Search Documents

By D. Paul Bishop, Kevin P. Plucknett, Hung-wei Liu

"Spark plasma sintering (SPS) process has been evaluated for producing the commercially pure (CP) Ti, TiAl and a TiAl-B4C composite. Comparisons were made between the materials in terms of the sintered density, resultant hardness and microstructures. In the present work, the titanium aluminide powders (Ti-48Al, producing a mixture of y-TiAl/a2-Ti3Al) were synthesised „in-house? using a simple reaction-sintering and mechanical attrition approach. This allowed various size distributions to be generated. The powders were then blended with a fine boron carbide (B4C) powder (up to 6 wt.%), and the resulting mixtures were consolidated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) under vacuum in graphite dies. An applied stress of 50 MPa was used for all SPS runs. The SPS parameters were varied in terms of the ultimate sintering temperature (up to 1300°C) and hold time (up to 10 minutes) for each material. It is demonstrated that high densities can be achieved this approach (exceeding 95% of theoretical, with optimised samples close to full density). Microstructural characterisation was conducted using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The B4C additions were seen to partially react with the TiAl to form reinforcements, such as TiCx and TiBx. Preliminary mechanical property assessment will also be briefly discussed.INTRODUCTION Titanium- and titanium aluminide-based alloys possess many unique properties, such as excellent corrosion resistance and high temperature strength, respectively (Cardarelli, 2001; Leyens & Peters, 2003). Compared to many other competing materials (e.g. stainless steel or Ni-based alloys), Ti- and TiAl-based alloys also have relatively low densities (~4.5 and ~3.9-4.1 g/cm3, respectively), which is critical for performance in aviation and automobile applications. However, the manufacturing cost is high, due to the expensive raw Ti material and difficulties in machining. TiAl-based alloys are particularly difficult to produce because of their limited ductility (Lütjering & Williams, 2007). To overcome those problems, powder metallurgy (PM) technologies have shown great potential as near-net shape processes for Ti- and TiAl-based alloys. The general PM process largely avoids laborious post-machining and minimises material use. In industrial production, the PM approach has been successfully utilised to manufacture aluminium- and iron-based alloys (Huo & Heath, 2008)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Jamal Jafari, Abbas Sam

"The concentration of the fourth production line at Golgohar includes 66% iron with Blaine number of 500 cm2/g. For pelletizing process, the feed iron grade should be greater than 68% with minimum Blaine number of 1800 cm2/g. In this study, the low intensity magnetic Separators, particularly the feed particle size distribution of LIMS were considered. The feed particle size distribution of the separators was optimized to prepare an appropriate concentrate (as mill pelletizing feed). The samples were performed from the LIMS feed and after grinding, four d80 (64, 103, 132, and 15 3µm) were prepared. Then, laboratory magnetic separation experiments were conducted on these samples. The best results obtained using d80 of 132µm. In this particle fraction, the iron grade and Blaine number were 70.3% and 1571 cm2/g, respectively. Therefore, it seems necessary to include a grinding and classification systems before LIMS stage. According to the presence of a high amount of -132 µm particles in the initial feed, an inverse closed circuit was selected. The hydrocyclone was designed in three units as the classification system with 62 cm (diameter), 22 cm (overflow outlet) and 11 cm (apex diameter). By simulation of hydrocyclone with USIMPAC software, the size distribution of underflow was determined. Based on these results, a ball mill with dimensions of 6.7 m (length) and 5 m (diameter) was designed as grinding system.INTRODUCTIONGole-Gohar iron ore concentration plant No.4 (Polycom Plant) in Gole-Gohar Industrial and Mining Complex was installed to increase production capacity as well as treating the circulating load from AG and SAG mills of the main concentration plant of the complex. The load from the mine is crushed using jaw and cone crushers. The crushed ore is then combined with the circulated load and the combination is then grounded using HPGR and ball mills respectively.After comminution, there is a magnetic separation plant which includes a medium intensity magnetic separator (MIMS) followed by three low intensity magnetic separators (LIMS). Final concentrate dewatering is done using three belt filters. After the primary magnetic separation, the ore is upgraded to 62% Fe content and final concentrate which is the product of LIMS has 66% Fe content."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. Baker

A novel electrochemical half-cell and corresponding working electrode were designed to evaluate the electro-catalytic activities of catalysts in an environment close to that of an operating proton exchange or polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were employed using the novel cell to characterize various methanol electro-oxidation parameters that contribute to the overall reaction on a fuel cell anode. The effect of temperature on methanol oxidation kinetics was examined in the potential range of 0.31 to 0.65V (vs. NHE). The data was collected in the temperature range of 20 to 80°C. Based on the experimental analysis and literature data, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) for methanol oxidation was proposed and was used to fit the EIS experimental data. The experimental data and ECM electrochemical data was used to extract electrochemical kinetic parameters for methanol oxidation such as the exchange current density, Tafel slope, and energy of activation for the reaction. Kinetic data, especially at different temperatures, is very limited in the literature.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. G. Ross

IN the paper entitled Block Caving at the King Mine (1), which was presented at the Annual General Meeting held in April, 1934, at Quebec, it was pointed out that, owing to certain conditions and financial restrictions, it was advisable to provide a temporary shaft. This was raised from the )00-ft. level to the bottom of the pit, and a 45-degree incline track was constructed up the face of the pit to surface. The temporary shaft and incline were within the ore-body, but were to be used only until such time as the new shaft-the subject of this paper-could be sunk and made ready for operation. After a careful study had been made of all available information pertaining to the ore-body, including examination of diamond-drill core records and geological data, a shaft location was selected well outside the ore-body. Further, since the crusher and dryer buildings are located over part of the ore-body, it was necessary to plan the removal of these buildings and to construct a new crushing and drying plant. This, and the new shaft, must operate in conjunction with the present mill and rock storage bin, which would continue robe used as formerly. No part of this programme, with the exception of drifting toward the shaft site, was started prior to 1937. More than usual detail on technical features is given in this paper in the hope that some parts of it may be of assistance to other members of the Institute who have to undertake somewhat similar work. The engineering and operating staff designed and supervised the work, while at the same time carrying on regular production in four mines at the rate of 12,000 tons of rock mined per day, the output at the King mine being at the rate of 140 tons per hour. No additional engineers were required.

Jan 1, 1939

By Luke Meers

Roadway development rates in Australian underground coal mines are failing to keep pace with modern longwall systems and are unlikely to sustain further improvements in longwall productivity into the future unless step change improvements to roadway development equipment and practices are made. Bottlenecks which limit and constrain improved production and impact the safety of operators have been identified through a series of industry surveys, with the manual installation of strata support materials, consumables delivery, coal haulage and monorail installation being highlighted as major areas to improve development performance. This paper looks at research being carried out at the University of Wollongong in designing an integrated system approach for the fully automated handling and installing of development consumables, and the systems required to support these activities. A series of hard automation manipulation devices have been demonstrated in surface trials and the results indicate that rapid roadway development can be achieved.

Aug 1, 2013

By Alfred W. G. Wilson

THE ultimate purpose of the Chemical Manufacturer is to produce consumer products which can be sold to customers. Such production and sales can be continued only if the operations yield a profit to the manufacturer and if the products meet the requirements o the consumer--bath parties to the transaction must be satisfied. There are vast numbers of consumer products, made by chemical pro-cesses. The production of some of these ultimate products may involve the use of several intermediate chemicals, applications of few or many different processes, and the utilization, somewhere in the series of operations, of a variety of raw materials. On the other hand, some ultimate products have a very simple chemical history between raw materials and end products. There are no chemical products in use which are completely independent of the mineral industry. For many, the association is direct and obvious; for others, it may be indirect and even obscure. Analyses of the process and raw-material ancestry of a very large number of consumer products would suggest that many products are derived from Industrial Mineral products directly, that there are many in which the connection is indirect, and that there are only a few products with which industrial minerals are not in some way or other associated. The vast majority of the more important chemical products, and especially the basic chemicals from which other products are made, are directly dependent for their production upon Industrial Minerals or their derivatives. In the preceding part of this paper, for each raw material mentioned some references have been made to the leading chemical products based on this material. This, however, is only part of the story, because in most cases the consumer product can be made from any special raw material mentioned only by the use of other materials or chemicals made from them. The production of consumer chemicals is really possible only through an intricate interlocking of processes, materials, and apparatus.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. Duby

"A description is given of a series of tests performed to determine the comparative effects which dynamic and static straining, in compression, have on the physical strength properties of mild steel and an aluminum alloy. The dynamic deformation was imposed during the passage of single stress pulses of about 100 micro-second duration. These pulses were recorded with strain gauges mounted near both ends of the specimen. The resulting records were analysed using a simple wave theory; there from the dynamic stress-strain curves for the respective metals were deter-mined and were then compared with the static stress-strain relation. The respective hardnesses of the metals after deformation are evaluates by means of static stress-strain curves in compression. The micro-structures of the metals before and after deformation are also shown. It is observed that dynamic de-formation considerably modifies the rate of strain hardening. This modified hardening appears to be persistent. The observed differences in physical strength properties and micro-structures are discussed in the light of the accepted dislocation theory for metals."

Jan 1, 1960

By R. O. Burt

"IntroductionThe introduction to this section on gravity concentration indicated the wide range of equipment types that exist for the concentration of minerals, in what is the broadest size range of any concentration process.The equipment described in this chapter includes jigs, tables and sHme plant equipment. In contrast to the equipment described in the two succeeding chapters, this range of equipment, in nearly every instance, superimposes a mechanical movement on the fluid motion to effect separation of the valuable mineral from the waste mineral. The motion may be vertical Gigs), reversing (tables), or rotary (slime plants): however, in common they ""dilate"" the bed of particles to allow preferential settlement of the heavier particles.Description of Process UnitsJiggingJigging is the sorting of different minerals by stratification, based on the movement of a bed of particles relative to a fluid in a vertical plane.The basic construction of a jig is shown in Figure 1. Essentially it consists of an open tank filled with a fluid, normally water, with a horizontal jig screen at the top and with a spigot in the ""hutch"", or bottom compartment, for removal of heavies. The jig beri consists of a layer of coarse heavy particles (ragging) on the jig screen. This ragging is of a specific gravity between that of the minerals it is intended to separate.In operation the bed is made fluid by a pulsating current of fluid to provide stratification. On the upward or pulsion stroke the bed of ragging and slurry is normally Hfted as a mass, then as velocity of the upcurrent decreases it dilates, loosening the whole mass. On the downward or suction stroke it closes slowly again. The ideal is to control this dilation of the bed of material so that the heavier and smaller particles penetrate the interstices of the bed, while the larger heavies fall under a condition akin to ""hindered"" settling."

Jan 1, 1989

By D. Purdie

"This paper aims to remind researchers, designers, operators, and managers about the benefits of seeding in the design of precipitation stages in their flowsheet. Including a high density solids (HDS™) process encourages the precipitating solids to form on the surface of existing precipitated particles. This paper discusses the application of the HDS technology at Kennecott Smelter, where the authors have witnessed significant improvements in settling and filtration rates. The authors have also applied this technology at various smelter bleed treatment plants worldwide with similar improvements in precipitation and filtration rates. HDS is a registered trademark of De Nora Water Technologies. RÉSUMÉ Cet article a pour objectif de rappeler aux chercheurs, aux concepteurs, aux exploitants et aux administrateurs les avantages de l’ensemencement dans la conception des étapes de précipitation de leur schéma de traitement. L’introduction d’un procédé des boues haute densité (procédé HDS™, de l’anglais high density sludge) encourage la formation de substances solides précipitantes à la surface des particules précipitées existantes. Cet article porte sur l’application de la technologie HDS à la fonderie Kennecott, où les auteurs ont observé des améliorations importantes au niveau de la vitesse de sédimentation et de filtration. Ils ont également appliqué cette technologie à diverses usines de traitement des rejets liquides des fonderies dans le monde entier, et ont constaté des améliorations similaires en termes de vitesse de précipitation et de filtration. Le procédé HDS est une marque de commerce déposée du fabricant De Nora Water Technologies.INTRODUCTION In 1966, the lead author worked as an assistant smelting metallurgist for the Tsumeb Corporation Limited copper and lead smelter in Tsumeb, Namibia. The smelter produced copper and lead, as well as cadmium and arsenic trioxide as byproducts. The cadmium was concentrated in the lead blast furnace off gas dust, and was collected by a baghouse. The baghouse dust was leached with dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in a batch process. The iron and arsenic in the solution were oxidized with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and basic ferric arsenate (BFAS; Fe(AsO4)x(SO4)y(OH)z·wH2O) was precipitated using milk of lime. The cadmium was cemented from the purified solution using zinc dust."

Jan 1, 2018

By D. Milne, G. Snell

"A new method to predict stope hangingwall failure in underground excavations is proposed. This method compares movement rate for stope hangingwalls, determined from changes in strain or deformation, with changing opening geometry. This geometry is represented by the effective radius factor (ERF), a measure of relative distance to supporting abutments from an opening surface point. This strain-ERF (SERF) approach is applied to an instrumentation program for Brunswick mine near Bathurst, New Brunswick. The SERF method for this case study predicted failure at an ERF of 13.9 m and hangingwall failure actually occurred at an approximate ERF of 12.4 m.RÉSUMÉ Cet article propose une nouvelle méthode permettant de prévoir la rupture de l’éponte supérieure des chambres d’abattage dans les excavations souterraines. Cette méthode compare la vitesse de mouvement des épontes supérieures des chambres d’abattage, déterminée à partir des changements aux niveaux des contraintes ou de la déformation, à la géométrie variable de l’ouverture au jour. Cette géométrie est représentée par le facteur du rayon effectif (ERF, de l’anglais Effective Radius Factor), une mesure de la distance relative jusqu’aux appuis latéraux de soutènement à partir d’un point de la surface d’ouverture au jour. Cette approche contraintes-ERF (SERF, de l’anglais strain-ERF) est appliquée à un programme d’instrumentation pour la mine Brunswick située près de Bathurst, dans le Nouveau-Brunswick. Pour cette étude de cas, la méthode SERF prévoyait une rupture à un ERF de 13,9 mètres (m); la rupture de l’éponte supérieure s’est effectivement produite à un ERF d’environ 12,4 m.INTRODUCTIONUnderground stope design can be improved with the installation of field instrumentation. The most commonly used instrumentation for monitoring rock mass behaviour around open stopes is extensometers. The y-axis of Figure 1 represents how the changing rate of movement, measured using either displacement- or stress-type instruments, can be observed over time. The magnitude of movement measured by extensometers can give an approximation of the load on installed support (Milne, Pakalnis, & Lunder, 1996) and a changing rate of movement can indicate approaching instability."

Jan 1, 2018

By John C. Leighton, C. O. Brawner, Doug Stewart

"Despite the availability of established, sophisticated methods for planning and designing stable slopes in rock, comparatively little attention is usually paid to the problems of carrying out the excavation. Blasting should be carefully planned to obtain optimum fragmentation as well as steep, stable working and final pit walls. The principal difficulty facing a blast designer is the lack of prior information about the many critical blasting characteristics of the rock mass. The common practise of trial-and-error lasting will eventually lead to a suitable program, but must be repeated time after time in variable geology. This frequently results in many blast-damaged slopes. Recent research indicates that monitoring drill performance will yield a Rock Quality Index which correlates to a Powder Factor value. The drilling can provide a continual supply of data, reflecting changes in the rock mass which enables the selection of an economical powder factor.IntroductionWhen planning to excavate a large-scale rock slope, engineer s will generally spend considerable effort to produce a safe, feasible and economical design. Much time will usually be spent on the field map ping, 'structural geologic studies, surface and subsurface hydrology, determination of strengths and effective friction angles of discontinuities, and finally checking stability with the aid of mathematical and analytical models. If the rock cut is to be along a transportation corridor, the prime justification for this time and effort is to produce a clean, stable slope which will be safe for those travelling or working beneath it. For the walls of an open-pit mine, there is the additional economic incentive to maintain the steepest stable slope angle for the minimum stripping ratio (Stewart and Kennedy)."

Jan 1, 1982

By F. Rashchi, N. Naseri Joda

Recycling of electronic wastes is an important subject both from an environmental point of view and also the recovery of valuable materials. In this research, PC board scraps were leached to recover Cu, Ag, Au and Pd. Due to the high cost of the shredding process and to avoid secondary pollution from odors and dusts, board scraps were cut into 5X5 cm2 pieces. To determine the most effective leachant, aqua regia, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate were tested. The effect of the leaching parameters, the leachant concentration, temperature, leaching time and liquid to solid ratio were studied and optimized using response surface methodology.

Jan 1, 2011

By Sunil S. Gandhi

"Uranium occurrences are widely distributed in tuffaceous-argillaceous beds and abundant rhyolitic volcanic rocks of the upper Aillik group, which is more than 3 km thick and over 125 km by 40 km in areal extent. They include partially developed Kitts and Michelin deposits, containing 1560 and 7366 t U respectively.Uranium occurs mainly as disseminated fine pitchblende grains in beds and lenticular stratabound zones, and rarely as coarse pitchblende aggregates and thin veinlets. The Kitts deposit and ten other occurrences are in the argillaceous-tuffaceous beds within a steeply dipping stratigraphic zone, less than 50 m thick and over 20 km long, at the base of the upper Aillik group. The occurrences hosted by the rhyolitic rocks, numbering over fifty and including the Michelin deposit, are in elongate structural-stratigraphic belts or zones, and are characterized by a pronounced enrichment of soda and depletion of potash associated with mineralization. The mineralized zones are affected to a varying degree by Hudsonian deformation, metamorphism and granitic intrusions.The uranium mineralization is interpreted as genetically related to the felsic volcanism, involving syngenetic deposition in argillaceous-tuffaceous beds and epigenetic emplacement in rhyolites. The volcanic activity occurred 1855 ± 5 Ma ago according to a preliminary U-Pb zircon date on porphyritic rhyolite. Pitchblendesfrom the Kitts and Michelin deposits and a few other occurrences in rhyolites have yielded nearly concordant dates in 1810 to 1730 Ma range. They reflect resetting of isotopic equilibrium at the time of Hudsonian deformation. Other isotopic data on pitchblendes and galena from veins and aggregates .in the south near the 'Grenville Front' indicate local redistribution of uranium and radiogenic lead at the time of Grenville Orogeny approximately 1100 Ma ago."

Jan 1, 1986

By Funsho K. Ojebuoboh

With several “green” applications on the horizon, bismuth has become an even more important minor metal in the smelting and refining of lead. Smelters with a complex sulphide feed invariably deal with bismuth. Its behavior during the smelting of lead in conventional sinter-blast furnace operation is discussed. Because it readily deports to the lead phase during the refining of lead, its separation from refined lead remained unsatisfactory in early lead production. When commercial requirements of bismuth in lead became more stringent early this century, the procedure where by calcium and magnesium is used todebismuthise lead was developed. The present conduct of this 1936 process, the Kroll-Betterton process, is discussed with emphasis on operational improvements.

Jan 1, 1996

By A. S. Robb

SAMPLING of an ore-body is one of the fundamentals in its exploration, development, and exploitation. It is carried out to determine the gold value per ton of an ore-shoot and the probable gold output of the refinery. Sampling also places any broken ground in one of two classes, ore or waste. The value and importance of correct sampling has been shown repeatedly in the past. On the other hand, instances could be given where those in charge of mines have not believed in sampling, and the result has been the same in every case-disaster. This has in all probability been due to assuming that good-looking, well-mineralized rock was ore. Sampling in some form might have averted this misfortune. In this essay, only the method of sampling and the estimation of ore reserves is treated. All titles, figures, and values are fictitious. None of the illustrations can be directly applied to any portion of the Hollinger mine, except Figures 1 and 2, which are included with the special permission of the Canadian Mining Journal. METHODS OF SAMPLING Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited, has, from the very beginning of operations, carried out an extensive system of sampling, and the results of this sampling have completely governed the whole mining programme. The Hollinger discovery was made in 1909 and prospecting and exploration of 'the surface began at once. Four men were given jobs as samplers and they sampled thoroughly all the outcrops and all bed-rock which could be exposed to view by removing the overburden. When shaft sinking began, samples were taken at two-foot intervals. In 1912, an underground gang of six samplers was organized, and the number was increased at a rate of about two men per year as the size and extent of the workings grew. No permanent record of sampling was kept until 1919, in which year an average of 11.6 men took 28,458 samples, cutting 113,894 feet of sample. From that time until the end of 1934, the average number of samplers varied, but the total number of samples cut, and the total footage sampled, increased.

Jan 1, 1937

By L. B. Kilius

The composite cathode system based on Ce0.9Gdo.1O2_,5 electrolyte with a painted cathode was used for an intermediate temperature (500-700°C) solid oxide fuel cell. This cathode system was chosen due to its excellent thermal expansion match to the electrolyte, its relatively high conductivity (115 S cm-1 at 700°C), and its low activation energy for oxygen reduction (99 kJ/mol). It was found that the decrease of sintering temperature of the composite cathode system produces a significant decrease in charge transfer resistances to a level of 0.25 SI cm2. The conductivity measurements of porous samples produced values between 40 and 88 S/cm for porosities of 30-40%.

Jan 1, 2005

By S. Gheibi, H. S. B. Duzgun, N. Dadashzadeh

It is widely recognized that there are various uncertainties in the analysis of rock slope stability owing to inadequate information for site characterization and inherent variability and measurement errors in geological and corresponding parameters. Therefore, reliability-based approaches that allow the systematic and quantitative treatment of these uncertainties have become a topic of increasing interest in rock slope engineering. There has been extensive reliability analysis of rock slope stability in the literature. However, all of these analyses are based on the First-Order Reliability Method (FORM). The probability of failure of a rock slope in the First-Order Reliability Method is provided by a linear approximation of the failure function. The FORM is most commonly used because it is efficient; its accuracy, however, deteriorates when the nonlinearity of limit-state function increases. A better approximation of the failure function can establish a more accurate value of the probability of failure. The Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) overcomes this drawback with a cost of lower efficiency in terms of the number of function calls and computation expenses. Despite considerable studies of the application of the SORM in other engineering fields, a few attempts have been made in the slope stability studies. In this study, a recently published Second-Order Reliability Method with First-Order Efficiency (SORM-FOE) is implemented on a selected rock slope in Amasya, Turkey. The SORM-FOE overcomes the low efficiency of the SORM by decreasing the number of function calls. The probability of failure of both FORM and SORM-FOE are obtained and the results are compared. It is shown that, in high value of failure probability, SORM’s do not significantly affect the analysis and design. However, in very low failure probability, the discrepancy between FORM and SORM-FOE becomes pronounced. It is also shown that, where the second order methods are required, the SORM-FOE is more efficient than the conventional curvature fitting methods in terms of computational costs.

Jan 1, 2015

By K. Adham, C. Lee

The demand for nickel is continuing to exceed inventories, and producers are working vigorously to increase capacity. Many nickel processes utilize the fluidized bed technology for its fast heat and mass transfer, excellent temperature control and low maintenance. The following four nickel applications of the fluidized bed technology have been commercialized: I) Sulfide ore roasting; II) Nickel sulfide (matte) roasting; III) Nickel oxide reduction; IV) Nickel chloride pyrohydrolysis. This paper examines the issues surrounding the application of fluidization technology to the above processes, from the stand point of the engineer modeling the process and designing the key equipment, based on the historical success stories and the fundamental principles of flow sheet synthesis. Using the available data in open literature, typical flow diagrams (with convenient bases of 1 t/h feed or product) are developed to illustrate the relative flow rates and to highlight the key features of each application. In addition, some historical background information is provided for each process with supplemental notes with regards to our company's involvements.

Jan 1, 2005

By Viraj Parekh, Kinnor Chattopadhyay, Sina Mostaghel, Xiao Zhang

Electric arc furnace steelmaking is a dominant approach in North America and controlling EAF emissions is a key issue today because of stringent permit limits imposed by various regulatory bodies. In the present study, an attempt has been made to mathematically model EAF emissions, and use the models as a predictive tool for fine tuning the process. CFD modelling has been used to model various fume release scenarios, and optimize the exhaust conditions for maximum capture. Thermodynamic calculations have been used to analyze various chemical reactions which lead to the emissions of hazardous air pollutants with special emphasis on Zinc, Lead and Manganese.

Jan 1, 2015

By Qing-hua Tian, Li-then Cheng, Xue-yi Guo

In order to recycle valuable metals from silver separated residue, a novel method using alkaline smelting at low temperature was proposed. The main factors affecting the main metal recovery such as the smelting temperature, smelting time, liquid-to-solid ratio and alkali addition were investigated comprehensively. The behavior of the main metal elements, such as Pb, Sn, Sb and Bi in silver separated residue was also discussed. The results indicated that amphoteric metals such as Pb and Sn can be smelted into the melt, while other metal elements, such as Sb and Bi were left in the residue.

Jan 1, 2011