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By K. G. Wheeland, J. E. Dutrizac, M. Wasserlauf, A. A. Condy

Numerous processes for the treatment of thiosalts in base metal milling effluents have been examined in the past decade. Flowsheets for thirteen processes are outlined, and cost estimates are presented for a base case of a 720 mi/h effluent flow containing 1400 mg/L thiosalts. The processes are ranked on the basis of Numerous processes for the treatment of thiosalts in base metal milling effluents have been examined in the past decade. Flowsheets for thirteen processes are outlined, and cost estimates are presented for a base case of a 720 mi/h effluent flow containing 1400 mg/L thiosalts. The processes are ranked on the basis of

Jan 1, 1988

By R. Drozd

"The Bullmoose Mine is currently under construction in the North East Coal area of British Columbia, and approximately $300 million will be spent to bring this 2.3 million-tonnes-per-year metallurgical and thermal coal mine into production by December 1, 1983.The project is an unincorporated joint venture undertaking, with Teck-Bullmoose Coal Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Teck Corporation, holding 51%, Lornex Mining Corporation holding 39%, and Nissho-Iwai (Canada) Ltd. holding 10%. Bullmoose Operating Corporation will be the manager and operator of the project.This paper will broadly cover the history and exploration work on the property, the geology, open-pit mining plans and equipment, the preparation plant flowsheet from breaker station to clean coal silo, the 35 km highway truck haul, the railroad loadout system, manpower requirements, construction progress, approvals and permits, and general financial arrangements.IntroductionThe Bullmoose Mine Project"" is located about 87 road kilometres south of Chetwynd, B.C. and consists of an open-pit coal mine, a plant facility in the Bullmoose Creek valley below the mine, and a separate rail loadout facility on the British Columbia Railway Branchline near the new town of Tumbler Ridge some 35 road km to the east.The plant will be capable of producing a total of 2.3 million tonnes per year (mty) of washed metallurgical and thermal coal. Long-term metallurgical coal contracts for high quality, medium volatile, bituminous coal have been signed with nine Japanese buyers for 1.7 mty, and the balance of 0.6 mty will be thermal coal production.Plant construction began in the spring of 1982, and in May 1983, preproduction waste and overburden removal in the mine will commence. The plant should be fully operational by December 1983, and first vessel loading at the Ridley Island port is scheduled for January 1984."

Jan 1, 1983

Brunswick Mine employs an ore and waste pass system for material transfer. This paper reviews the evolution and performance ore pass systems at the mine. It presents the range of selected configurations, inclination, dimensions etc. Select case studies are used to address the influence of structure, stress and materials handling on the longevity of the employed ore passes.

Feb 1, 2008

By J. R. del Castillo, J. Ruiz, N. Kuyucak, J. Chavez

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Feasibility Studies (FS) were carried out to evaluate the potential use of treated acid mine drainage (AMD) occurring at the Kingsmill Tunnel in the Central Andes of Peru. The 11-km long tunnel drains the underground works of the Morococha Mining District and discharges about 1.25 m3/sec of AMD directly into the Yauli River, which is located within the Amazon Basin. The communities living downstream cannot use the Yauli River water due to its low pH and elevated concentrations of metals (e.g., Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, As, Cd) and sulfate. Studies carried out for this project included technical feasibility, EIA, economic viability and social impact assessment phases. During the "Technical Feasibility" phase, the treated AMD was produced by simulating a high density sludge (HDS) lime neutralization/precipitation process and was evaluated for various potential uses. Mining companies located in Morococha, in particular Centromin Peru S.A., and the Water Works Company of the City of Lima (Sedapal) collaborated with Golder Associates during the studies. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) provided the financial assistance. The results of the physical, chemical, biological and toxicological analyses demonstrated that the treated AMD could be used for supplementing the drinking water supply of Lima and for agricultural (e.g., irrigation and livestock) and recreational purposes. Process design and scale-up parameters were also determined for the implementation of the full-scale treatment facility to the site. The use of the treated AMD as a drinking water supplement would be economically feasible.

Jan 1, 2004

By Kevin J. Palmer

The introduction of the National Instrument (?NI?) 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects has led to some very specific requirements to reporting a Mineral Resource estimate for mineral projects to the public. There are elements of the Mineral Resource estimate that are based on the qualified person (?QP?) completing the work to accepted industry practices and applying their relevant experience. There is no document that defines what is considered the accepted industry practices. There are guidelines provided by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (?CIM?) but, in general, the industry practices are dynamic and often different QPs will estimate the same mineral project in different ways. This sometime happens on exploration projects as they proceed from one study to the next. The focus of this paper is to provide a review of some of the current practices that are published in Technical Reports (Preliminary Assessment to Feasibility studies) with respect to classifying a Mineral Resource as Inferred, Indicated and Measured and the grade interpolation and modeling methods, data support (i.e. geological drill hole spacing) and validation methods employed.

Oct 1, 2010

By Sunil S. Gandhi

Magmatic-hydrothermal deposits rich in magnetite and/or hematite form a broad group that includes monometallic Fe deposits and polymetallic (mainly Cu and Au) deposits. They show a considerable variation in deposit characteristics, but share the genetic processes of magmatic differentiation and related hydrothermal activity in intermediate to felsic melts, and in some cases involve brines and/or meteoric waters during mineralization. They include several world-class deposits. They range in age from Proterozoic to Recent, and form important metallogenic districts in Scandinavian, Canadian, Brazilian and Australian Shields, Circum-Pacific regions, and in China, Iran and Turkey. Monometallic deposits have been important sources of iron in the past and still contain significant resources of the metal, e.g., the Kiirunavaara deposit in Sweden. The giant Olympic Dam Cu-Au-Ag-U-REE deposit was discovered in 1975, and since then explorationists have focussed on search for analogues worldwide. This has brought to light a number of economically important new deposits and prospects, including examples in Canada. The discoveries have in turn prompted considerable research on individual deposits and the group as a whole. This short paper is an attempt to summarize the main aspects of the group from the literature cited in Gandhi and Bell (1996), and from the papers published recently in two milestone volumes on these deposits, edited by Porter (2000 and 2002).

May 1, 2003

By Herbert D. Drechsler

"THE FOLLOWING are some comments on the article, ""International Trade in Minerals and Economic Development"", by M. Sengupta, published in the October 1976 issue of the CIM Bulletin.Sengupta says in the introduction that ""The mechanism through which this growth (economic development) has occurred is basic ally straight forward"". His statement is quite misleading and perhaps it is better to quote Gerald Meier:""Development economists must operate in an imperfect second-best world, away from the simplified premises of neoclassical economics. Their subject matter is therefore not yet a coherent or self-contained discipline. Denied recourse to a set of general principles, perhaps the student's most sensible introduction to economic development is through a study of 'leading issues' that are at the time a major preoccupation of the development economist and development practitioner"" .Sengupta quotes an authority who wrote 18 years ago. Academic and operating development economists today know full well that existing theory is quite deficient. Sociologists, political scientists and engineers in this field also know that economic, social, political and technical development involves all academic disciplines.Sengupta indicates that tariffs in developed countries prevent less developed countries from supplying refined metal, or manufactured and semi-manufactured products. He lists Zambia, Chile and Zaire as examples of copper concentrate exporters, as inadequately shown in Table 1. He is wrong."

Jan 1, 1977

By Liu Yulin, Zhao Yi, Tan Qi, Liu Lei

"Hydrotalcite is one kind of layered double hydroxides, and has special crystal chemical characteristics. Due to its good thermal stability, hydrotalcite used as the PVC heat stablier has attracted scientists’ attention. In this study, nano-hydrotalcite was synthesized by the method of mechanochemistry/crystallization, using brucite, Al(OH)3 and Na2CO3 as raw materials, and added into PVC to investigate the effect of hydrotalcite on thermal stability of composites. The synthesis mechanism was suggested by virtue of XRD, FE-SEM, FT-IR. It has been indicated that at the first of dry milling process, the parical sizes of brucite and Al(OH)3 decrease, while specific surface areas of them increase by the action of mechanical force, until produced amorphous particles. In the process of wet milling, metal ions in the amorphous body, which has high surface energy, can easily react with H2O, and produce the precursor of Mg6Al2(OH)18•4.5H2O, which has the same crystal structure as hydrotalcite. Under the hydrothermal condition, anions of OH- in the interlamination of precursor are exchanged by CO32- in the solution and nano-hydrotalcite is generated at last. The thermal stability was characterized by Congo red method. The results have revealed that hydrotalcite is one kind of long-term heat stabilizer, and residual stability time increase with the rise of added hydrotalcite amounts.INTRODUCTIONHydrotalcite, one kind of anionic clays, has been attracted a great interest for researchers because of their unexpected physical and chemical properties. The general formula is Mg6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O, where Mg2+ and Al3+ occupy octahedral positions in the brucite-like layers, and CO32- is an interlayer anion (Hoyo, 2007). Hydrotalcite is widely used in the fields of chemical engineering, materials engineering, environmental protection, medicine, and so forth, owing to its unique capability of adsorbability, ion exchange and thermal stability (Rozov, Berner, & Taviot-Gueho, 2010; Iwasaki, Yoshii, & Nakamura, 2012; Ay, Zümreoglu-Karan, & Temel, 2011; Cavani, Trifiro, & Vaccari, 1991; Li & Duan, 2005; Lin, Wang, & Evans, 2006). As a result, the study on synthesis and application of hydrotalcite has received considerable attentions."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Abdollahi, M. R. Khalesi, Y. Kianinia, A. Khodadadi Darban

High cyanide consumption during the processing of gold ores with high sulphide minerals can make the typical cyanidation uneconomic. Also cyanide is a toxic material and environmental concerns of cyanide compounds are serious. Optimization of cyanide consumption requires a methodology to estimate the amount of exposed cyanicides, the kinetic of their dissolution and estimation of formation of cyanide complexes which consume the free cyanide. In this paper, a methodology to estimate cyanide consumption by modeling the minerals and gold leaching kinetic based on a liberation model and speciation of all possible cyanide related species in the solution is presented. The results showed that this methodology could successfully estimate the cyanide consumption based on mineralogical data with very lower number of parameters compared to empirical models present in the literature, while it offers the prediction of formation of all cyanide complexes which could be used for optimization purposes.

Jan 1, 2017

By Godfrey MacDonald

"The East West Caribou deposit with an underground mine, concentrator and ancillaries is located 30 km west of Bathurst, New Brunswick. The Restigouche deposit, an open pit mine is 30 km west of East West Caribou. The ore will be trucked from the Restigouche site to the East West Caribou minesite.History:The East West Caribou ore body was discovered in 1955 and the subsequent metallurgical programme focused on producing a bulk sulphide concentrate. However, in 1966 a Mr. P.G. Kihlstadt of Anaconda did float a Copper-Lead concentrate and a Zinc concentrate. He also reported that as the grind became finer the recoveries improved. In 1968 the Mines Branch in Ottawa produced a Lead concentrate of 30 percent at a 60.5 percent recovery and a 52 percent Zinc concentrate at an 83.4 percent recovery.Laboratory testwork proceed the 1988 start up of our current concentrator and underground mine facilities. The concentrator was designed to produce a Lead ""rich"" concentrate and a Zinc ""rich"" concentrate which were combined to make a marketable Bulk concentrate. In 1990 the operation was suspended because of declining base metal prices, increasing smelter treatment charges, increasing operating costs and operating difficulties.The 1997 operating plan is to produce a Lead concentrate and a Zinc concentrate.The Restigouche ore body was discovered in 1989. The subsequent testwork done at Lakefield Research recommended the production of a Copper, a Lead and a Zinc concentrate. The ore reserve could not support a stand alone concentrator so the project was put on hold.Laboratory testwork was carried out at Lakefield Research to confirm compatibility of the East West Caribou ore and the Restigouche ore in their processing."

Jan 1, 1997

By Benjamin A. Allou

La seule production de columbo-tantalite réalisée en Côte d?Ivoire est effectuée dans les éluvions et alluvions du gisement d?Issia, localisé au Centre- Ouest de la Côte d?Ivoire. Même si un lien direct avec les roches granitiques est suspecté, aucune attention particulière n?a été accordée à l?étude de la minéralisation primaire en relation avec l?évolution des granites et des pegmatites associées. Ces granites, qui sont en intrusion dans les roches sédimentaires du Protérozoïque inférieur, comprennent : le granite orienté à deux micas (Lobo), le granite orienté à muscovite dominante (Bitapia) et le granite porphyroïde non orienté à muscovite dominante (Issia). Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les pegmatites à Nb-Ta-Be-Li sont liées au granite de type Issia. Les observations de terrain et les analyses sur roche totale des granites montrent que: (1) les trois principaux granites de la région sont de type- S et peralumineux dans leur composition, (2) ils ont été formés pendant la période tardi- à post-Éburnéenne, (3) le granite d?Issia fut le dernier à se mettre en place. Les pegmatites liées au granite d?Issia ont été classées en quatre types : Apegmatites stériles; B- pegmatites à Be; C- pegmatites zonées à Nb-Ta-Be; et Dpegmatites zonées à Be-Nb-Ta-Li. Les pegmatites zonées comprennent les zones suivantes: I- zone à aplite; II- zone graphique; III- zone à albite, microcline, béryl et columbo-tantalite; IV - zone à microcline massive; V- zone à quartz. Ces pegmatites présentent une zone d?altération métasomatique externe. La minéralisation de Ta, Nb et Be est liées à la zone III des pegmatites de types C et D, et celle de Li est associée aux greisens qui peuvent être observés n?importe où dans les pegmatites de type D. Les données de terrain et de laboratoire indiquent que le granite d?Issia est la roche parentale des pegmatites à éléments rares de la région. Les pegmatites minéralisées sont distribuées seulement autour du granite d?Issia et les patrons des terres rares des granites et ceux des pegmatites à éléments rares sont très similaires. Les analyses de la composition totale montrent un lien génétique entre le granite d?Issia et les pegmatites à éléments rares. Il est suggéré que les pegmatites ont été formées durant le transport et la cristallisation fractionnée du magma.

May 1, 2003

By Robert B. Parsons

"Originally intended to be implemented in 1977, but actually introduced effective May 6, 1974, the earned depletion regulations have been substantially refined and modified since their appearance on the Canadian tax scene, so that this important legislation now consists of a highly complicated set of rules which even the most astute follower of tax law has considerable difficulty sorting out!This month, Tax Notes attempts to cut through this bewildering array oj regulations, in reviewing the main features of the earned depletion allowance applicable to mining operations. Despite the phase-out of earned depletion allowances for most oil and gas operations as part of the federal government's new National Energy Program, earned depletion provisions are still alive and well for the mining sector, although they might well be slowly strangling to death in their own entanglement of complexity!"

Jan 1, 1981

By F. Shi

The JKRBT (JK Rotary Breakage Tester) is a newly developed impact breakage testing device for rapid ore breakage characterisation, and has recently been commercialised after a three year comprehensive validation study, involving five major mining companies and six industrialised JKRBT units deployed worldwide. Comparisons of breakage mechanisms and characterisation data between the JKRBT and the Drop Weight Tester (DWT) indicate that, despite the differences in the breakage modes, the JKRBT can provide statistically similar A*b parameters, by using a data reduction procedure which takes into account the difference in the number of contact points, strain rate and potential for secondary breakage. Feedback from the validation sponsors has indicated higher productivity and better repeatability of the JKRBT compared with the DWT. This better precision, combined with the JKRBT’s wider particle size capability and wider specific energy range, provide a more powerful tool, ideally suited to rapid mapping of ore hardness in geometallurgical and comminution applications.

Jan 1, 2012

By A. R. Laplante

"In this paper, the performance of the Knelson Concentrator and of the batch and continuous Falcon Concentrators are compared. The units are based on different operating principles, and as such they perform quite differently. The Knelson yields very high free gold recoveries over a wide size range of both the recovered and rejected species. It is ineffective in recovering very fine ( <15 µm) or flaky gold, as encountered in flotation feeds, concentrates or tails. It is the: preferred unit for gold recovery from grinding circuits. The batch Falcon is effective in the fine range, typically less than 37 µm for gold. Its recovery zone is quickly saturated when there is significant heavies in the feed. It works best as a pre-concentration unit. The continuous Falcon is a versatile unit which is capable of recovering fine heavies (density down to 5 g/cm3 ), especially from coarser gangue. INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this presentation is to describe the mode of operation of two Canadian centrifugal concentrators, the Knelson and Falcon. It is hoped that it will prove informative to prospective users in the selection, testing and optimization for applications of either machine. The work is based on testwork both in Canadian mills and at McGill. I am indebted to many colleagues at these locations. Appropriate references will be made to articles further describing the work, either already in the open literature or in preparation.Although this work is meant to be more practical than scholarly, it is appropriate to begin by considering how the two units achieve selective recovery. This will become useful in establishing a suitable testing methodology, which will then be described, and interpreting typical results. In the last section I will attempt to define appropriate applications for the two units. This is a thankless task, as I am likely to miss some applications or to make projections based on partial results, as much of the work is still in progress. In deference to the reader and both manufacturers, areas where reasonable doubt still remains will be identified."

Jan 1, 1993

By Christopher Boys

"Many water inflows in Saskatchewan potash mines are linked to salt anomalies. Potash ore and three anomalies in the PCS Cory potash mine in the Patience Lake Member of the Prairie Evaporite Formation were studied to understand the processes involved in their formation. Another goal was to find geological indicators of the proximity of anomalies. A geological model that relates the potash to the salt anomalies has been developed.Up to five post-burial facies may be recognized. These range from carbonate-mud collapse breccias to bedded sylvinite, and probably result from post-burial leaching. In this model, the same fluids that caused widespread recrystallization and possibly enrichment of the potash salts, started by dissolving huge cavities in the evaporites. The effects of the leaching were highly variable, indicated by selectively preserved delicate laminae and chevron textures, to deformed and totally dissolved salt beds. In at least two major events, Late Devonian and Cretaceous, collapse structures may have acted as conduits for overlying formation waters to cause pervasive leaching and recrystallization of the Prairie Evaporite Formation.Geological indicators of the proximity of an anomaly may include: a change in insoluble seam color from greenish-gray to mottled brown and greenish-gray, unusual local increases in ore grade, large patches (e.g., >200 cm2) of sylvite-poor potash crosscutting units near the top of the ore wne, and drops in topography > 10 m of the marker seams. Anhydrite was more common in an anomaly than in ore. The local abundance of anhydrite in ore may indicate the proximity of some salt anomalies. Once an anomaly has been encountered, indicators of a major collapse feature may include: stretched clay seams, folded beds, small collapse features (1 m to 20 m), numerous washouts, or split clay seams with injected salt. Any number, or none, of these indicators may be found close to a major collapse feature."

Jan 1, 1993

By R. Druffel, P. Wittke-Gattermann, M. Wittke

"The two tubes of tunnel Hirschhagen along the highway A44 in Germany, underpass the federal road B7, a railway line and the valley of the river Losse close to the city of Hessisch Lichtenau. The ground in the area consists of Triassic sand- and siltstones (""Buntsandstein"") as well as tertiary clays. Prior to tunneling, the groundwater in the area is planned to be lowered by means of a gallery of deep wells. As a basis for the design of this dewatering gallery, two large pumping tests have been carried out. The results of these tests have been evaluated by means of 3D-Finite Element analyses. By means of the large-scale model, the influence of the anisotropy resulting from jointing and bedding and the influence of fault zones in the area have been taken into account, which lead to a thorough basis for the design of the dewatering gallery.INTRODUCTIONThe 4.2 km long Tunnel Hirschhagen of the highway A 44 crosses below the federal road B7, a railway line and the river Losse close to the city of Hessisch-Lichtenau in central Germany. Both tunnel tubes are located in a subrosion depression in which Triassic sandstone and tertiary clay prevail. It is planned to lower the groundwater table in the area of the meadow of the Losse prior to tunnel heading [1]. Groundwater lowering is planned to be achieved by means of a series of large pumping wells. The bottom of the river Losse will be sealed in order to avoid direct inflow of water from the river into the ground (Fig. 1 and 2)."

Jan 1, 2015

By Kenta Kusunose, Dadang Sundana, Ahmad Munib Fikry, Yosuke Unno

PT Smelting has operated the Mitsubishi Process in which feed materials are charged into the S- furnace through top lances using a pneumatic conveying system comprising 6 feeding tanks (S-Feeding Tanks). Each S-Feeding Tank was designed as a batch machine and had been operated in a batch mode so that feed materials are conveyed 70% of the operating time (conveying time). An S-Feeding Tank was revamped in August 2016 in order to attempt to achieve 100% conveying time during operation, aiming to reduce the furnace draft fluctuations and melt temperature fluctuations leading to reduced copper losses to slag and refractory wear on the sidewall in the melt zone. After two-year operation with some adjustments and modifications, it was concluded that the new system works as expected. During scheduled major shutdown in November 2018, the same modification was applied to all other 5 feeding tanks as the first one, while several modifications other than the S-Feeding system were also conducted for the purpose of expanding the capacity of the smelter. INTRODUCTION PT. Smelting (PTS) Gresik Copper Smelter and Refinery is located 30 kilometers north of the city of Surabaya, East Java major port. PT Smelting equity partners are Mitsubishi Materials with 60.5%, PT. Freeport Indonesia with 25%, Mitsubishi Corporation RtM Japan Ltd. with 9.5% and JX Nippon Mining and Metals corporation with 5.0%. PTS was established in February 1996 and started commercial operation of the Mitsubishi Process in 1999. The Mitsubishi Process is a unique technology which connects 3 stationary furnaces, namely the Smelting furnace (S-furnace), Slag-Cleaning furnace (CL-furnace) and Converting furnace (C-furnace) by covered launders. These features result in savings in manpower and energy, and make the process more environmentally friendly since there is no ladle transfer of melt. Figure 1 illustrates the outline of the Mitsubishi Process.

Jan 1, 2019

As a bubble travels through the pulp region of a flotation cell, it will collect the most hydrophobic particles of an intermediate particle size range, this being the primary source of true flotation selectivity. Despite its role on bubble-particle attachment, however, particle hydrophobicity is still missing a mathematical definition that can be used for plant simulation. In this paper, particle hydrophobicity is defined in terms of the induction time necessary for attachment and then linked to the mass of collector adsorbed per particle. This allows particle hydrophobicity to be written as a function of density of collector adsorption as well as particle size and mineralogy. The model is calibrated from the experimental measurement of the flotation rate constant. Liberation data from an industrial flotation rougher is used for model validation. It is demonstrated that the model can describe a broad experimental dataset by means of a minimal number of parameters. Main industrial application is in simulating the effect of the chemical environment upon plant metallurgical performance.

Jan 1, 2006

By Kamran Esmaieli

Open Pit Mining Through Underground Voids: Challenges Main Challenges/Hazards: Unexpected collapse of the pit floor and/or pit walls; The loss of equipment and/or people into underground voids; Loss of explosives from blast holes that broken through into the underground voids. How to address these challenges? An important step that must be integrated into mine planning and design is the accurate detection and delineation of underground voids. (i.e. probe drilling, Geophysical techniques, laser scanning,?); Leaving a pillar of adequate thickness between the working bench and the underground voids; Backfilling the underground voids from surface using vertical or inclined raises; Monitoring the working locations (pit floor and pit slopes) to detect movements.

May 1, 2013

By Peter A. Hacquebard

"Two continuous coal zones occurring in a 2500f t (762 m) thick section of the Upper Carboniferous Pictou Group (Westphalian C and D) have been encountered in five offshore wells drilled f or oil and gas in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They correlate, by means of fossil spores, with thick coals of the Mabou and Inverness coalfields situated at the eastern margin of the Basin. Therefore, the presence of a large submarine coalfield of at least 18000 sq mi. (46 620 km&apos;] is indicated. This compares with an estimated size of 14 000 sq mi. (36260 km&apos; ) for the Sydney Coal Basin.Accessibility is provided only by the small onshore parts of the Mabou and Inverness fields, because farther offshore the coals lie too deep to be mined (below 4 OOO f t ([ 219 m)).Two near-shore coal exploration wells indicate that at Mabou Mines the younger Inverness coals occur at a mineable depth to at least 5 km from land. A structure contour map of this area shows a reserve of 125 million tons in two Inverness equivalent seams that are 8.5 ft (2.6 m) and 4.5 ft (f.4 m) thick. The Mabou coals, however, reach too great a depth close to shore to possess mineable resources.A structure contour map of the Inverness submarine area, based on mine data and one off shore seismic profile, indicates inferred mineable resources of 160 million tons, in two seams that are 7ft (2.1 m) and 4.5 ft (f.4 m) thick . A detailed deep seismic survey will be necessary to substantiate the structure and resource estimates"",Maceral and coal quality percentage diagrams of five column samples of these seams (the 7 Foot and 13 Foot Seams of Inverness Equivalents) show a bright banded coal, high in reactive macerals, which will produce a weak coke unsuitable f or metallurgical purposes. A thermal coal with a rank of H. V. ""B"" Bituminous (0.64% Ro) is present, averaging 12000 btu llb (6 660 kcai/kg), 10% ash and 6% sulphur, of which 60 to 80% is derived from pyrite.Microlithotype profiles of the major Mabou and Inverness coals show characteristic successions that can be used f or seam identification and proved valuable f or structural interpretations.The time of faulting in the major fracture zone on the eastern margin of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Basin has been deduced from coal rank variations. It occurred in pos tPermian, probably Early Triassic time."

Jan 1, 1986