literature including the authors? own publications, on various issues covering drainage and stress developments within hydraulic fills. More than 15 different hydraulic fills, representing five major mines in Australia, were studied. Their grain size distributions and placement characteristics including permeability, porosity and dry density were studied and comparisons were made with the limited in situ data available in the literature. Stress development within hydraulic fills has been studied to minimize the risk associated with barricades failure. FLAC and FLAC3D were used to model stress developments within the hydraulic fills and were compared against the approximate closed form solutions available in the literature. A laboratory model was developed to study arching effects within the hydraulic fills.

May 1, 2007

By Yuki Tsunazawa, Sho Fukui, Chiharu Tokoro

"A milling process is one of the important unit processes in mineral processing. In the milling process, the control of particle size distribution is necessary for the later physical separation process. Since the milling process is strongly affected by the equipment designs, operation conditions and raw materials, the control for particle size distribution of milling products is mainly based on empirical rules. Recently, the discrete element method (DEM) has been widely used as an effective tool to investigate the behavior of grinding media. Although the behavior of grinding media can be accurately simulated, it is not well-established the way to predict particle size distribution after milling by the DEM simulation.The objective of this study was to develop a new method to predict particle size distribution in ball milling using the DEM simulation. To predict particle size reduction, a correlation between experiments and the simulation was investigated in various operation conditions, that is, wide range of the rotation speed and the filling ratio of grinding media. In experiments, after lime stone was ground, the average and variance of particle size distribution were evaluated using some kinds of distribution equations. In the DEM simulation, direct simulation of particle disintegration in milling process is generally very difficult because of huge computational load. Therefore, collision energy between grinding media balls orgrinding media ball and wall was used as a factor of particle disintegration.As a result, a good correlation between experiments and simulation was obtained. In addition, the particle size distribution in ball milling could be predicted using this correlation. Therefore, these results indicated that the use of the correlation between experiments and the DEM simulation was an effective approach of predicting the particle size distribution in milling process."

Jan 1, 2016

By P. A. Riveros

The literature on the arsenic disposal practices of the metallurgical industry and the long term stability of the disposed arsenic compounds were reviewed from a Canadian perspective. The review was complemented with visits to selected operating metallurgical sites to obtain information on their specific arsenic disposal practices and the behaviour of their impounded residues. The arsenic disposal procedure currently favoured by the industry involves the formation of an insoluble ferric arsenate compound which is allowed to sediment at the bottom of tailings or residue ponds. It has been shown recently that this poorly formed crystalline compound is similar to ?arsenical ferrihydrite? which is ferrihydrite containing strongly adsorbed arsenate anions. Despite concerns about its long term stability on thermodynamic grounds, arsenical ferrihydrite appears to be stable for many years in the proper environment which includes a slightly acidic pH and oxidizing conditions. A high Fe/As ratio and the presence of heavy metals appear to increase the stability of arsenical ferrihydrite. High temperature operations, such as those encountered in the autoclave treatment of refractory gold ores, are conducive to the formation of scorodite, FeAsO42H2O, and/or a series of ferric arseno-hydroxy-sulphate compounds depending on the solution composition. Scorodite has several advantages over arsenical ferrihydrite as a disposal compound including a lower iron demand, a higher density and a greater thermodynamic stability. New procedures have been developed to generate scorodite at ambient pressure. These procedures would offer significant reductions in capital cost because of the elimination of the need for autoclaves. Lime precipitation which was widely used in the past is being abandoned as a result of strong evidence showing that calcium arsenate compounds decompose slowly in contact with atmospheric CO2 to form calcium carbonate and soluble arsenic acid. In all cases, the long term stability of the disposed arsenic compounds depends on a number of factors including disposal site characteristics, particle crystallinity and size distribution, the presence of complexing agents and the effect of bacterial activity.

May 1, 2002

By C. G. Anderson

As the global demand for copper and gold steadily increases and the need for environmentally sound processing also grows, successful hydrometallurgical treatment of enargite (Cu3AsS4) concentrates has come to the forefront. This type of concentrate contains considerable arsenic so that successful arsenic fixation, for example as scorodite, is of the essence. This paper outlines the successful application of low temperature and low pressure nitrogen species catalyzed (NSC) hydrometallurgical pressure oxidation of enargite concentrates. The successful stabilization of the arsenic as an iron arsenate compound is discussed. Also, the use of experimental design software is highlighted as a process application and optimization tool.

Jan 1, 2006

By C. Stapel, AA Groningen, R. J. De Meijer

"In recent years the Environmental Research Group of the KVI has been developing a number of radiometric techniques that may be employed in mineral sand exploration. These techniques involve: radiometric fingerprinting for assessing sand provenances and mineralogical composition; thermoluminescence for dating and provenance determination of sediments; a towed seabed detector to map seafloors for radiogenic heavy minerals and assessing heavy mineral volumes; and simplified transport mechanism models to explain and predict heavy mineral concentrations.All techniques exploit the property that heavy minerals as a group contain concentrations of naturally occurring uranium and thorium that are a hundred to a thousand times higher than in light minerals. In this paper the physics of a number of methods will be described together with a number of results. Based on these results potential applications to mineral exploration and mining are discussed."

Jan 1, 1994

By Brian K. Ayres

Inco Limited, Ontario Division is currently in the process of decommissioning the Whistle Mine site located near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The most significant component of site decommissioning involved relocating approximately 6.4 million tonnes of acid-generating waste rock to the open pit from two adjacent stockpiles. An engineered cover system was designed for the backfilled pit to reduce the long-term production of acid rock drainage. Geochemical modelling was conducted to assess the effectiveness of various cover options on the longterm water quality of the backfilled pit. Results obtained from performance monitoring of cover system field trials at the site and estimated full-scale construction costs were used to select an appropriate material for the cover system barrier layer. The two-dimensional soil-atmosphere model VADOSE/W was used to develop a calibrated model of covered waste rock based on field data obtained from the cover trials, which was subsequently used to predict net percolation and oxygen ingress through various cover system alternatives for site-specific climate conditions. Erosion and landform evolution numerical modelling was completed to assist in designing the runoff management system and final landform for the pit cover system. The potential impact of various physical, chemical and biological processes on the sustainable performance of the pit cover system was also considered in the design process. This paper provides an overview of the design and construction of the backfilled pit cover system.

Apr 1, 2005

By T. Ward, K. Shah, K. Murray

The mining industry is processing deposits with ever decreasing grade at ever increasing operating costs while margins are under constant pressure by material substitution and recycling. We are reaching the point where building it bigger just isn’t good enough as social and environmental constraints become more intense. In response to the growing demands on our industry, Goldcorp has embarked on a journey to increase resources by converting Waste to Ore. Gravity pre-concentration and sensor sorting testwork has been completed on samples from our Canadian operations in order to determine the amenability of our mineralized waste to sorting and upgrading. As expected some material was amenable to sorting and a review of the economics supported demonstration plant testing. The ability to economically sort mineralized waste into ore and barren rock is being demonstrated by Goldcorp. It has been made possible by leveraging the experience mineral sizer manufacturers have gained in the oil sands and hard rock applications, seeking more energy efficient screening machines and embracing the advancements that ore and recycling sorter suppliers have achieved. The paper will discuss the testwork and results achieved to date from both the lab and demonstration plant.

Jan 1, 2018

By Marcel M. Djivre

The paper will outline the destructive test methods and test procedures including the evaluation criteria currently used at the Materials Testing Laboratory (MTL), Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, a laboratory approved by the Ontario Minister of Labour for the purpose of testing or examining mine shaft ropes or other hoisting appliances. For the evaluation of the mechanical properties of rope samples used in "ultra-deep" single-lift shafts, additional discard criteria used in Ontario, Quebec and South Africa shall be presented. Most of the methods and test procedures currently used at MTL can also be found in the current CSA G4-00 Standard, Steel Wire Rope for General Purpose and for Mine Hoisting and Mine Haulage, published in November 2000. In this latest or sixth edition of CSA Standard G4-00, a new Clause 14 has been added outlining the requirements for in-service destructive testing of steel wire ropes for mine hoisting applications. The CSA G4-00 Standard is also intended for the manufacturing of new ropes, and includes requirements for raw materials and construction features for round strand and flattened strand rope, and locked coil rope in bright and galvanized finish. To-date the Ontario Mining Regulations require only that destructive test of new ropes be performed in accordance with CSA Standard G4-00, but does not require conformity to the Standard, and on the other hand the inservice wire ropes are required to be tested in accordance with CSA G4 and thus require conformity. The author recommends that the Ontario Mining Regulations (and regulations of other mining jurisdictions) be improved in order to ensure quality control in the manufacturing of wire ropes destined for mines in Ontario (and Canada). Also, the author recommends the revision of the CSA G4-00 Standard by the technical committee in order to address manufacturer?s concerns with respect to compliance, and harmonize the Standard with Internationally recognized Standards.

Apr 1, 2005

By S. -H. Sohn, M. -K. Cho, G. -G. Hong

In order to evaluate the properties of coating materials for BOF, the effects of dolomites (dolomite and light burned dolomite) addition on durability of coating materials were investigated. In all coating materials, matrix was dicalcium ferrite(C2F) and both free MgO and dicalcium silicate(C2S) were precipitated. Fe203 content must be controlled to improve the adhesion and durability of coating materials for BOF during oxygen blowing process. The amount of dolomites added to BOF slag must be controlled in optimum condition with high refractoriness of C2S to improve the adhesion of coating materials for BOF. The weight ratio of converter slag to dolomite must be below 8 to improve the adhesion and durability of coating materials simultaneously.

Jan 1, 2004

By Z. Y. Ma, H. Y. Yang

The process of microwave-ultrasound assisted leaching of valuable metals from copper anode slime was proposed in this paper. Design of experiments has been used to study the effect of the main leaching parameters, such as microwave power, ultrasound power and reaction time. The central composite design (CCD) was used to predict the maximum leaching efficiency of copper, tellurium and selenium. The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation, and they also were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The 3-D response surface plots and the contour plots were applied to determine the optimal conditions. The optimum conditions of microwave-ultrasound assisted leaching process were: microwave power 834W, ultrasonic power 638W and reaction time 403s. Under these conditions, the experimental leaching efficiency of copper, tellurium and selenium were 98.88±0.56% 98.96±0.78% and 98.57±0.67%, respectively, which agreed well with the predicted values.

Jan 1, 2014

By H De Beer

The 14MW SAG mill at Tarkwa, Ghana, experienced a frozen drop charge incident on 10 February 2010. This caused downtime of 112 hours, a repair cost of $200k and production loss of 162,000 tons, corresponding to a loss of $8.9M. A new locked charge protection system was installed on the two Tarkwa mills on 30 July 2010, mitigating this risk. This system calculates the ore angle in real time while the mill is starting up and trips the mill if the ore angle exceeds a trip angle setting. The calculation of the ore angle is derived from the mill motor rotor currents only - no mechanical transducers are required. The head of Gold Fields West Africa, Peter Turner, says of the new system: "This is excellent work and the type of technology that has had and will continue to have, major opportunity cost impacts on our business."

Nov 1, 2011

By Joseph W. Mills

"The Mic Mac property comprises 994 acres held under mining concession and approximately 2,000 acres held under development licenses in Bousquet township, Abitibi county, western Quebec.Gold was first discovered in this locality by Tom Duval in June, 1936. In February, 1937, Cassels Duval Mines, Limited, was incorporated under Quebec charter to take over the property. In September, 1937, the property was examined by Agaura Explorations, Limited, and an option agreement was signed on October 6th, 1937. In June, 1938, an option for complete ownership was taken on adjoining claims belonging to Norgold Mines, Limited, and in September, 1938, a mining plant was installed and the sinking of a 3-compartment shaft begun. In June, 1939, an option was taken by Mic Mac Explorations, Limited, on seven claims of Mooshla Gold Mines Company, Limited, that adjoined the Norgold block to the east. In December, 1939, a new company, Mic Mac Mines, Limited, was formed, amalgamating the Cassels Duval, Norgold, and Mooshla claims, as well as two claim groups to the west of the mine known as the Vaughan and West Cassels groups."

Jan 1, 1954

By Stanley Davidson

"The ore deposit mined by Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Limited, is one of the numerous nickel-copper sulphide bodies marginal to the large oystershaped mass of differentiated norite in the Sudbury district, famous as the world's most important nickel producing field. The unique character of the ore deposits of the district has resulted in its intensive geological study over a period of more than 50 years. The results of these studies have given rise to a voluminous geological literature and to a great deal of controversy as to the genesis of the ores. This description of the structural geology at the Falconbridge mine is presented in the hope that it may form a small part of the chain of evidence leading to a reasonably satisfactory explanation of the ore genesis.The mine, named after Falconbridge township in which the deposit occurs, lies along the southeast margin of the norite mass, which, however, is h::re concealed beneath a deep mantle of glacial sands and gravels averaging over 100 feet in thickness. As a consequence, the deposit was not discovered by the early prospectors, and it was not until 1916-17 that E. J. Longyear, of Minneapolis, located the ore by drilling(ll). The discovery was foreshadowed in 1899 by the work of Thomas A. Edison, who found indications of the deposit by what is believed to have been a combination of magnetic and electrical geophysical surveys. He sank a prospect shaft over what has to date proved to be the largest and richest ore section in the mine. A wet quicksand layer at the rock surface proved impenetrable, however, and the 'Edison' shaft never reached bed-rock.The Falconbridge property was acquired by the Lindsley interests in 1928, and ore output, since its inception in 1929, has gradually risen from a modest beginning to the present 2,000 tons and more daily. Total production in this period is 7,500,000 tons of ore averaging 1.72 per cent nickel and 0.89 per cent copper, together with a small but valuable content of precious metals, principally of the platinum group."

Jan 1, 1954

By P. W. Godbehere, B. W. Brooks

"This paper deals with the milling of slags from the Noranda Continuous Process, in the Horne Concentrator at Noranda, Quebec. The milling of copper slags, although novel in Canada, has been practiced in Japan, Finland and elsewhere for several years.In March 1973, the prototype Noranda Continuous Process furnace or ""reactor'' came on-stream, In this pyrometallurgical process (see Fig. 1), copper concentrates mixed with flux are smelted in a single furnace to form copper or a high grade copper matte, and slag. The conventional smelting processes of roasting, reverberatory smelting and converting have been incorporated in a single 17 ft. diameter by 70 ft. long steel cylindrical vessel (l, 2). The copper or matte is tapped from the bottom of the reactor into ladles and transferred to an anode furnace or to a converter. The slag is tapped into 40 ton capacity ladles, cooled, crushed, and conveyed to the concentrator. At the present time, the reactor is operated to produce matte. The matte slag* containing 4 - 6 per cent copper is milled using conventional ore dressing grinding and flotation equipment. A flotation concentrate assaying 35 - 40 per cent copper is recycled to the reactor. Crushing, conveying, grinding, flotation and tailing disposal equipment previously used for over 40 years for ore treatment has been modified to suit the requirements of slag milling. Slag milling is essentially the scavenger circuit of a pyrometallurgical process."

Jan 1, 1977

By I. M. Gordon, J. Blackshaw

"Run-of-mine ore is reduced to 4 per cent on 4 mesh (3/ 16 inch), using four stages of dry crushing. The mill feed is then reduced to 2 per cent on 48 mesh and 60 per cent through 200 mesh, using one stage of ball milling in cyanide solution. During the subsequent treatment about one-tenth of the tonnage is removed as a table concentrate and ground to 77 per cent through 325 mesh. The size of the mill tailing is 66 per cent through 200 mesh.Four stages of ore reduction began when the dry crushing plant at No. 26 Shaft came into operation at a maximum rate of 440 tons an hour on July 31, 1941. A detailed description of the crushing plant was published in C .I .M. Trans., Vol. LVI, 1953.One-stage ball milling in cyanide solution came into full operation on January 11, 1938. The ball milling plant had a capacity of 4800 tons daily when reducing mill feed at 2. 7 per cent on 1/ 4 inch to 54. 3 per cent through 200 mesh. Primary grinding to 60 per cent through 200 mesh commenced May 22, 1945, when the feed was 3 per cent on 4 mesh. Under these conditions the capacity of the ball milling plant is estimated at 4300 tons daily. A description of the 11 Hollinger Crushing and Grinding Plant"" by D. C. McLaren was published in the Canadian Mining Journal, June 1944.The concentrate grinding circuit using a 7 x 15 low discharge ball mill and a 19-foot diameter bowl classifier with a 6-inch centrifugal pump to close the circuit began operating in the ball milling plant on October 24, 1939."

Jan 1, 1965

By Sabine Noelte, Mikko Petteri Rantamäki, Christopher Robben, Anssi Takala, Karl-Erik Rånman

"Sensor-based ore sorting is on its way to establish as a standard option for physical separation. The increasing number of installations in coal, iron ore, industrial minerals and hard-rock metal mining segments underlines the technological and financial potential that is beginning to be untapped. The Ma’aden Phosphate installation with 1.650 t/h sensor-based ore sorter feed sets a new benchmark for the possible capacity of stationary installations. Besides stationary installations, including multiple sorters parallel in different size ranges and multiple stages, containerised semi-mobile plants are applied. These offer two advantages, first being the reduction of transport costs when applied close to the mining face. The second is that semi-mobile systems enable processing of tens of thousands of tonnes of ore in a piloting phase with an approximate duration of 0.5 to six months, verifying the results laboratory mini-bulk tests on 5–10 tonnes of sample. This is especially important for low-grade metal ores because of the inherent Fundamental Sampling Error, as well as the Grouping and Segregation Error. The paper elaborates the results achieved within the I2MINE project, treating polymetallic ore at the Boliden Concentrator in Sweden.INTRODUCTIONSensor-based ore sorting (SBS) is becoming a standard option for physical separation, applied in all segments of mineral production. The Umm Wu’al project sets the bar for stationary SBS installations with 1,650 t/h feed (TOMRA, 2015). TOMRA Sorting Solutions has finalised an agreement in cooperation with Outotec to supply Outotec-branded sorting solutions for the mining and metallurgical industry (TOMRA, 2014). Especially for low-grade hard rock metal ores, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary applying experts for all aspects of mineral production. Due to the impact on the whole process stream, it is important on the end user side to have high level managerial support and involve all disciplines to ensure that all stake holders are involved in the analysis."

Jan 1, 2016