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By J. Kan

In order to determine the recovery functions in an oil sand circuit it is necessary to have more than a minimal determination the mass flows in the network. This over-determination is essential in order to allow for measurements within the flow matrix "to flex" according to an error function. It is then possible to identify the flows and composition at all points with maximum likelihood. These so-called full mappings are not easily obtained. However, in order to obtain an unequivocal determination of all the unit operations recoveries such a balance is needed. When databases are constructed exclusively with coherently balanced sets of data it is possible to obtain a maximally accurate process model by maximizing the probability of correctly identifying the process causality. Indeed, it is doubtful in cases of normal complexity that any sense can be made of data that is not so balanced. Coherent mass energy balancing is a tool developed by mineral processing scientists and engineers. Its rigorous application to oil sands is the subject of this paper. The additional element associated with hydrocarbon requires special considerations. It is shown that at least one currently available mineral processing tool will solve the full-mapping problem for an oil sand operation. Experimental design constraints are discussed in this paper relating to the development of databases for the development of effective process models.

May 1, 2004

By Dennis Martin

What is Borehole Hoisting Borehole Hoisting is the use of a hoisting plant to hoist rock, workers and materials or both, vertically through a borehole, between a mine level and surface or between two levels of an underground mine. Screen and bolt ground support on walls of 5.5 m diameter borehole hoisting shaft

May 1, 2013

By M. W. Bartley

DURING the field season of 1938, the Ontario Department of Mines assigned a combined geological and geophysical survey patty to the investigation of the location, genesis, structural relationships, and economic possibilities of the hematite deposits at Steeprock lake. The investigation was carried out by detailed mapping of the rock exposures and a magneto-metric survey of the drift-covered portions of the area. This was supplemented during the winter of 1938-39 by further geophysical work conducted on the ice. Dr. A. A. Brant, of the Department of Physics, University of Toronto, was in charge of the geophysical work for the Department of Mines in the summer and for the Sterola Exploration Company in the winter. The writer supervised the geological examination. Scope of the Paper The present paper is an attempt to acquaint the members of the Institute with the structure and mode of occurrence of the deposits, since many people are of the erroneous opinion that they are analogous to the Mesaba and Michigan deposits. It is hoped that, from this discussion, they may be able to draw some conclusions of their own regarding the nature of the deposits, and the importance and future possibilities of the region.

Jan 1, 1939

By G. W. Smith

"The adsorption of dehydroabietylamine acetate on quartz, hematite, rutile and baddeleyite has been deter-mined for concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5,600 µ. moles/I and for pH values ranging from 2.5 to 10.5.The surface tension, UV and IR spectra, equivalent conductance and ion concentrations for dehydroabiety lamine acetate solutions have been determined.Contact-angle and flotability studies have established that good collection may be obtained with this amine but that selectivity depends on the suitable use of depressants for some of the minerals."

Jan 1, 1971

By E. W. Shaw

The past year (1950) has been a big one for the oil industry in Canada, with new records being set in almost every phase of exploration and development activity. New highs were reached in acreage holdings, in geophysical activity, in wildcat drilling, and in field development and production. The only item that did not show a substantial increase over recent years was the amount of reserves added by new discoveries. This was not due to a decrease in the number of new discoveries, however, hut rather to the fact that most of the discoveries were made during the later months in the year and could not be fully evaluated by the year end. The foregoing remarks pertain mainly to activity in Western Canada. In Eastern Canada, operations continued on a modest scale. with exploration drilling down slightly from the previous year but with development drilling and production at about the same level. Returning to Western Canada, it is observed that the general exploration play was one of expansion and intensification. The issuing of new petroleum and natural gas regulations by the province of British Columbia precipitated a moderate entry of companies into the northeastern part of the Province.

Jan 1, 1951

By Simon D. Handelsman, Malcolm Scoble, Marcello Veiga

"Abstract - In many mining areas, potentially profitable mineral projects can be at risk because local people do not trust their governments and mining companies on many issues, including human rights. Projects will continue to be vulnerable to potential failure, delays, and higher costs. This paper suggests that geoscientists need to be aware of the global challenges they face from issues of corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, and human rights. These are not areas in which geoscience education has traditionally focused.This paper examines the types of conflict concerning human rights that are encountered by geoscientists involved in mineral exploration and development. It provides a background to human rights issues and presents a classification of the types of issue encountered. It reports on a survey of case studies that provide examples of the breadth, complexities, and consequences of such issues. The paper then concludes by outlining the development of codes and standards to improve performance, and suggests approaches for positive, practical engagement."

Jan 1, 2003

By John McEwen, Ian R. Jonasson, David H. Watkinson

"Mine Gallen is a zinc-rich pyritic volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit that occurs in a fault-bounded block of intermediate volcanic rocks. The block is completely surrounded at the present erosion level by the eastern part of the Lac Dufault granodiorite. The volcanic succession includes a massive feldspar porphyry that is probably a subvolcanic intrusion, an andesitic flow unit and lapilli tuffs. The latter are variably sericitized and pyritic, especially in the vicinity of the massive sulphide into which they grade.The ore body is predominantly pyritewith local sphalerite contents as high as 20%; minor chalcopyrite and trace galena are disseminated, but are found mainly along late cleavage. Most ore is a breccia of massive to banded pyrite-sphalerite, veined by massive and complexly banded sulphides. These structures formed by repeated blocky jointing, cracking, sealing, healing and annealing as hydrothermal fluid repeatedly passed through a developing sulphide mound. The deposit is interpreted to have grown on the seafloor in a manner similar to active mounds in the Galapagos rift.RESUME La Mine Gallen exploite un gisement de sulfures massifs volcan géniques comprenant essentiellement de la pyrite riche en zinc. Ce gisement se trouve a /'intérieur d’un bloc de roches volcaniques de caractère dacitique a andésitique, limite par failles et entoure de tout cote par la granodiorite du Lac Dufault. La séquence volcanique comprend des coulées andésitiques et des tufs à lapilli ainsi qu'un porphyre feldspathique massif sub-volcanique. Les tufs sont sericitises et pyritises, tout particulièrement au voisinage des sulfures massifs."

Jan 1, 1990

By M. Tadie, J. Wiese, K. Corin

The use of potential control in the flotation of ores has been applied in a variety of operations and presents an opportunity for improvement of selectivity and recovery of valuable minerals. Although it is possible to vary the redox potential (Eh) using chemical additives such as sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide this is more commonly done by varying the pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. The present study involves an investigation into the effect of varying dissolved oxygen concentration, ionic strength (IS) and pH on the flotation response with the aim of application to a South African lead-zinc ore. In all cases the Eh is measured as a function of the different DO, IS and pH values. The main objective was to achieve selective flotation of galena from sphalerite. The first part of the work was micro-flotation tests conducted on single minerals with galena used as the basis for effect of the factors studied on redox potential and ultimately recovery. The DO was varied by alternating between the use of air and nitrogen as the gas source to the micro-flotation cell. PH was varied between pH 9.2 and pH 11.8 using sodium hydroxide. In the first part of this study a factorial design approach was used to determine the interactive effects of the variables tested, viz. DO, ionic strength and pH, on the Eh and on the recovery. Redox potential was measured using a combination electrode made up of platinum wire and Ag/AgCl reference combination. Recoveries indicated that pH had the most significant effect on recovery and Eh. The influence of redox potential on recovery was found to be of relevance to the condition of high dissolved oxygen concentration and less so at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. It was also noted that that the combined interaction between ionic strength and dissolved oxygen concentration had a positive effect on recoveries, however this was not so with Eh. The chemistry of the ions in solution was observed to play a dominant role on the recovery due to changes in solubility arising to pH modification. The longer term objective of this work is to determine the optimal Eh conditions for the separation of galena from sphalerite.

Jan 1, 2016

By Gustavo Angeloci

Artisanal mining is a rudimentary activity that today attracts over 30 million people in virtually all developing countries around the world. As the price of gold has steadily increased over the past decade, 15 million people have become involved in extracting this metal in 55 countries. Individuals have switched to mining from primary industrial sectors such as agriculture to increase their income. These workers generally have little capital, low education levels, and no previous experience in mining. Together with a lack of technical support from governments, these factors lead to disorganized and informal mining activities that generate environmental and social chaos. The absence of technical knowledge and capital has caused a proliferation of Gold Ore Processing Centres (GOPCs) around the world established by local entrepreneurs, who provide a way for miners to process their ores using amalgamation for a fee that is relatively low to non-existent. Gold recovery by the independent miners rarely exceeds 30 % and gold-rich tailings are left at GOPC facilities as a form of payment. GOPCs recover around 90 % of the remaining gold using cyanidation, flotation, and amalgamation, without any compensation paid to the miners. In processing these mercury (Hg)-contaminated tailings, Hg cyanide complexes are produced that are dumped into aquatic environments, leading to rapid bioaccumulation of Hg by fish. In the town of Portovelo, Ecuador, the establishment of partnerships between GOPC entrepreneurs and artisanal miners has proven to be successful in forming legal small-mining companies to create more equity and reduce pollution. About 108 GOPCs operate in Portovelo-Zaruma, with 40 % of these still working illegally without proper regulation and permitting. Over 20 % of these GOPCs continue to use grinding, concentrating and amalgamating of the gold, with 58 % performing cyanidation of tailings and/or gravity concentrates, and 15 % combining flotation with cyanidation. About 94 % of the GOPCs concentrate the ore prior to applying amalgamation, which significantly reduces Hg emissions to the environment. Incorporating flotation has given the operators increased skills in mineral recovery, with the side benefit of producing a copper concentrate as added value. Despite these innovations, mineral recovery is still inefficient, and waste management is a major challenge in creating true sustainability in this sector (technical efficiency together with social and environmental responsibilities). Further organization, training and capacity-building are needed. The principles of Lean Manufacturing Methods ("Just in Time" production and "Automation") are suggested as possible techniques to assist small GOPCs to become sustainable. In this concept, a larger mining company can become associated with artisanal miners in a partnership to provide training and investment for exploitation of small deposits that would be infeasible as a single large operation. As well, an International Training Centre for Artisanal Miners (ITCAM) is being established in Portovelo with collaboration of the Government of Ecuador to further enhance and upgrade mining activities in this region. ITCAM will provide artisanal miners with technical, business and environmental training to become responsible small-scale miners. In building this new capacity, ITCAM intends to create an atmosphere of trust to attract private and corporate investors to become partners with artisanal miners.

Aug 1, 2013

By Frank Martonhegyi

"The objective of this paper is to review the coal basins in the Canadian part of the Western Cordillera to aid their understanding, and to aid in finding and proving places of economic coal mining potential. Coal occurs in eugeosynclinal basins in the Western Cordillera which evolved through three stages: -from systems of volcanic arcs in the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous; -through an intermediate stage with deposition in increasingly restricted successor basins in Jurassic to Early Tertiary; -to a continental stage by the Eocene. Minor coal seams occur usually in late volcanic arc stage sediments bur they can be locally thick as they are on Queen Charlotte Islands. Successor basins usually show a marine-paralic-limnic evolurion. Signijicanr coal deposits occur in the tarter two sequences in the Whirehorse (Tantalus) and Bowser (SkeenaSusrur) basins. Currenr activities are intensive in the more accessible Bowser Basin, for example at Telkwa, Susrut River and on the Groundhog coal field. On Vancouver Island major coal seams occur in cyclic sediments, but the more accessible deposits are mined our. Exploration renewed recently in the less accessible northern part of the Island, for example Quinsam, for surface mineable coal. The Western Cordillera is a mosaic of allochtonous tectonic blocks. They originated from the south and were displaced northward by several hundred kilometres. Many Tertiary coal basins are related to strikeslip transcurrent faults along which the later part of displacement took place, for example the Dawson coal area in the Tintina Trench. Tensional and dipslip normal faulting also created or enhanced sites for thick peat accumulation. For example at Hat Creek 280 m of coal occur in a 550 m section. Secondary structures are often better exploration targets than the main fault zones. Pluvial and alluvial fan environments away from the main drainage are usually the favourable sites for thicker and cleaner coal deposition."

Jan 1, 1985

By J. McCreedy

"The addition of Portland cement to hydraulic sand fill has resulted in the production of stable and self-supporting cemented sand fill. The use of cemented fill in the mines of The International Nickel Company has resulted in substantial economies in timber requirements, de-creased dilution of ore and greater flexibility in mining methods.Coupled with special mining techniques, it has permit-ted mining by both cut-and-fill and shrinkage stoping methods to much greater depths than heretofore. The use of cemented sand fill has permitted revisions to undercut-and-fill mining which have significantly improved the efficiency of this method.Automated mixing systems have been developed for preparing cemented sand fill in surface sand plants on a continuous throughput basis. Control of cement-sand mixtures is obtained by the use of a mass flow measuring system and weighing cement feeders."

Jan 1, 1966

By Gordon Nelson

The Homestake gold mine is one of the largest and oldest continuously operating gold mines in orth Ame rica. To date this mine has produced in excess of 128.000.000 tons of ore containing almost 34 million ounces of gold . Gold mine ralization is restricted to the Homestake Formation. This unit is a metamorphosed iron-formation which is enclosed by pellitic metasedime nts below (Poorman Formation) and a pellitic to qua rt zitic unit (Elli son Formation) above. The e ntire Precambrian sequence. in the Lead area. has been subjected to a multi-stage defo rmation episode which ha c reated an extremely complex structural setting for the Homestake orebodies. Metamorphic grade inc reases from greenschi st ro amphibolite in a northeast d irecti on acros the mine area. Present thickness of the Home take fo rmation va ric from O to »400 fee t. The amount of thicke ning and th inning which is attributable to tectonic deformation or original sedimenta ry di fferences is not known. Orebodies constitute onl y a small pe rcentage of the Homestake Formation and do not occur along a pa rticul ar stratigraphic pos ition within the unit. Gold i assoc iated with inc reased py rrhotite and a rsenopyrite concentrations within the iron formation. Inc reased \ cin qua rt z development and chl oritic alteration usuall y accompany this minerali zation. Local remobilizati on of mine ralization due to metamorphi sm has occurred. Homestake mine ralization has been shown to be of sy ngeneti c origin . Because no feeder zones have yet been recognized a di stal source for the mine ralization is inferred .

Jan 1, 1986

By Sangjian Zhang, Zhu Xiao, Lairong Xiao, Rushi Chen, Mei Fang, Zhou Li

The copper-graphite metal matrix composites were fabricated by two different production methods: directly sintering with copper and graphite (Cu-Gr composite), and in-situ sintering with cuprous copper and graphite (Cu2O-Gr composite). During the in-situ reaction sintering, a redox reaction occurs at the interface of the Cu2O particles and Gr particles, resulting in the improved physical and mechanical properties of Cu2O-Gr composites. Compared with Cu-Gr composite, Cu2O-Gr composite has a higher compression strength at any given graphite content due to the improved interface bonding and uniformly distributed fine graphite particles in the matrix. Increasing graphite content decreases the mechanical properties of the copper-graphite composites. The compression strength of Cu2O-Gr composite is 50-100 MPa higher than that of Cu-Gr composite. INTRODUCTION Copper-graphite composites have been widely used in industry due to their low density, relatively high strength and hardness, good thermal and electrical conductivity, arc ablation resistance and self- lubrication ability (Grandin & Wiklund, 2018; Han & Xu, 1999; Huang et al., 2017). Electric sliding contact friction pair in the high-speed railway system and motor brush in electric contact components have a very high demand on electrical conductivity and self-lubrication ability of materials. The electric devices need to bear both mechanical load and high electric current. Copper-graphite composites with good mechanical, electric and self-lubrication properties are the best candidates for application in multifunctional electric sliding contact frication components. The relative sliding speed of friction pair is developing towards 100 m/s or even faster, which can withstand the electric flow of more than 800 A, and it is often accompanied with vibration and impact (Guo & Ding, 2008). Conventional wear-resistant materials can no longer meet the current requirements and this promotes the development of copper- graphite composites with excellent comprehensive properties (Ding, Chen, Zhu, Zhang, & Zhou, 2009; Yasar, Canakci, & Arslan, 2007). There are many ways to fabricate copper-graphite composites, mainly including powder metallurgy method, liquid immersion infiltration method, rapid sintering method and electrodeposition method (Kalin & Poljanec, 2018; Kim, Lee, & Han, 2014; Liu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018). Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the powder metallurgy method is the most commonly used one due to its simple process, high economic benefit, and industrial production applicability. The common steps of the powder metallurgy method are as follows (Samal, Parihar, & Chaira, 2013): firstly mixing the copper (copper alloy) powders and graphite with a certain ratio, following by die-forming, and then sintering at the high temperature with or without pressure. The advantage of copper-graphite composites is that the graphite distributed in the copper matrix uniformly and it can form a carbon diaphragm preventing the wear of the composite (Fu & He, 2010). However, the bonding strength of the interface between the copper matrix and the graphite is relative low as the combination between them is mechanical interlocking but not metallurgical bonding (Ma et al., 2008). It is meaningful to develop new fabrication technology of copper-graphite composites with better interface bonding, which could provide guidance for the design of copper-graphite composites with excellent comprehensive properties.

Jan 1, 2019

By Witold J. S. Ostrowski

The shaft structure being part of an underground mine, depends on programned functional duties, and on geological and hydrological conditions. The majority of Canadian metal mine shafts are in hard competent igneous rocks, which are in an elastic state of equilibrium around the excavation. Others penetrate soft sedimentary or very weak water-bearing rock formations in which the equilibrium varies from plastic to hydrostatic. Knowledge of how to interpret the underground conditions, determine acting forces and design proper structures is essential for the production and safety of the future mine.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. G. Whellock, R. J. Phillips, J. W. Matousek, P. J. Marcantonio

"Stillwater Mining Company (SMC), a partnership of Chevron Resources and Manville Corporation, produces a copper-nickel, platinum-palladium flotation concentrate at its Nye, Montana mine. The concentrate is then toll processed in Europe. Recognizing the economic advantage of treating the concentrates at the mine site and of retaining this strategic resource in the United States, the Company commissioned Tolltreck International Limited and International Process Research Corporation to conduct pilot scale smelting tests with a flowsheet that would maximize metal recoveries while satisfying the environmental requirements of operations at Stillwater.Primary smelting was conducted in a single phase, 50 k W, submerged-arc, electric furnace. Refining the product mattes to copper-nickel ""white-metal""; containing approximately 2% iron, was accomplished in a Tolltreck, IV-litre, top blown rotary converter. Over-all platinum and palladium recoveries were approximately 99%; copper and nickel recoveries averaged 94%. INTRODUCTION(l-4)Stillwater Mining Company (SMC) a partnership of Chevron Resources and Manville, operates a copper-nickel, platinum palladium mine and concentrator at Nye, Montana, located in the valley of the Stillwater River, approximately, 100 km southwest of Billings. It is North America's only primary producer of these precious metals. The Stillwater area was mined for chrome ore during World War U and the Korean War, but it was not until 1961 that attention was drawn to the similarities between the Stillwater Complex and the Bushveld Complex of South Africa with its deposits of platinum group metals.A concentrated search for platinum was begun by Manville Corporation in 1967. Its presence, together with palladium, in mineable quantities was confirmed in the period 1976-1978, and the first partnership to develop the deposits was formed by Manville and Chevron in 1979. Anaconda joined the group in 1983, and in 1985 its share was purchased by Lac Minerals. In 1988 the interests of Lac Minerals were purchased by Chevron and Manville.The decision to develop the mine and build a concentrator was made in 1986. Construction began in the fall of that year, and the first concentrate was produced six months later, in March 1987. Underground mining is done in a two-shift, five day- week operation. Since startup, the concentrator has operated on a 24 hour/day, 7 day/week schedule, treating an average of 635 tonnes of ore per day and producing approximately 10 tonnes of concentrate."

Jan 1, 1989

By Bertrand Robinson

Great advances have been made in rubber-lined pumps for the pumping of mill pulps. The Canadian Allis Chalmers alone report ov.er 300 such pumps put into service during the past four years. Pumps in which both the casing and the impeller are rubber covered have proved most economical in handling the usual run of mill pulps, effecting large savings in power, maintenance, and shutdown costs. For the handling of pulps containing comparatively large, sharper edged /articles, rubber-lined casings with hard iron impellers have been developed by the pumping departments of Hollinger and Noranda. These rubber-iron combination pumps show an appreciable reduction in overall pumping costs as compared with the all-rubber and the all-iron pumps. The power efficiency is lower in rubber-iron than in all-rubber pumps but higher than in the all-iron pumps, with lower replacement costs due to the cheap iron impellers used. Where continuous operation is essential, however, and duplication of units to take care of shutdown time for replacement of parts is not within the expenditure budget of the company, all-rubber pumps are being used t0 a greater extent. As in all items pertaining to milling operations, the economics of the situation must be studied as closely as the technical details, to arrive at the most advisable practice.

Jan 1, 1939

By Mahmood Alemrajabi, Ake Rasmuson, Kerstin Forsberg, Kivanc Korkmaz

"In the present study, the recovery of rare earth elements (REE) in the nitrophosphate process of fertilizer production is investigated. The apatite has been recovered from iron ore tailings by flotation. After digestion of apatite in concentrated nitric acid, Ca(NO3)2.4H2O is first separated by cooling crystallization and then the REEs are recovered by precipitation. Optimum conditions in these steps have been determined in a previous study. The precipitate mainly consists of CaHPO4.2H2O and REE phosphates.In the present study, selective dissolution and re-precipitation have been studied in order to obtain a precipitate that is more concentrated in REEs. The precipitate was selectively dissolved in nitric and phosphoric acid at different acidities (pH 6 to 0) with the liquid /solid ratio of 100 mL/g. It is shown that most of the CaHPO4.2H2O and other calcium containing compounds will be dissolved at pH 2 while the REE phosphates are not dissolved above a pH of approximately 2. Thus, by partial dissolution of the REE precipitate at pH 2.5 most of the solid calcium phosphates will be dissolved and the remaining solid phase, which is more concentrated in REEs, can be filtered off as a fairly concentrated REE solid mass and the liquor can be recycled back to recover more P nutrients. Alternatively, the REE enriched precipitate was dissolved completely in nitric acid and re-precipitated again by addition of ammonium hydroxide to pH 1.2. A chemical equilibrium software, MEDUSA (Puigdomenech, 2013) has been used to evaluate the experimental results and to estimate the optimum conditions for selectively dissolving the precipitate."

Jan 1, 2016

By Noel Brien, O&apos

General: National Asbestos Mines Limited has operated an asbestos mine and mill near Thetford Mines, Quebec, since 1958. As a result of additional exploration of the orebody in 1962-63, it became apparent that long-range mining plans would have to be revised to allow for a large increase in both ore and waste tonnages. It was decided that the task of checking out possible mine designs could best be analyzed by a computer to obtain data from which an optimum open-pit configuration could be plotted. Object: It was desired to arrive at an optimum open-pit configuration with an over-all pit slope of 45 degrees and a minimum operational width of 200 ft. at the bottom. Calculations were based on assay values from diamond drill holes in cross sections of the mine. The computer's assignment was to select and describe, by coordinates, the optimum cross section for the mine. Mine engineers then assembled the various optimum sections to produce the pit outline. As this would not necessarily result in a practical mining arrangement, the computer also provided alternate solutions,

Jan 1, 1965

By Janis A. Shandro

The mining sector is a major economic driver for Canadian, and British Columbian communities. In parallel strong commitments have been made by industry to the well-being and sustainability of associated communities. However, these dimensions are the least understood. Especially lacking are focused regional investigations that compare the well-being and sustainability of communities dependent on different resources sectors. It is hypothesized that this type of comparative analysis will help to foster a greater understanding of what makes a resource or mining community healthy and sustainable. This paper describes research that examined community-level indicators associated with well-being (e.g. education, income and employment) and sustainability (e.g. economic diversity). The indicators were derived from Canadian Census data for 31 British Columbia resource-based communities (with a focus on mining) during a period of time (1991 to 2001) when resource sectors experienced an economic downturn. Our findings identify that during this decade, mining communities differed significantly from other resource-based communities, and comparative analysis of census derived indictors illuminate challenges that mining communities in British Columbia face with respect to wellbeing and sustainability (such as economic diversity, unemployment, and population loss). To contribute to the mining sector?s efforts towards meeting their commitments to communities, this paper concludes by proposing strategic opportunities aimed at the enhancement of mining community sustainability for policy-makers, communities, and the mining industry to consider.

May 1, 2011

By R. Pot

"IntroductionTHE PURPOSE of this paper is to discuss briefly the main logging and testing devices presently at our disposal, to point out some of their limitations, and to suggest possible improvements of the techniques.Some of the more important devices .are those that are used in:(1) Coring(2) Formation testing(3) Electric well logging(4) Radioactive well logging(5) Measuring of bottom hole pressures(6) Sampling of reservoir fluidsThe first four of these procedures are concerned with the well while it is in the process of drilling. The last two are carried out as soon as possible after a well has been brought into production and .at intervals during its life. My remarks will be concerned mostly with certain aspects of formation testing. The reservoir engineer is dependent on the information derived from these operations in order to obtain a clear picture of the conditions in a reservoir and to enable him to assess and forecast its future behaviour.Since any calculation is no better than the data on which it is based, not enough emphasis can be placed on the necessity for the testing and logging equipment to be of the highest quality and for the analysis of the results obtained to be thorough."

Jan 1, 1952