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By Meifeng Zhi, Yuqing Niu, Xixin Chang, Fengqi Zhao, Weimin Qiu, Hao Wang, Zhenqian Wen, Zujun Shu

An applicable Eluex process was developed for acid in-situ leaching (ISL) uranium mine in Bayanwula. In this process, uranium was adsorbed with strong base anion resin from the pregnant solution, then the loaded resin was eluted by sulfuric acid. After D2EHPA extraction, the concentrated eluate was enriched, and the loaded organic phase was stripped by sodium carbonate. The yellow cake was obtained by sodium hydroxide precipitation at last. The uranium concentration in the loaded strip solution was 52.8 g/L. Parameters of the process were determined, and the impact of the Eluex process in underground leaching was also investigated. In industrial design, 95% of raffinate went back to elution and 5% back to in-situ leaching. No significant effect on uranium leaching or resin adsorption was found.

Jan 1, 2020

By Jamie King

This paper describes the use of dynamic scheduling and discrete event control to provide coordinated control of multiple automated vehicles. In the past decade there have been significant advances in the field of robotics for underground mining. As this trend progresses toward a realization of a completely automated underground mine the need for a central control system, capable of providing coordination for multiple vehicles in a semistructured environment, becomes more evident. In the past year general research into multi-robot coordination has been applied to the underground mining scenario and demonstrated in a scaled model underground mine in a laboratory setting. This system shows significant potential to be adopted into a full-scale implementation for mine wide automation.

May 1, 2001

By Neri Roux, Chris Budgell, Allan Cramm, Leo Cheung

"Anaconda Mining Inc. is investigating potential improvements and expansions to their operating plant located on the Baie Verte Peninsula in Newfoundland. An extensive batch and continuous bench scale testing program was launched to investigate the efficiency of cyanide destruction under different conditions in order to improve tailings handling. The primary objective of the cyanide destruction study was to apply new technologies to develop a novel cyanide destruction system.Effluent and slurry from Anaconda Mining Inc.’s Point Rousse Project was received at RPC where test work was conducted. Various sodium metabisulfite (MBS) dosages were evaluated and the use of utilizing ozone and ultra violet (UV) light to oxidize cyanide was investigated. All the data was evaluated and mass balances were compiled to develop several flowsheets. Overall encouraging results were found using a combination of ozone and MBS.IntroductionAnaconda Mining Inc.’s Point Rousse project includes an operating gold processing plant located on the Baie Verte Peninsula in Newfoundland which is in the process of improving and expanding. This plant comprises of milling and flotation followed by cyanide leaching in order to extract the gold. The residue from cyanide leaching is filtered by drum filters prior to being clarified for the Merrill-Crowe process. Once the gold has been recovered by the Merrill-Crowe process the effluent is filtered by filter presses and the resulting filtrate as well as the solids from the drum filters are detoxified prior to being pumped to the tailings pond along with the flotation tailings.The entire process is very dependent upon the efficient destruction of cyanide in the effluents and successful tailings handling. Substantial amounts of effluent are delivered to tailings ponds after gold extraction which could create environmental problems if the regulations are not met. Environmental regulations stipulate that final effluents contain no more than 1 mg/L Total CN.The detoxified tailings of the Point Rousse project are produced by the INCO SO2-Air circuit depicted in Figure 1. These detox tailings contain 10 mg/L Total CN at that point of the circuit and this was selected as the target to be matched while reducing overall MBS consumption rates from 3.2 g/L per minute. Prior to detoxification, the filter press tailings contain 520 mg/L Total CN while the drum tailings contain 29 mg/L Total CN."

Jan 1, 2017

By Takao Oishi, Go Ohara, Toru Kitazaki, Masahiro Tanaka

"The High Pressure Acid Leach (HPAL) plant for nickel-cobalt mixed sulphide production at Coral Bay Nickel Corporation (CBNC) in the Philippines has been in operation since 2005 with a capacity of 10,000 t/year of nickel. Subsequent to the commissioning of the second plant in 2008, the production capacity increased to 22,000 t/year of nickel (Llerin et al., 2011). CBNC’s annual nickel production reached more than 24,000 tons of nickel in 2014. The concepts to achieve this capacity are the high availability and the reciprocally flexible operation of both plants. The availability depends on some factors, such as the control of impurities in the process and the equipment condition, to mention a few. In the HPAL process, it is not only the autoclave operating conditions that affect nickel extraction but also the impurities in the ore greatly influence it. The major element in the ore is iron and most of this iron is precipitated as Fe2O3, while the rest remains as Fe2+ or Fe3+ sulphate in solution. These ions in solution reduce the availability, so it is important to control the formation of iron ions by controlling the impurities in feed ore as well as the HPAL conditions. This paper presents the general HPAL process and the behaviour of impurities, focusing on iron behaviour in the HPAL process.INTRODUCTIONCoral Bay Nickel Corporation ProfileCoral Bay Nickel Corporation (CBNC) was founded on April 2002, as a joint venture of four companies; namely, Mitsui Corporation (18%), Sojitz Corporation (18%), Nickel Asia Corporation (10%) and Sumitomo Metal Mining Corporation (SMM) with a controlling stake of 54%. Aside from its capital share, Nickel Asia Corporation also supplies the ore and limestone for the High Pressure Acid Leach (HPAL) plant located in Rio Tuba, Philippines, as shown in Figure 1 (Tsuchida, 2008). The objective of the CBNC project is to produce 22,000 t/year (original design) of nickel and 1,500 t/year of cobalt, as sulphide, by the treatment of nickel laterite ore which is a low grade nickel oxide ore in the Philippines (Mines and Geosciences Bureau, 2014). The sulphide product has been exported as a raw material to the SMM Nickel Refinery in Japan for 30 years. The product of this plant, a mixed (Ni/Co) sulphide, is shipped to the SMM’s Nickel Refinery in Niihama, Japan. SMM Corporation provides the technology and management personnel to the plant. SMM Corporation also supplies the sulphuric acid, which is the main reagent for the HPAL process."

Jan 1, 2016

By C. -G. Berg, J. T. Tuominen

Since the beginning of the 20th century, energy efficiency in copper smelting has been improved by a factor of 30 as a result of adopting autogenous smelting processes with more and more efficient waste heat recovery systems, increasing use of oxygen enrichment and countless smaller improvements. Nevertheless, energy in the form of electricity and fuels continues to be the biggest contributor to smelter operating cost. Metallurgists around the world are under constant pressure to find ways to save those precious megajoules wherever they can. One area that is often neglected is the removal of water contained in concentrates. Copper flotation concentrates, as delivered to a smelter, typically contain some 8–12% moisture. This moisture must be removed and the only way to do this is by evaporation, which consumes a lot of energy. Several studies have shown that the most efficient way of removing this moisture is to use a steam- heated indirect dryer—the least efficient way being the feeding of wet concentrate directly into a smelting furnace. Even in the most efficient smelters that employ modern steam drying, the energy needed to remove the moisture from the concentrates constitutes over 15% of the total energy consumption of a smelter – acid plant complex. The major steps that have been taken in the past to lower the energy consumption of moisture removal are the use of drying in general and the adoption of steam drying. The energy efficiency of concentrate drying has been improved by 25% over the last 20 years. The latest giant leap in this area, the Kumera Heat Recovery Dryer, is the result of Kumera’s long-term development in improving the efficiency of concentrate drying. The Heat Recovery Dryer is a novel application of steam drying that uses the waste heat from dryer exhaust gas for drying concentrates, thus, cutting the energy consumption by a further 30%. This paper discusses energy consumption in copper smelting in general and analyzes the energy consumption of concentrate drying in detail. Different dryer types are compared especially from the perspectives of energy consumption and environmental emissions. Applicability of different energy sources for drying is evaluated and discussed. The principle of the Kumera Heat Recovery Dryer is presented along with results from extensive continuous pilot plant tests. Potential applications and the feasibility of Kumera Heat Recovery Drying technology are discussed.

Jan 1, 2019

By R. C. Beard

"The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has recently initiated several incentive programs to encourage and facilitate the development of new mines in northwestern Ontario. Some are privatized out to consultants and contractors. The status of three of these programs will be reviewed in this paper.IntroductionOne of the main objectives of the Mineral Resources Group of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources is to encourage and assist mineral exploration and the development of new mines in the Province. Programs to accomplish this objective are largely carried out through two Branches in the main office (in Toronto), the Mineral Resources Branch and the Ontario Geological Survey, and also a number of regional field offices scattered across Ontario.The function of the Mineral Resources Branch is to identify and administer effective policies that will ensure maximum benefits to the Province from mineral resource extraction.One of the most important factors in ensuring effective exploration in the Province is the availability of a good geosciences data base from which to work. It is the responsibility of the Ontario Geological Survey to develop and continually update this data base, providing, to both the public and private sector, an inventory and analysis of the geology and mineral deposits of the Province.The main functions of the regional field offices are to provide technical data and advice to exploration companies and prospectors, to encourage and assist exploration, and to provide information and general assistance to producing and developing properties to facilitate resource development and extraction. This is accomplished through the offices of the mineral resource coordinators and resident geologists. In northwestern Ontario, these field offices are located at Thunder Bay, Kenora, Red Lake and Sioux Lookout.To accomplish their objectives, the Ontario Geological Survey and the regional field offices carry out regular, ongoing geoscience and other mineral resource programs, under their base funding."

Jan 1, 1982

By Gérald Riverin, Bernard Boily, Daniel Bernard

"The Donalda gold deposit is located in the southern part of the Noranda camp, approximately 2 /em east of the Horne deposit. Combined past production and current reserves total over 1.5 Mt grading 6.9 grams of gold per tonne.The deposit consists of two main veins which are both narrow but persistent structures. The No 1 Vein, hosting about 80% of the gold ore, consists of an EW-striking banded quartz vein dipping on average 25° to the south. Although variable in thickness, it averages lessthan1 metre. TheNo2 Vein, located 300 m below the No 1 Vein, is similar to it except that it dips 50° south. Gold occurs mostly as fine native gold disseminated in quartz, with 2-3% pyrite and trace amounts of various sulphides and tellurides. The wall rocks are only weakly altered and mineralized with pyrite, hematite and sericite.Structurally, the Donalda deposit is centered on the Horne Creek fault (HCF) where the HCF is intersected by the ENE-trending DonaldaandCentralfaults.NorthoftheHCF,theNo1Veinishosted by the Quemont Rhyolite, whereas south of the HCF the vein is hosted by magnetic basalts and diorites of the Wilco Andesite Formation. The No 1 Vein extends across the HCF with only minor displacement, whereas the No 2 Vein has not yet been traced south of the HCF.A preliminary structural analysis of the mine shows that the HCF, which strikes 275° and dips 70° north in the mine area, has a reverse movement a lid that the flat dipping No 1 Vein is a tension vein. Both probably developed in response to the same stress conditions. Although the absolute age of the Donalda veins is not known, structural relationships indicate that they formed during the latest movements of the HCF, but prior to the intrusion of the Proterozoic D' Eldona Diabase. The occurrence along the HCF of gold-rich synvolcanic massive sulphides and much younger vein-type gold deposits (such as Donalda) indicates that the HCF was a very long-lived, deep-seated (?)structure which has controlled the circulation of gold-rich fluids over a long period of time."

Jan 1, 1990

By N Robb

This paper gives an account of the laboratory testing, plant testing and final inclusion of the two-stage sulphuric acid leaching process in the Milliken mill. Operational results for September, 1962, are presented, showing a uranium extraction of 95.5 per cent, with a saving of some 16 lbs. of 100 per cent H~S04 and some 9 lbs. of lime per ton milled. Methods for effecting further improvements in the process are indicated. HISTORY P RIOR to the incorporation of two-stage leaching, the process for the treatment of uranium ores at Milliken consisted of a single-stage sulphuric acid leach, followed by a solution recovery step involving washing in thickeners and two-stage filtration. The thickener overflow solution was subsequently concentrated and purified by ion exchange, and the uranium was recovered, by two-stage precipitation, as ammonium diuranate. Figure I illustrates this flowsheet. For satisfactory extraction of uranium from the. Milliken ore, a high residual acidity, of the order of 40 grams per litre of free acid in the discharge solution, must be

Jan 1, 1963

By M. W. Grabinsky

Better in situ performance data is required in order to advance the rational geomechanical design of cemented paste backfill systems. A few in situ test programs have been conducted, but these have suffered from too few measurement locations within the stope and have not used enough different types of transducers to fully capture the information of significance. In this paper the important geomechanical design aspects are listed, the underlying physical phenomena are described, and some previous in situ measurement efforts are reviewed. A new approach to in situ measurement campaigns is then described including measurement techniques, locations, and the logistical aspects of mobilizing transducers in an active mining environment. A work-in-progress is used to illustrate the principles and concepts involved.

May 1, 2007

By G Zahary

THE most acceptable approacl1 to analyzing rock behaviour, at the present time, is based on the application of principles of mechanics and strength of materials. Analyses have been made in which the criterion of failure is based on maximum stress (1) and on Mohr's rupture theory (2). If such analyses are to be carried out, the mechanical properties of the rock must be known within acceptable limits. Although an adequate correlation of laboratory test results with field conditions has not been established, test results have been published (3) on the basis of their comparative value. That is, test results may be useful for comparing the behaviour of different rocks under similar loading conditions or of a particular rock under different loading conditions. This study aims at establishing some of the mechanical properties of an andesite rock by testing specimens cut _from diamond drill core. Drill core (EX) was provided from run-of-mine drilling by New Dickenson Mines Ltd. and Campbell Red Lake Mines Ltd.

Jan 1, 1963

By T. W. Wong, M. A. Whitney, A. Hadadzadeh

Uniaxial compression tests were performed on cylindrical specimens, 10mm in diameter and 15mm in height, machined from an extruded AZ31B magnesium billet. The tests were conducted under isothermal conditions to a true strain of 0.5. The study compares macroscopic flow anisotropy between the extruded (ED) and transverse (TD) directions in the temperature range of 300°C to 500°C, and strain rate range of 0.001s-1 to 1s-1. Compression of ED specimens at low strain rate (0.001s-1) exhibited axisymmetric flow, and no significant differences were observed between geometries of specimens deformed above 350°C under the same strain rate. Deformation of TD specimens at low temperature and/or low strain rate resulted in elliptical cross-sections, with the anisotropy of flow being less significant at higher temperatures. Other studies performed using rolled plates have proposed that pyramidal slip and cross-slip at higher temperature eliminate the effects of initial texture, while the dominance of prismatic slip at lower temperatures will result in anisotropic flow. It is believed that the initial fiber texture common among extruded HCP-structured materials plays a role in the anisotropic deformation behaviour observed in the extruded specimens

Jan 1, 2015

Session 1 ? Intro to MiHR ? Business Case for Aboriginal Inclusion ? Overview of the Mining HR Guide for Aboriginal Communities ? Two presentations of Programs featured in the Guide ?? The RAP Program from NWCC ?? First Nations Youth Employment Program PDAC-MM Session 2 ? Presentation from MAC ? Taking up the AFN Corporate Challenge ? Presentation on Mastering Aboriginal Inclusion in Mining About MiHR Who we are: ? National Sector Council for the Minerals and Metals Sector ? 18-person Board of Directors ? 100+ Industry Leaders volunteer on our project committees ? PPP - Funded by HRSDC and industry What we do: ? Identify national HR challenges and opportunities for the minerals and metals industry ? Create national solutions through collaboration, partnerships and Synergy

May 1, 2009

By Li Chongyang, Liu Baolan, Jia Xiaolin, Li Suping

An Al/Al2O3 gradient coating applied on a heat-resistant stainless steel was prepared through a slurry process by using aluminum and ?-Al2O3 powders as the transition filler material, alpha alumina as the surface coating material, aluminum dihydrogen phosphate as the binder, and sodium molybdate as the corrosion inhibitor. The effects of heat treatment temperature, adhesive/filler ratio and ?-Al2O3 content on the bonding strength, microhardness and thermal shock resistance were investigated. The crystal phase and microstructure were characterized by XRD and SEM. The results indicated that the composition of the coating changed continuously from surface to coating-substrate interface. The coating could offer high bonding strength and good thermal shock resistance when heat treated at 700°C.

Jan 1, 2010

By S. Kelebek, B. Ingram, C. Gibson, T. MacNeil, M. Aghamirian

"The beneficiation and upgrading of pyrochlore from its ores is carried out through flotation. In industrial practice, upgrading is conducted in a two-stage flotation process in which pyrochlore flotation is carried out after gangue mineral pre-flotation (carbonate, silicate, sulphide or phosphate reverse flotation). In this study, the flotation of pyrochlore from a low grade carbonatite ore was performed at the laboratory scale following a two-stage flotation process in which carbonate minerals were floated in advance of niobium minerals. In parallel, a simplified flotation process was developed in which pyrochlore was floated directly from gangue minerals at increasingly acidic pH. Laboratory results indicated that both two-stage and direct flotation provided similar results in terms of niobium grade-recovery. Based on these results, a large scale, integrated pilot plant was conducted using a direct flotation flowsheet. While the elimination of reverse gangue flotation resulted in flowsheet simplification, the dissolution of carbonate minerals and the subsequent effect of dissolved cations on the floatability of pyrochlore added an element of complexity. A comparison of results from locked-cycle laboratory testing and pilot plant testing highlights the challenges of scaling up a complex flowsheet. A case is made for the direct flotation process and the key parameters to achieving success in large scale direct flotation of pyrochlore are discussed.INTRODUCTIONPyrochlore (Ca,Na)2Nb2O6(OH,F) is a niobium bearing mineral which has been the primary global source of niobium since the first pyrochlore mine commenced operations in the late 1960s (Gibson et al., 2015a). Preceding the discovery and development of high grade pyrochlore deposits in North and South America, the majority of global niobium supply came from gravity concentration operations of columbite (Fe,Mn)Nb2O6, across Africa (Perrault and Manker, 1981)."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. Siegmund, F. Mucciardi, Z. Yuan, B. Bulnes

With conventional heat pipe science as the starting point, a new heat transfer technology --- termed Thermopump technology, has been developed at McGill University and is now being tested at a number of industrial operations. This technology is of particular importance for transferring energy in high temperature / high heat flux environments where solutions based on current techniques are not available. One important application for this technology is in the metals recycling area wherein this technology has been used to make a waterless, non-consumable, high efficiency Thermopump oxygen lance. The viability and efficiency of this oxygen lance have been demonstrated by preliminary plant trials in a reverb furnace for the recycling of lead-acid batteries at the RSR Corporation. Full-scale commercial trials of the Thermopump (TP) oxygen lance have been carried out at the RSR Corporation. The results from these tests will be presented. In addition, some applications of the Thermopump technology for other metal recycling processes will also be discussed in this paper.

Jan 1, 2004

By L. P. Chrismas

"IN 1975, Nova Scotia produced 1.8 million tons of coal with a FOB mine value of $47.6 million. Of this total, about 30 per cent or 600,000 tons was coking coal and the remainder was steam and industrial-grade coal. The Nova Scotia Power Corporation consumed 630,000 tons in three generating stations and 570,000 tons were sold to Sydney Steel for making coke for its steel operations. Exports, principally to Great Britain, comprised 370,000 tons in 1975 in addition to the 300,- 000 tons shipped to other provinces for use by cement and pulp and paper companies. In 1975, just over 100,000 tons of coking coal were imported into the province from Alberta. Before 1975, low-volatile coking coal was traditionally obtained from the United States. In 1975, production came from seven individual mines and one project involving reclamation from mine dumps in Pictou County. Of the seven producers, four are owned by the Cape Breton Development Corporation, a federal Crown corporation; the remaining three are small independent mines, but, even though small, they are sizeable contributors to the economies of their local areas. After 101 years of continuous operation, Devco's Princess mine was closed in 1975. The Nova Scotia coal industry, in terms of value, accounted for about half of total mineral production in 1975. The industry provides jobs for 3,000 men and women. It is also significant that in 1975 Nova Scotia produced about 6.5 per cent of Canada's total coal production of 28.3 million tons. Detailed statistics on Nova Scotia's coal industry appear in the Appendix."

Jan 1, 1976

By C. Dupuis, P. Waite, S. Leboeuf

Casthouses throughout the aluminium industry commonly use chlorine gas as a fluxing agent for furnace and in-line treatment of molten aluminium alloys. Its positive impact on the removal of alkali elements and non-metallic inclusions is well known. Nevertheless, the elimination of its use is highly desirable due to the safety and environmental risks associated with storage and handling. Over the past decade, the aluminium industry has significantly reduced its chlorine consumption. This has been achieved by maximizing the chlorine gas utilization efficiency during metal processing, and by the chlorine replacement for crucible and furnace metal treatment applications. Operation of sealed in-line treatment units without chlorine is now possible, but with lower or inconsistent removal efficiency penalties for alkali and inclusions respectively. This paper reviews the progress made at Arvida Research and Development Centre regarding the reduction of chlorine and the development of an alternative to chlorine for in-line metal treatment without penalizing the metallurgical performance.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. Kuyumcu

With annual production of almost 3.5 million metric tonnes of K20, former East Germany (GDR) was the world?s third-largest producer of potash, ranking behind only the Soviet Union and Canada. More than 80 % of production was intended for export to earn urgently needed hard currency. For this reason, beginning in the 1970s, East Germany began to mine unprofitable hard-salt sources and carnallitite fields, which are geomechanically problematic. In the course of restructuring from a centrally planned to a market economy after German reunification, only two of the nine existing potash mines were classified as economically viable for privatization. All six potash mines in the South Harz Region were closed between 1991 and 1993. The orderly safekeeping of these potash and other decommissioned ore mines and the rededication of mining areas were assigned in 1992 to a German state-owned company GVV founded especially for this purpose. Elaboration in the present documentation covers the local necessity of the type and extent of filling and safeguarding measures. As a result of the remedial measures taken, it was possible to prevent the collapse of cavities and damage to surface facilities. This documentation describes the safeguarding successes to date, with appreciable reduction and stabilization of surface settlement and with significant lessening of seismic events. Also presented are concepts updated to the state of the art for safeguarding of numerous potash mining shafts for long-term effectiveness in separation of the workings and watercourse levels in the cap rock. In the course of 100 years of production, six mining dumps resulted with a total volume of approximately 170 million m3. They consist of up to 95 % of water-soluble salts. Every year, precipitation dissolves up to 500,000 tonnes of this salt, which enters as a highly concentrated solution into watercourses and ground water. Explanation follows of measures for minimization of environmental pollution by covering of dumps and controlled drainage of alkaline solutions from the dumps. Finally, presentation is made of the results of the successful work until now by GVV for reuse of decommissioned mining sites with settlement of new companies for creation of additional jobs and for revitalization of the monostructured South Harz Potash Mining Region.

Aug 1, 2013

"The Schist Lake mine, owned and operated by the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co., Limited, is situated on the northwest arm of Schist Lake, 4 miles southeast of Flin Flon, Manitoba.The deposit was discovered early in 1947, during a diamond drilling program exploring small copper showings along the west shore of the lake. The orebodies came to surface between the mainland and the north end of Stitt Island.Production began in August, 1954, at an initial rate of 300 tons per day. Underground workings have been carried to the 1,700-foot level, where exploration work is now being done.General GeologyRocks of the area are Precambrian lava flows, with associated pyroclastic breccias and tuffs, and related minor intrusions. Their general strike is northwest and their dip is nearly vertical. Shearing is common and is related to the activity which caused intense folding and much faulting in the area. The larger faults and the fold axes trend a few degrees west of north. The lavas are mainly andesitic but a layer of sericite-carbonate schist, which is probably derived from a fine-grained, grey quartz porphyry, occupies most of Stitt Island and extends into the mine area. It is within this layer of schist that the ore deposit occurs (Figure 1).The OrebodiesThe ore occurs as tabular to lens-shaped bodies which strike northwest, dip nearly vertically, and plunge at 60 degrees to the southeast. The ore zone is 800 feet long and has been traced for a distance of 2,000 feet along the plunge (Figure 2). The maximum length of continuous ore within this zone is 200 feet. Widths of individual ore lenses vary from a maximum of 35 feet to a minimum of 2 feet.The ore consists of three distinct types: massive sphalerite-pyrite, massive chalcopyrite-sphalerite, and disseminated chalcopyrite-pyrite. The No. 1, or eastern, orebody is predominantly massive sphalerite-pyrite. The western part of the No. 2 orebody is massive chalcopyrite-sphalerite. The disseminated ore forms the eastern part and the lower end of the No. 2 orebody. All three types of ore, with patchy distribution, are found in the smaller lenses below the 1, 100-foot level.Metallic minerals, in order of deposition, are pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite, galena, enargite, and gold. Both massive types of ore exhibit banding in many places, probably as a result of the selective replacement of schist. The disseminated ore was formed as a filling of the interstices in a brittle chert rock which appears to have been crushed by the same forces which produced the schist."

Jan 1, 1949

About Barrick Paste Backfill at Barrick Goldstrike Rodeo Paste Plant Cyclone Lab Testing Challenges and Lessons Learned Future Barrick Projects

May 1, 2013