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By Kenji Koga

In order to derive the population distribution of gold nanoparticle morphologies as a function of size, highresolution electron microscopic (HREM) observations and structural analyses were done for over 4000 particles (3-18 nm) grown by an inert gas aggregation (IGA) source using helium. To obtain structural features threedimensionally and not to skip high-contrast images, twenty photos were taken for each particle by changing tilting angle of a specimen holder in combination with the through-focus procedure. For the reliable structural determinations, HREM images and their tilting sequences were directly compared with multislice-simulation results for icosahedral, decahedral and face-centered cubic morphologies, and finally the population distribution of each morphology was obtained as a function of size. In the present sample, icosahedral particles were dominantly populated over the whole observed size range and decahedral particles with non-spherical truncated bi-pyramid shape were secondly dominant. Even though a large number of sampling has been done, few crystalline particles were observed.

Oct 1, 2003

By M. Normandin

The performance of various polymers and other macromolecules used to flocculate red mud particulate materials in the Bayer process can be evaluated on the basis of their efficiency to achieve adequate settling velocity and turbidity level, The Jar Test is widely used in the mineral industry to determine the efficiency of solid-liquid separation processes, particularly for gravity settler of the Bayer process. However, a high level of variability is found in the data obtained by this methodology, In this study, different parameters of the cylinder test procedure are evaluated to determine their role in the overall variability of the method, As demonstrated by laboratory testing, the overall variability can be considerably reduced by good laboratory practices.

Jan 1, 2005

By S. P. Lowe

Flotation testing of Flin Flon ore was started in the Denver laboratory of Complex Ores Recoveries Co. in March, 1926. There had been a considerable amount of flotation testing previously which had shown possibilities of success, and it was felt that, with the increased knowledge of flotation and the comparatively new reagents then available, flotation held out the best prospects for a successful commercial treatment of this ore. There remained available for this experimental work a small amount of the rejects from a thorough sampling of the mine and some ore from the mine dump.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. Henk, C. M. Aruffo, K. Fischer

"Geomechanical reservoir modeling offers a valuable tool to predict tectonic stresses, in particular the local perturbations in orientation and/or magnitude which occur at lithological boundaries and faults. The paper presents a workflow for building and calibrating such geomechanical models. The numerical simulations are based on the Finite Element method and can range from field-scale models to smaller, highly detailed submodels of specific fault blocks. The approach considers the reservoir-specific characteristics with respect to subsurface geometry (lithostratigraphic boundaries, faults), mechanical properties and ambient stress field. During the subsequent calibration stage calculated stresses are compared to stress data actually observed in borehole data. Poorly constrained input parameters are iteratively modified within reasonable limits until a satisfactory fit between calculated and measured stresses is achieved. This validated model can then be used for stress predictions between wells and in undrilled parts of the reservoir, respectively. The workflow is applied to two case studies - a large gas field in Northern Germany and a CO2 sequestration project in Australia – to test and illustrate its practical value. INTRODUCTIONDetailed knowledge of the tectonic stress field is crucial for the optimal exploration and use not only of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, but also for deep geothermal reservoirs, carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects as well as underground mining and nuclear waste repositories. Any reliable stress prediction is hindered by the observation that the magnitude and orientation of the stress field can vary significantly – not only in time, but also in space. Such spatial stress variations comprise all scales, i.e., from the scale of lithospheric plates down to the grain-scale. On the reservoir- and fault blockscale, the local stress field can be influenced by faults and different mechanical properties of lithologies (Sassi & Faure, 1997). The resulting variations in stress magnitude and/or stress orientation are commonly referred to as stress perturbations and give rise to a unique, reservoir-specific stress pattern (Yale, 2003). Thereby, local stress fields can deviate by up to 90° in orientation and several tenth of Megapascal (MPa) in magnitude from regional trends."

Jan 1, 2015

By K. B. Hodgins, P. Ouellette

"The North American mining industry faces challenging emissions regulations in the coming years with the introduction of new standards for off-road diesel engines. In order to remain competitive, industry stakeholders must invest in new technologies that are economically and environmentally sustainable.Westport Innovations Inc., Vancouver,British Columbia, has developed high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) technology that allows diesel engines to run primarily on natural gas with no intrusive engine modifications while reducing emissions of nitrous oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and CO2 with no loss in performance. This is accomplished through late-cycle, high-pressure direct injection of natural gas into a diesel engine combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke. A small amount of diesel fuel is injected first to initiate combustion, followed by the natural gas fuel main injection. The diesel cycle and its operating characteristics are fully retained including high combustion efficiency, lowspeed torque, high-power output, no engine knock, and fast response to load changes. Natural gas has not been an attractive fuel alternative in mining operations due to the reduced performance associated with spark ignition engines and the added weight and space required for compressed natural gas tanks. However, liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be stored with less impact on weight and space than compressed natural gas (CNG) by virtue of its increased energy density over CNG.Westport has applied HPDI technology to the Cummins QSK series engines for high horsepower applications such as power generation and mine haul trucking. HPDI can also be applied to other engine manufacturer platforms and market applications. Westport is interested in demonstrating the unique characteristics of HPDI in mine haul trucks to show diesel performance with low emissions levels using low-cost LNG fuel.Retrofitting a Tier 1 engine with HPDI would provide emissions reductions below the EPA 2006 Tier 2 standards while maintaining the performance and efficiency of the Tier 1 platform. The longer-term target is the Blue Sky voluntary standards of 3.8 g/kW-hr (2.8 g/bhphr) of NOx + non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and 0.12 g/kW-hr (0.09 g/bhp-hr) of particulate matter (PM) and future standards. Typically, an HPDI engine is capable of reducing NOx emissions by 40% over diesel operation at the same efficiency. On a mining truck meeting Tier 2 standards, this NOx reduction would translate into NOx emissions approximately 14 t per year lower than under diesel operation. PM emissions are typically reduced by some 60% with HPDI fueling, which would translate into a yearly reduction of 650 kg. Similarly, engine-out greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reduced by 21%, resulting in a yearly reduction of approximately 950 t per vehicle.Above those of emissions reduction, efficient natural gas usage in mine haul operations would offer significant benefits in terms of fuel cost savings, which may be further combined with monetary emission credits. HPDI technology would enable operators to exercise environmental stewardship while gaining a competitive advantage in advance of new Tier 2 and Tier 3 emissions regulations. The advantages of natural gas use among mine haul truck operations can be replicated across a broad range of engines and applications."

Jan 1, 2005

By K. V. Gow, F. A. Jerabek

"THE NOVA SCOTIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE has been granting degrees in mining engineering since 1909. The college was established in 1907 to provide the final two years of the undergraduate program in engineering the earlier years of which are given at several small universities scattered around the Atlantic Provinces. Since the beginning of the program, 251 Bachelor of Engineering degrees have been awarded in mining engineering. Although the average class size has been small, increases in enrolment in the past few years have resulted in Nova Scotia Technical College being the second largest mining department in Canada, based on the number of graduates per year. This year 18 students received B.Eng. degrees, and next year 17 will graduate.In 1968, it was necessary to make a decision on whether or not to abandon, for economic reasons, the program in mining engineering. For several years enrolment had been very low and resignations among the mining engineering staff created a situation in which the program could easily have been dropped. However, it was decided to continue mining engineering, as it was the only such program in the Atlantic Provinces. New staff members with many years of practical experience in the mineral industry, not only in Canada but in the U.S.A., South America, Africa and the U.K., joined our department. At the same time the enrolment in mining engineering began to increase significantly."

Jan 1, 1972

By J. Lapointe, S. Leger, D. Proulx

"Une méthode non-électrolytique est utilisée pour plaquer au cuivre la fibre d'amiante chrysotite. En variant les paramètres de placage du bain, on détermine les conditions optimales du taux de deposition du cuivre . Une analyse par diffraction aux rayons-X permet une comp araison relative des résultats de placage et de précipitation d'oxyde cuivreux dans Ie bain. Le traitement de placage a pour but d'assurer une adhésion suffisante de la fibre dans une matrice métallique Iors de la fabrication éventuelle de materiaux composites.IntroductionCette communication se veut un compte-rendu de nos travaux sur Ie placage au cuivre de la fibre d'amiante chrysotile, en vue de I'incorporer éventuellernent dans une matrice métallique. La fibre d'amiante est constituée de fib rilles élementaires d'un diamètre d'environ 0.02 um qui ont une résistance en tension de I'ordre de celie de la fibre de verre ou de carbone(1). Pour être efficace, la fibre de renf'ort d'un matériau composite doit d'une part, avo ir des propriétés mécaniques intrinsèques élevées, et d'autre part, adhérer solidement â la matrice pour que Ie transfert de charge s'effectue sans qu'il y ait décohésion entre les composantes du matériau.La fibre d'amiante étant naturellement soyeuse, il faut la traiter superficiellement pour que l'adhésion avec la matrice soit suffisante. Ainsi, on recouvre la fibre de phénol-formaldéhyde(2) ou de silane(3) lorsqu'elle est employée avec une matrice polymere. Dans Ie cas d'une matrice métallique, ces dépôts organiques ne peuvent resister aux températures de mise en oeuvre, d'où l'intérêt de plaquer les fibres par un dépôt métallique.Dans cette étude, nous rapportons les résultats relatifs à la methode utilisée pour plaquer au cuivre la fibre d'amiante chrysotile. Une analyse par diffraction aux rayons-X permet de comparer les différentes conditions de placage non-électrolytique."

Jan 1, 1985

By J. L. Dion

"A study of the techniques to integrally cast copper tubes in copper tuyeres for use in blast furnaces has been carried out. The work has been performed in support of current efforts to produce two-compartment tuyeres having improved water-cooling capacity. A test pattern corresponding to a vertical section of a two-compartment tuyere, and including a cast-in-place copper tube, was used to investigate such variables as tube preparation, tube coolant, pouring temperature, pouring rate and gating design. Successful castings, either with a good metalfurgical bond or good intimate contact between the tube and the casting, were produced, with all combinations of gating system and position of the tube tried. However, the pouring temperature, the pouring rate and the effectiveness of the coolant are interrelated and must be controlled to produce a good metallurgical bond.IntroductionAs part of its contribution to, and in collaboration with, the Copper Casting for the Steel Industry Committee, CANMET has undertaken research into the methods and techniques needed for the integral casting of copper tubes into high-conductivity copper castings.The objective was to produce two-compartment copper blast furnace tuyeres in which the water-cooled nose compartment consists of a copper tube metallurgically bonded to the wall of the high-conductivity copper casting. This design, developed in the UK, has demonstrated a much extended service life with attendant economies; unscheduled shutdown of blast furnaces due to tuyere failure is a significant problem in the steel industry. The Canadian steel industry believes that this design will replace the currently used single-compartment tuyere in blast furnaces within a few years.The technology to produce these tuyeres does not exist in Canada. One of the main features is the inclusion of a smooth-walled cooling channel in the nose, which permits high velocity cooling water to be employed. A second compartment acts as a reservoir backup, should failure in the nose occur. This would allow continued use of the tuyere for a period of time, permitting a scheduled shutdown for repair s. To assist the Canadian producers of tuyeres to maintain their market, and the Canadian steel industry to have a reliable domestic supply, it is important that the necessary technology for the production of two-compartment tuyeres be developed and transferred to industry."

Jan 1, 1982

By Carl O. Nickle

"IntroductionIF I WERE ASKED what are the two most important single factors in shaping the growth of Canada to date, and in building its future, the answer would be: first, the treasure house of natural resources on and below the surface over the length and breadth of our country; and two, the pioneering spirit and 'get up and go' of many of our people. The two factors are inseparable. Without the pioneering spirit, the natural resources of land, forest, stream, and the subsurface would have continued •to be useless,. Idle assets. With the pioneering spirit, Canada's natural resources have been and are creating economic revolutions.Western Canada oil and natural gas rank high on the list of such revolutions. Calgary, your meeting place today, is the birthplace of this economic revolution, one that has already sharply altered the economy .of the middle half of Canada, particularly that of Alberta; is increasingly making its weight felt on the economy of all Canada; and is helping re-shape world thinking on sources of vital petroleum supply for both peace and war. Calgary is today the 'operation headquarters' for the great bulk of a huge exploration and development programme that now extends over a quarter of a million square miles of Canada's West. As a Calgarian, •therefore, I am particularly happy to have this privilege of talking about oil and natural gas to members of the C.I.M.M., who play a key role in the development of all Canada's varied natural resources."

Jan 1, 1952

By C. Butcher

Numerical simulations of straight tube hydroforming of a dual phase steel were performed using both upper and lower bound constitutive models for porous ductile materials. The Gurson model is based upon an upper bound approximation to the material behavior and thus overestimates formability. Conversely, a lower bound solution to Gurson's unit cell geometry was developed by Sun and Wang to provide a conservative estimate of formability. The effect of a compressive axial load (end-feed) on damage development and tube formability is investigated. The resulting upper and lower bound models successfully captured the experimentally determined burst pressure, formability and failure location.

Jan 1, 2010

During the hydrometallurgical processing of the major base metals Cu, Zn, Ni and Co, the presence of iron is normally a serious complication, and iron separation from the pay metals usually constitutes one of the main challenges for the metallurgist. There are many instances, however, where the presence of iron is beneficial, or is even required. Two cases are presented where iron is required during the processing of base metals. The first example deals with the use of ferric sulphate to oxidize sulphides, more particularly copper and zinc sulphides, under atmospheric conditions. The results presented confirm that ferric ion leaching is efficient, particularly when the oxidant is regenerated during the process. The second case is the use of iron to solubilise refractory cobalt oxide minerals; examples, including pilot plant results, are presented for various ores from Africa and Central America. In both cases, this paper reviews the basic concepts involved and provides details of their application.

Jan 1, 2006

By Mark Rantapaa

Measurable improvements in throughput have been documented at Barrick Goldstrike due to increased ore fragmentation through efficient drilling and blasting techniques. A decrease in throughput at the Autoclave, due to increasingly hard ore, was identified in early 2002. A team of individuals from the Open Pit and Process areas worked closely on the Drill-to-Mill (D2M) Continuous Improvement initiative to ensure that it would address the needs of both groups, with the target of actually improving throughput in future years, despite the projected harder ores. A series of tests were conducted to determine if adjustments to drilling and blasting could positively influence throughput. Better fragmentation and a subsequent increase in mill throughput were achieved through the use of: 1) Electronic caps for more precision and flexibility, as well as for allowing extremely fast shots. 2) Explosives with a higher velocity of detonation (VOD), to provide for improved shock energy. 3) Improved distribution of the explosives by decreasing pattern spacing. Early tests indicated a significant increase in throughput when processing identified harder ore. It is anticipated that the total process throughput (hard and soft ore) will increase by six tph in 2003 due to the improved fragmentation of the hard ore. Barrick Goldstrike?s D2M initiative includes roaster ?hard ore? (BWI >17), as well as autoclave ?hard ore? (BWI >15). Approximately six million tons of D2M material is expected be shot in 2003, a relatively small amount compared to the 150 million tons to be mined. The benefit of additional ounces produced should far outweigh the additional drilling and blasting costs.

May 1, 2003

By Balmer Neilly

In these days of arrested prosperity, when patience is tried and the future but dimly outlined, Canada's gold mining industry stands out as a beacon light shedding its rays of hope and confidence and demonstrating that there is still one product unaffected by Customs barriers and eagerly sought by all the people of the world. Some other forms of industry have hesitated and side-stepped. Some have cried for help, and in spite of public assistance, generously extended, they are still unable to demonstrate definitely their ability to resume the onward march. But gold mining has never hesitated. As an industry, it has bad an unique experience. When prices are high and conditions are generally referred to as prosperous, this industry is adversely affected. The cost of production goes up; profits are diminished; public sympathy is lacking; and, thrown upon its own resources, the industry tightens up its belt and throws its whole energy into an effort to improve operating conditions, and offset high prices by increased efficiency. When, in due course, depression follows inflation and prices ebb, the gold miner, through necessity, finds himself physically and mentally prepared to meet the situation.

Jan 1, 1932

By Hector Monette

"AFTER SPENDING a lifetime in the mining industry it is normal that one should be concerned with the future of his profession, especially if he is directly responsible for the education and formation of future mining engineers. It is not necessary to insist on the importance of mining for Canada and for the entire world to prove the necessity of the Mining Engineer. A statement was made by Zay Jeffries, former vicepresident of General Electric Co., and here I quote: ""Even though minerals without man are of no moment, man would not be man as we know him without minerals ... ""minerals are as essential to the life of social man as food is to man himself"". This certainly expresses magnificently the purpose of the mining profession. These are the reasons why I have accepted to present my views on the future of the Mining Engineer. If I express some concern it is not because I feel that there is any danger for the profession to disappear; men will always respond to a challenge and this can be found in the extraction of minerals as well as in any other field of human endeavour. However, the first big question concerns the competitive position of Canada in the world of mining. To be made available to Canadians and to the rest of the world, all this tremendous potential mineral wealth that our country has been so generously endowed with by nature must be gained from the earth's crust at a competitive cost. Otherwise it will never become ore and will have no value. Let us not forget that although minerals are discovered, mines are not found but are made. So let us be more efficient mine makers. To accomplish this end, it is the duty of the different responsible organizations at all levels - be they governmental, para-governmental, public or private institutions - to do their utmost to assure the profitable development of our mineral wealth. The University has an all-important role to play in preparing all the specialists required by this intricate machine that mining is. All the different disciplines of engineering, health, social and -managerial sciences are needed for the good functioning of the mining industry. Although they are all essential, some will play a more important role as a member of the structure. In this discussion it is the role of the most important member, the mining engineer, who is actually responsible for the extraction of the minerals from the earth's crust that must be established. From this we will then be able to analyse his responsibilities and try to suggest the mining engineering program most suitable to prepare this engineer for his future role."

Jan 1, 1972

By R. A. L. Drew, F. Edelmann

Brazing is a low-cost process used extensively in the manufacturing and repair of aircraft gas turbine engines. Components within the compressor stage of the engine experience relatively low temperatures (600-700°C), therefore joints of stainless steels are typically employed. In such joints, a Pd-Ni-Cr-Si-B (PalNiCroTM) brazing alloy is used as a sealant, however brazing procedures are not well understood. The wetting behavior of PalNiCroTM on AISI 347 was evaluated with respect to contact angle. A microstructural evaluation was carried out with variable joint clearances. Microhardness profiles were performed to investigate the presence of hard secondary phases, which were later confirmed by electron microscopy. The results indicated an equilibrium contact angle of 10° within 100 seconds. The average microhardness of the braze layer and base metal were approximately 550 and 205 VHN, respectively. At the interface, a diffusion zone was present containing carbides and borides.

Jan 1, 2004

By Denis J. Kemp

The 20th Century saw changes in the mining and metallurgical industry not only technically but also in social and environmental expectations. As projects continue to become larger to maintain competitiveness the visibility of their potential impacts raise concerns among many groups. The need for transparency, openness and early engagement of all parties are fundamental to assure success. An equally important task is to anticipate the standards that will be required to meet society?s expectations in the 21st Century. Historical Observations The mining industry of the 18 and 19th Century was dominated by opportunistic Companies and individuals with an entrepreneurial flair for adventure and risk. Those who promoted had the chance of great reward, while those willing to risk their life were assured a short one for their efforts because of the physical and health dangers that abounded. Disregarding conditions miners rewards were high even in those days, with an average Cornish miner known to be earning two pound a month in 1800. Coal and iron ore mines were driven by the needs of the industrial revolution and were the first to embark on larger scale output. Base metal mines were smaller as industrial demands for their use did not start to expand greatly till the late 19th Century. Electrification, the automobile and the 1st World War drove the increased demand for a variety of metals. Early mines were foul smelling and dusty and what was taken from below ground left spoil piles around the surface countryside after recovery of the coal or concentrate. The image of barren blackened hills is one that is easily conjured up and is an environmental legacy that still lives with us today.

May 1, 2002

By J. D. T. Steyl

Anglo American Corporation and the University of British Columbia have developed a medium-temperature oxygen pressure leaching process for the extraction of copper from chalcopyrite concentrates in an acid-sulphate system (AAC/UBC process). Leaching is performed at 150°C and surfactants are added to disperse molten elemental sulphur from the unreacted sulphide surface to prevent liquid sulphur occlusion. Copper extractions of over 95% and elemental sulphur yields of around 60% were observed over a 2-hour average residence time in a continuous pilot autoclave. Sporadic blockages occurring under continuous conditions were found to be caused by the accumulation of molten elemental sulphur mixed with unreacted sulphide mineral. A batch programme of experimentation was undertaken to establish the reason for this phenomenon. Batch experiments were conducted at low pulp densities on concentrate samples with narrow size distributions and at similar solution compositions to those experienced in the pilot autoclave. The overall rate of chalcopyrite oxidation was shown, under approximately constant solution composition, to be a strong function of the total available mineral surface area. Initial copper extraction rates followed the shrinking particle kinetic model under intrinsic surface control. Deviation from shrinking particle kinetics was however observed after a certain oxidation time. Secondary electron images identified small (typically less than 20 µm) sulphur conglomerates at the point of deviation, which 'collected' unreacted chalcopyrite mineral particles and lowered the total mineral surface area available for oxidation. These sulphur clusters are thought to be the precursor for blockages experienced in the continuous pilot autoclave. These results emphasised the importance of fine grinding (P80 5-20 µm) and suggest that shorter residence times may minimise the formation of sulphur conglomerates in a continuous autoclave operating at medium temperature.

Jan 1, 2004

By Du Xinfeng

The resource quantity of the low rank coalbed methane (CBM) accounts for 47% of the total resource quantity of CBM in China. Compared with the exploration and development of the high rank CBM in Qinshui Basin, China and the low rank CBM in Powder River Basin, USA and Albert Basin, Canada, the exploration and development of the low rank CBM are still in the initial test stage. In this paper, on the basis of analyzing the mining geological conditions such as that the Huanglong Jurassic Coalfield is largely situated in the hills and gullies zones, and the coal reservoir has the features such as the low metamorphic degree, large coal seam thickness, simple coal matrix texture, high permeability and small CBM content and so on, it discusses the key technologies such as the development pattern of CBM, well location arrangement, drilling and well completion technology and fracturing technology and so on. It indicates that the underbalanced drilling and the cavity well completion based on the reservoir protection will be the development directions of the CBM development technology in this area.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. J. Magerowski

Energy consumption is a main component of operational costs for the comminution of mineral bearing ores. Reduction of energy consumption has continually been addressed by mill operators and equipment manufacturers. Our testing over the last few years strongly indicates that the overall energy needed to comminute a mineral bearing ore can be brought down significantly, if more work is done in the crushing stages of the comminution circuit.This calls for uprating of the conventional crushing equipment into a new generation of crushing equipment to produce finer products. This will result in the emergence of new ideas in the design and application of equipment and corrnninution circuits.

Jan 1, 1986

By Ho-Sung Yoon, Jyothi Rajesh Kumar, Jin-Young Lee

"Global population is a key factor in future energy requirements, especially considering the important elements of global energy resources, electricity production, the accessibility/non-accessibility of electricity, greenhouse gas emissions and the states of nuclear reactors. Everyday human requirements depend on industrial products, and industries need a considerable amount of electricity to run. Nuclear fuel is inexpensive and bolsters industrial growth. As uranium reserves are being consumed rapidly, an alternative source of energy in the nuclear industry is thorium. Here, primary energy supplies by various sources from 1993 to 2011 as well as estimates of future needs to 2020 are discussed. This study finds that primary energy sources are mainly fossil fuels, renewables sources, and nuclear and hydro energy. In addition, growth depends on increases mainly in renewable sources.Recovery of thorium from its ores by using hydrometallurgical routes were described and discussed. The final part of this paper was presented a case study of the thorium extraction from Korean monazite ore leach liquors by using Prieme JM-T diluted in A150 diluent as an extractant system. And possible separation of the thorium from rare earths (REs) and base metals were calculated by measuring of separation factors and finally, the recovery of thorium from loaded organic of Prieme JM-T was established.THORIUM IS FUTURE NUCLEAR FUEL?Global energy consumption is increasing everyday with the high population growth, high industrialization of numerous countries and the higher level of good and services consumption that follows it. If we look at specific sectors of the economy, oil consumption grew by 0.8 million barrels per day, globally, whereas the increase was 0.4 % for natural gas and coal 1.8 % for nuclear power and just under 2.0 % for hydroelectric power (Asheley 2009). Use of renewable sources of energy for power generation and transportation increased by 3% in 2014 (BP 2015)). Thus alternative source of energy must be identified and developed to meet this increasing demand. Thorium is a potential one for the nuclear industry."

Jan 1, 2016