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By C. S. Lord

"AbstractThe slow progress of conventional geological reconnaissance of the northern Canadian Shield during the past twenty years clearly indicates the need for a radically new field technique. Operation Keewatin, involving the use of helicopters as the traversing vehicles, was planned and executed by the Geological Survey of Canada in response to this requirement.About 57,000 square miles of District of Keewatin, N.W.T., were mapped during the 1952 field season in appropriate detail for publication at 1 inch to 8 miles. The Operation disclosed about 14,100 square miles of Precambrian sedimentary and volcanic rocks ranging in •age from Archaean to Late Proterozoic. About 7,700 square miles of this area are underlain by greenstone. This work was accomplished in a field season of 113 days, including the spring break-up. Routine aerial geological observations were made from two helicopters flying about 300 feet above the ground; these observations were checked by more than 1,700 landings and about an equal number of aerial observations from heights of less than 50 feet. Logistical support was •provided by a Norseman aircraft on skiis or floats. Combined helicopter and Norseman flying time was about 990 hours. More than 1-00 square miles were mapped per helicopter-hour, and about 815 square miles were examined each day that both helicopters operated. The reconnaissance cost about $207,000, or $3.63 per square mile mapped.As a result of this trial use of helicopters there is now available a reasonably proven method whereby an acceptable geological reconnaissance of the barren grounds of the Canadian .Shield within the Districts of Keewatin and Mackenzie might be completed within a decade. Thus, within a few years, it could place at the disposal of the prospecting and mining fraternity data which, by conventional methods, might not be made available to this generation. Due weight must be accorded this time factor when evaluating the aerial technique."

Jan 1, 1953

By Paul R. Terry

This paper presents a brief picture of the quality of coal produced in Eastern Canada for use in thermal generating stations. It describes, in particular, the characteristics of coals burned in six power plants -two in New Brunswick and four in Nova Scotia. Each station is dis-cussed in turn, and comments are made on the coals used therein with regards to origin and physical and chemical properties affecting station operation. A table of coal data shows, at a glance, the wide variation in the quality of coals received by these stations from producers in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. "The promotion of improved coal quality for thermal generation can benefit our national economy." T HIS is the opening statement in a paper which was presented by Mr. D. A. Pirttinen at the Coal Division's Toronto meeting in April, 1960. In bringing the power engineer's viewpoint to the coal producers' attention, Mr. Pirttinen made a survey of utility steam plants operating in Canada, and the results of this survey formed the basis for his paper, which he titled: "Generating Station Coal Quality.

Jan 1, 1965

By J. H. Fulton

Summary Considerable test work has been done with the detachable type of carbide bit. In general, these bits improved drilling operations, but at a bit cost .greater than was compensated for by the reduction in man-hours of labour. Too few bits continued in service for the possible drilling life of the carbide inserts, and technical improvements or lowered first cost, preferably .both, are indicated ?in order that the bits can be generally acceptable as an economical drilling tool. In ?preliminary test work, the drill rods .with ?one insert of the chisel-bit type appear to be more trouble-free, to have a longer life, and to give a somewhat lower bit cost per foot drilled, than other types. INTRODUCTION The object of this paper is to outline briefly the 'methods used and the results obtained in test work with tungsten carbide bits used in combination with the smaller bore, lighter weight rock drills. As various articles have appeared in the past few years giving the historical background ?and early development of carbide ?bits, this information will not be repeated. Table I lists the equipment used in the test work. The stopers weigh about 95 pounds and the jackhammers with airleg from 97 to 110pounds. The smaller rock drills are stated to deliver about 2,200 blows per minute at 1 to 30 rotation and to require 85 to 95 cubic feet of air at around 100 pounds pressure.

Jan 1, 1950

By C. G. Bruce

"ON NOVEMBER 15th, 1950, the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys announced the discovery of vermiculite near Perth, Ontario. The announcement followed nearly a month of study to determine so far as possible the potentialities of the deposit and quality of the material from surface indications. The mineral was identified by the writer in the field among samples submitted by Mr. Arthur Powers of Stanleyville or, September 22nd, 1950. Within a week of the announcement, mining rights to properties covering a major portion of the deposit had been acquired by commercial interests.Hitherto, Canada has had to import her entire requirements of vermiculite. Prospects of .a domestic supply gave promise of considerable benefit to many industries, particularly the building industry, and to the consumer public. Should the deposit •prove large enough there was also the possibility of exporting to centres in the United States.Field and laboratory studies were continued at the Mines Branch during the winter of 1950-51 as opportunity occurred. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the results of these •preliminary investigations, to attempt to present the Stanleyville occurrence in its proper perspective with regard to similar occurrences elsewhere, and to review the salient features of the vermiculite industry.Properties and UsesVermiculite is a hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate. In appearance it resembles mica, having the same micaceous cleavage, but it differs from that mineral in being very soft, pliable, and inelastic. Colours range from black through dark olive-green and brown to almost colourless."

Jan 1, 1952

By Kurt Tischler

This paper presents the field experience of Siemens with regard to Gearless Drives in the mining industry ? We consider the elapsed production hours of Siemens Gearless Drives to be extensive enough to provide a reliable estimation of availability calculated on the basis of data representing repair time, downtime, and operating time. The users of Siemens Gearless Drives confirm an availability of more than 98% after exclusion of some major issues. The paper addresses all of these major issues of Siemens Gearless Drives, describes successfully applied corrective measures, explains the influences on the design of the drives, and lists the downtimes associated with each of these issues.

Jan 1, 2012

By Greg Yuriy

This paper discusses research carried out by the Laurentian University Mining Automation Laboratory (LUMAL) in the field of discrete-event simulation of mine equipment systems and reliability assessment of these machinery using genetic algorithms. The AutoMod simulation package, from Brooks-PRI Automation Inc., is used in this research. It is a 3-D discrete-event simulation/animation software tool for creating realistic depictions of manufacturing and materials handling systems. Discrete-event simulation involves modeling of real-life systems based on variables and events which occur or change at distinct points in time. In our case, a two level, multi-drift sublevel stoping model was created in AutoMod for the simulation of the equipment fleet employed in the development cycle (drilling, explosives loading, blasting, materials hauling, ground support) of a typical underground mine in the nickel mining region of Sudbury in Ontario, Canada. The equipment primarily considered in the simulation is Load-Haul-Dump (LHD) vehicles (scooptrams), drills, explosives-loaders and roof bolters. The purpose of the simulation study is to assess the impact of equipment failures to mine?s production throughput. In more detail, using Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) data of scooptrams derived from a reliability assessment model based on genetic algorithms, LHD failures are incorporated into the simulation model. These failures cause production interruptions to the development cycle and consequently loss of hauling capacity. This paper will indicate the significance of equipment failures to a mine?s production and suggest a methodology based on the combination of discrete-event simulation and a predictive reliability assessment model using genetic algorithms for the study and analysis of mine equipment systems.

May 1, 2003

By C. J. Hall

This paper presents a basic motive column analysis of natural ventilation and shaft resistance, using the density depth diagram. The method makes use of tables showing the state of the air as determined by thermodynamic analysis. Several theoretical examples are given.

Jan 1, 1968

By W. G. Hatch

Introduction In November, 1927, a paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Division by H. A. Pearse(l), in which he described the milling practice at Britannia and set forth the metallurgical results which were being obtained at that time. In the intervening four years, various changes and additions have been made in equipment and practice, which have resulted in marked improvements in efficiency and costs. These changes and their effects are discussed in the present paper. During the past few years two major changes have been made in plant equipment. The first of these was the. elimination of an intermediate crushing stage by discarding two gyratory crushers in favour of two Symons cone crushers. The latter installation-now effects in one stage a greater reduction than was formerly accomplished in two, that is, by the gyratories together with a set of rolls. The second important change in equipment took place when the original M.S. flotation machines were replaced by six Forrester pneumatic machines, so that now the flotation department consists entirely of machines of this type. A number of minor changes and some further additions to equipment have also been effective in raising plant capacity and concentrate grade, while making noticeable reductions in tailing losses and costs of ore treatment.

Jan 1, 1932

The JKRBT (JK Rotary Breakage Tester) is a newly developed impact breakage testing device for rapid ore breakage characterisation, and has recently been commercialised after a three year comprehensive validation study, involving five major mining companies and six industrialised JKRBT units deployed worldwide. Comparisons of breakage mechanisms and characterisation data between the JKRBT and the Drop Weight Tester (DWT) indicate that, despite the differences in the breakage modes, the JKRBT can provide statistically similar A*b parameters, by using a data reduction procedure which takes into account the difference in the number of contact points, strain rate and potential for secondary breakage. Feedback from the validation sponsors has indicated higher productivity and better repeatability of the JKRBT compared with the DWT. This better precision, combined with the JKRBT?s wider particle size capability and wider specific energy range, provide a more powerful tool, ideally suited to rapid mapping of ore hardness in geometallurgical and comminution applications.

Jan 1, 2012

By S. Haggarty, R. Walton

Barrick's growth and development plan will add three major new mines during 2005 including the Lagunas Norte Project in the La Libertad Province of Peru, the Veladero Project in the San Juan province of Argentina, and the Tulawaka Mine in north¬western Tanzania. Lagunas Norte and Veladero are similar in that they are both green-field open pit deposits at elevations over 4,000 meters above sea level, with two stage crushing and heap leaching followed by Merrill Crowe zinc precipitation for precious metal recovery. Operating sites will each generate in excess of 700,000 ozs Au per annum with commissioning and full scale operation planned during the third and fourth quarter of 2005. Details with regards to regional geography, development schedule, production and process specifics for Lagunas Norte and Veladero will be discussed in this presentation providing an overview for the respective properties.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. Zou

Open-cut method is most widely used for shallow utility lines installation. In urban areas, unexpected utility lines buried underground potentially turn open-cut construction into a highly risky operation, increasing the construction cost while presenting additional safety hazards. Examples include: breaking existing water main leads to flooding the downtown area; hitting an unexpected gas line causes an explosion. To prevent those accidents, the current practice is to stake out the underground utility lines before the open-cut construction based on the as-built information collected from various utility companies and government agencies. However, the as-built information is not always complete and accurate. To verify the locations of some important utility lines and protect them against damages caused by open-cut construction, new techniques and technologies are used but have their limitations in revealing underground utility lines, such as hydro vacuum method and ground penetration radars (GPR). The emerging technology of ultra-wide band (UWB) radar holds the potential to provide a cost-effective, non-destructive detection method. In this paper, a critical review of current practices and established methodologies is given. The functionality and working mechanism of UWB radar technologies are described. Application potential in open-cut construction is demonstrated by conducting lab experiments. Testing set-ups for detecting unexpected utility lines in soil along with preliminary results are presented. The effects of soil moisture content on the detection range are discussed. Research findings are summarized and constraints are discussed in conclusions.

Aug 1, 2013

By F. J. Alcock

THE Magdalen islands have recently been attracting attention as a possible source of manganese. As early as 1880 small masses of manganese oxides were known to occur in the soil and at least one attempt was made to develop them. In 1939, after the outbreak of war, interest in the possibilities of the field was again aroused and during the winter of 1939-40 claims were taken up by two groups of Toronto interests. The islands also contain large quantities of gypsum. During the summer of 1940, the writer mapped the islands geologically, giving particular attention to a study of the manganese occurrences. For a base-map, the chart of the islands was enlarged to a scale of half a mile to an inch. Additional roads were added from traverses carried out in connection with the geological work, and form lines with approximate 100-foot intervals were put on from barometer readings. The geological map is the first that has been prepared of the islands. Previous Work In the summer of 1880, James Richardson of the Geological Survey of Canada studied the rocks of the islands and his r~port concerning them appears as Part G of the Report of Progress, 1879-80. In 1903, J. Obalski, Inspector of Mines for the Department of Lands, Mines and Fisheries of the Province of Quebec, visited the islands, chiefly to investigate the occurrences of manganese and gypsum, and his notes are found in the report on mining operations in the Province for that year. Around 1890, Robert Chalmers of the Geological Survey paid a visit to the islands, and his observations, which chiefly concerned the surface geology, appear in the Annual Report of the Survey, Vol. VII, 1894, Part M, p. 94. The next geological work was carried out by John M. Clarke, Director of the New York State Geological Survey. Clarke paid many visits to Gaspé peninsula between the years 1900 and 1920, collecting fossils and gathering h1s~orical data, and extended his investigations of Gaspé county over to the Magdalens. His Observations on the Magda/en Islands is included in the New York State Museum Bulletin 149, seventh report of the Director, 1910.

Jan 1, 1941

?It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent. It is the one that is most adaptable to change.? Charles Darwin. Canada?s mining and exploration companies have evolved over the past century from essentially a pick-and-shovel industry to a high-tech industrial sector. This evolution has occurred in fits and starts, and has been driven by the shifting environment of economic, technical and social opportunities and pressures in Canada. As labour costs have gone up, and labour availability has gone down, the industry has evolved more efficient processes. As mineral prices have increased or fallen, the industry has evolved either by expanding or shrinking production, or by changing processes to adapt to the newly prevailing conditions. As stringent environmental protection legislation has been implemented, the industry has adapted accordingly, and has substantially changed its mindset to incorporate sustainability into its way of doing business. These changes have occurred over a number of decades, and have usually occurred as the industry?s reluctant response to pressures it couldn?t evade. This model mirrors the classical paradigm of natural selection where evolution is driven by pressures external to the organism (or organization) ? change occurs to the degree necessary for survival and prosperity, but generally no further. In recent years a new paradigm has started to come into play in Canadian mining and exploration. Rather than only a reactive response to the external economic, social and technical factors, groups within the mining community are becoming proactive in developing strategies for future adaptive change. Instead of each against the other, they are developing more sophisticated paradigms where they can both compete against (such as in marketing) and cooperate with (such as for tech development) their fellow organizations. Most importantly, they are seeing individual and national advantage in a collaborative Canadian approach to address the advantages of overseas competitors who often have lower labour costs, lesser environmental standards, or more accessible markets and transportation. This has translated into large-scale mining community support for the Canada Mining Innovation Council, and its programs in exploration, mining, processing, HR development, energy and environmental stewardship. This new paradigm is adaptive to the current environment but is substantially different from the older way of doing business in two major ways ? it is based on a collaborative approach to competitive advantage, and it is highly proactive rather than reactive. All the programs have their priorities determined principally by the mining and exploration companies, whose first obligation is to determine the long-term research priorities of the industry as a whole, rather than for their individual companies. Only after industry consensus on priorities does the research community become engaged in the implementation of specific projects to address those identified priorities. A goal of the program is to effectively create a virtual mining research laboratory, by engaging all the major research centres in the country. This approach is being actively adopted by much of the Canadian mining community, and argues well for the adaptability and long-term survival of mining in Canada.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. Budac, R. Kofluk, D. Belton, M. Sjogren

A series of tests were performed to determine the flammability limits of mixtures of oxygen, ammonia, steam and nitrogen, over a solution, in a sealed autoclave. The partial pressures of ammonia and oxygen in the vapour space were varied by adjusting the character of the solution and by adjusting the oxygen concentration in the oxidant gas respectively. The data shows that flammable conditions can be minimized by controlling the operating temperature, reducing the ammonia content in the solution, increasing the concentrations of Ni, Cu and Zn in solution and keeping the % oxygen in the gas phase less than 15.5. Observations were also made that suggest that the presence of an aerosol in the vapour space may hinder ignition.

Jan 1, 2004

By E. R. Mitchell

When we grow up in an urban environment and choose to become a part of a way of life, it is sometimes difficult to appreciate the cost of this decision in terms of pollution. Explained in this article is our dependence on technology and the amount of pollution that technology produces. Inventories of air pollution on both a personal and a national basis are given so that the reader may judge the magnitude of the problem. In doing so, it is hoped that the reader will understand the need for a responsible attitude toward pollution by everyone and how he can make a personal contribution.

Jan 1, 1971

By M. Peshko, J. C. Gingerich, L. W. Matthews

"Noranda has successfully developed and implemented two leading-edge mineral exploration technologies — hyperspectral remote sensing and 3-D seismic surveying. Airborne hyperspectral imaging provides detailed geological and mineralogical mapping capability at both a regional and project scale that facilitates improved selection of prospective terrain and an accelerated exploration cycle. Noranda, in partnership with Falconbridge, has licensed the exclusive use of the Earth Search Sciences Inc. (ESSI) Probe-1 hyperspectral scanners (128- channel, 0.43 µm to 2.5 µm spectral range) that are capable of mapping in excess of 3500 km2 per day at 10 m pixel resolution. The technology has been successfully deployed on four continents over a broad range of terrain from desert to boreal forest and the high Arctic.To augment the company’s deep search initiatives, Noranda has successfully modified and implemented existing 3-D seismic technology to help targeting massive sulphides located at depths ranging from 500 m to 2000 m. In the fall of 1998 and early 1999, Noranda completed an 18 km2, 3-D seismic program in eastern Canada by successfully drill testing acoustic impedance anomalies locating massive sulphides at depths in excess of 1100 m."

Jan 1, 2002

By G. Frithum

In the present paper a new and highly economic route for Fe-separation from HCl leaching processes in hydrometallurgical applications is described. In most ore leaching processes, Fe is involved and needs to be separated; HCl has become an interesting leaching agent, because it can be recycled. Usually a mix of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is obtained which can be hydrolyzed directly (in case only Fe3+) or roasted via pyrohydrolysis (in case of Fe2+) to ferric oxide. Economic oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ is described, and potential technologies for regeneration of HCl with separation of Fe are shown and compared.

Jan 1, 2014

By T. Patching

"MINING operations at the Star Key Mine provided an example of a small-scale prairie-type coal mine that employed several interesting procedures and achieved good productivity with low capital expenditures. The mine was located about 11 miles north of the city of Edmonton, on the north side of the Sturgeon River valley. It opened in 1945 and operated until 1979. Output in the winters reached about 500 tons a day in the late 1940s, but in the spring and summer periods activity was usually limited to only servicing and development work. In the later years of the mine's life sales fell to less than 100 tons per day. Most of its output was bought for domestic use in furnaces and stoves so production of large sizes was desired. A modest market for stoker coal did exist for a time. Screenings (-5 / 8 in.) were sold to the city's power plant until it converted to natural gas and were also used for thawing frozen ground for work on pipelines. These markets were comparatively small and the small sizes did not command as high a price as did the larger sizes. However the extension of natural gas services to rural markets cut into the domestic heating market and finally led to closure of the mine. The coal was strong when freshly mined, but because of its high inherent moisture content, about 25%, it did not store well on surface but tended to disintegrate. It was of subbituminous Crank with a heating value of about 8000 Btu per pound and burned with a clean flame. The seam mined was in the Edmonton Formation, of Upper Cretaceous age, at a depth of 60 to 80 ft below the surface. The seam in the mine area was about 11 feet in thickness but thinned gradually to the north and south and split to the west (1). It was approximately horizontal but gentle rolls in the floor of several feet in height necessitated brushing in places to produce suitable haulage grades. The floor material was of bone and clay, overlying a thin layer of coal. Above the seam there were only a few feet of mudstones and weak sandy shales while the remainder of the overburden was clay and unconsolidated glacial till and surface soil. Because of the soft floor and weak roof material the miners usually left about a foot of coal in the floor to provide a firm working surface and about a foot of coal above the rooms and two feet of coal above the entries to provide a competent roof."

Jan 1, 1985

By K. Morin, C. -Y. Hon, G. Lachapelle

"Air-sampling results suggest drill operators working inside environmental drilling cabs at an open-pit gold mine in Nunavut, Canada, are at risk of exposure to asbestos and silica (quartz). The authors installed RESPA® CF Vortex HyperFLOW® units, which showed promising results under laboratory conditions. The goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of these units under actual working conditions. Personal and area air sampling was conducted in drilling cabs with and without the unit and a Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed to compare the results. Particulate concentrations were significantly lower in drill cabs with a unit installed than in those without.RÉSUMÉ Selon les résultats d’une campagne d’échantillonnage de l’air, les foreurs travaillant dans des cabines de forage environnemental dans une mine d’or à ciel ouvert du Nunavut, au Canada, risquent d’être exposés à l’amiante et la silice (sous forme de quartz). Les auteurs ont installé des unités RESPA® CF Vortex HyperFLOW®, lesquelles of frent des résultats prometteurs en laboratoire. L’objectif est d’évaluer l’efficacité de ces unités dans des conditions de travail réelles. Des échantillons de l’air inhalé par le personnel et dans les aires de travail ont été évalués dans des cabines de foreuses équipées ou non de cette unité ; un test de Wilcoxon (également appelé test de la somme des rangs de Wilcoxon) a été mené afin de comparer les résultats. Les concentrations particulaires étaient considérablement plus faibles dans les cabines de foreuses équipées d’une unité que dans celles en étant dépourvues.INTRODUCTIONGenerally, mining operations are associated with a variety of occupational hazards. In an open-pit gold mine in Nunavut, Canada, drill operators are routinely exposed to asbestos (primarily amosite) and silica (quartz)—two naturally occurring substances in the ore that is to be drilled (Table 1). Inhalation is the primary route of exposure for these two hazards, which are associated with respiratory health effects such as asbestosis and silicosis, respectively. In addition, asbestos and silica are classified as human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research in Cancer (2001, 2011). Given the toxicity of these two agents, it is imperative that precautions be taken to minimize the risk of exposure of the mine’s workforce. To address this matter, the mine has an exposure-control plan, which includes the provision of personal protective equipment, personal hygiene facilities, training, and a medical surveillance program. Furthermore, the mine performs occupational exposure assessments or air sampling on a regular basis because the morphology of the ore changes rapidly with respect to asbestos and silica content."

Jan 1, 2017

By E. L. Martheleur

A general expression for the electric power generated or consumed in a direct-current circuit is obtained by multiplying the reading of a suitable voltmeter connected across the terminals by the reading of an ammeter connected in the circuit. by the reading of an ammeter connected in the circuit. When alternating currents are considered, the product of the volts and amperes as obtained for direct currents does not generally represent the true energy involved; it is greater than this true energy and should be multiplied by a certain factor which may have any value between zero and unity, according to the conditions of the circuit. This factor is called the power-factor of the system, and expresses the ratio of the true energy over the apparent energy. For a three-phase system the expression of the apparent energy is [\/ 3 x E x I; ] while the expression of the true energy, that is, energy suitable for mechanical work, is [v? 3 x E x I x cos A.] The total current of a circuit corresponds to the reading of an ammeter connected in the circuit; it is the resultant of two currents. The first of these is in phase with the voltage, and is that portion which really produces mechanical work; the second is always in quadrature with the voltage, that is it may lead or lag the voltage by 90° according to the condition of the circuit. This second current does not produce any sensible work, and for this reason is sometimes called wattless current or reactive current.

Jan 1, 1924