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By John Hartlen

"The 19th century was an ""age of gold"" and Nova Scotia experienced its share of early gold rushes. Gold mining activity in the province was focussed into three ""rushes"" which occurred, approximately, in the 1860s, 1890s and 1930s; a total recovery of 1.1 million oz. Au has been recorded. The purpose of this note is simply to chronicle the technical development of gold mining and processing in the province and to comment briefly on the recently renewed interest in this precious metal. The first public discovery of gold in Nova Scotia was made by a farmer in 1860 at Old Tangier or Mooseland, and this find sparked the province's first gold rush. The mining and milling methods of the 1860s were ingenious. Initially, arrastras, crude stone-hewn grinding mills, drawn by men, mules or horses, were widely used. Nova Scotia's first conventional stamp mill was installed at Mooseland by 1862; it was comprised of four wooden stamps and is believed to have been imported from Scotland. One of the largest waterwheels of the 1860s, reportedly 16 feet in diameter and 8 feet wide with a SO-horsepower rating, was used in the Renfrew Gold District to drive gold stamps. Steam power was also employed, and many of the engines were of native construction, as was the unit at Waverley's Lake Major Company, which had a piston 1 foot in diameter by 12 feet long and was connected to a 16-ftdiameter flywheel."

Jan 1, 1999

By Frank Yu, Bob Fukuhara

"The Stillwater mine is a 3,000 tons/day platinum/palladium underground mine and flotation concentrator located in the Beartooth mountain range in south-central Montana. The site elevation is 5,000 feet above sea level providing a climate with pleasant summers and cold winters. The winters are particularly characterized by very strong winds.The mining methods at Stillwater had been variations of overhand cut-and-fill and some blast-hole stoping. Until construction of the paste back-fill plant, mine back-filling was being practiced using classified hydraulic sand-fill methods. Where higher strengths were necessary, cement was added to the hydraulic fill, however, excessive quantities were necessary due to significant losses with the water drainage from the comparatively low-density fill. There was a need for higher strength back-fill with reduced cement content to augment the hydraulic-fill process.In early 1998, Stillwater Mining Co. commissioned AGRA Simons (then H.A. Simons) in a joint venture with The Industrial Company, TIC, to design and construct a treatment facility to re-process the mill flotation tailing, incorporating the following process alternatives:Produce 100 tph of low strength paste with unconfined compressive strength of 25 to 50 psi,Produce 100 tph of high strength paste with unconfined compressive strength of 100 to 125 psi,Direct all of the excess mill tailing to the sand-fill plant,While no paste is being produced, pump all of the mill tailing to the sand-fill plant,While no paste is being produced and the sand-fill silos are full, direct the mill tailing to the tailing pond.The paste backfill plant was therefore to be designed to produce the two different types of backfill paste as well as have the function of being the distribution center for the mill process tailing .Moderate to high slump pastes would be required because of the comparatively long horizontal transport distances, up to 8,000 feet, and the requirement for a low angle of repose to fill the stope evenly without numerous discharge points."

Jan 1, 2000

By W. J. Jenner

"Introduction The Saskatchewan Power Corporation is a provincial crown corporation which operates under a mandate to supply all customers within Saskatchewan with electricity and natural gas. The Saskatchewan Power Corporation operates two coal mines within the province of Saskatchewan. The Souris Valley Mine is located a few miles south of the city of Estevan and produces approximately 300 000 Mg of lignite per year. The lignite is shipped about four kilometres by truck and burned at the 882 MW Boundary Dam Power Station, also owned by the Saskatchewan Power Corporation. The Poplar River Mine is located just south-west of the town of Coronach, Saskatchewan which is some 190 kilo metres west of Estevan. This mine produces approximately 1 675 000 Mg of lignite per year. The lignite is shipped seven miles by rail to the Saskatchewan Power Corporation's Poplar River Power Station. The Poplar River Mine is the sole sup plier of fuel to the Poplar River Power Station, which generates some 300 MW of electrical power. A second 300 MW unit is due to be commissioned at the Poplar River Power Station in mid-1983 and the Poplar River Mine will have doubled its capacity to approximately 3 350 000 Mg per year by that time: Souris Valley Mine Geology The Souris Valley Mine extracts lignite from the Estevan seam of the Ravenscrag Formation. This formation is of Tertiary age and was deposited during the Paleocene Epoch. The Ravenscrag Formation outcrops throughout southern Saskatachewan and all coal mined in the province occurs in this formation. Ravenscrag sediments are deltaic in origin and are composed of a series of fine sands, silts, clay and lignite deposits."

Jan 1, 1985

By C. Lambert

It has been shown that contacts between host rock and engineered barriers may be critical in the design of deep radioactive waste repositories. Water is expected to reach the interface zone after the re-saturation of the geological massive and its presence may lead to concrete leaching. Such a phenomenon could increase the interface transmissivity and compromise the confinement of radioactive waste. Recent experimental results from Buzzi et al. (2008) have enhanced how concrete leaching can drastically change the mechanical behaviour of such interfaces. Because of the local loss of strength resulting from leaching, shearing resulted in a degradation of the interface asperities. Similarly to rock joints, intact interfaces exhibit a usual contracting-dilating behaviour. On the contrary, depending on the extent of leaching, the degraded interface can display a fully contracting. This paper intends to investigate the influence of concrete leaching on the mechanical behaviour of host rock-concrete interfaces. The leaching process consists in the dissolution of some of the hydrates of the cement paste, leading to a reduction of the strength and Young's modulus. A discrete model has been developed with PFC3D where a simplified interface morphology has been introduced using a saw-tooth description of the asperities.

May 1, 2009

By D. C. Fraser

Copper occurs invisibly in a geo-logical environment characterized by swampy conditions and an accumulation of forest peat. This swamp, located in southeastern New Brunswick, contains up to ten per cent cop-per (dry weight), in the organic sediments. This occurrence appears unique in that the metal is apparently organically combined in a chelate compound. Unlike the acidic nature of most peat bogs, the pH of the cup-riferous peat is nearly neutral. Analyses of the peat and associated soils have indicated that the bulk of the copper is contained in the organic sediments. It appears that the cop-per distribution is affected by capillarity, evaporation and the growth of frost crystals, and that the copper fixation is effected by organic sequestration resulting in the metal being bound to the nitrogen or oxygen components of the forest peat. While such a fixation mechanism is not definitely established as responsible for the immobilization of the metal, the facts at hand are compatible with

Jan 1, 1961

By Dave Bulled

"This paper describes the design of a molybdenite flotation circuit using FLEET technology applied to kinetics data produced from laboratory flotation testing and distributed across the blocks of a mine plan using a geostatistical approach. The geostatistics assigned the statistical error that arises from having a limited amount of sample testing data to the kinetics estimates of each block of ore in the mine plan. The final design then included a quantification of risk based on the accuracy of the block flotation kinetics and model fitting. The design made reference to the extensive technical reports describing earlier metallurgical test work including some pilot plant work over thirty years ago.The testing involved conducting MinnovEX Flotation Tests (MFT) to determine the rougher flotation kinetics at the specified reagent conditions and rougher-cleaner tests to determine the change in kinetics resulting from regrind. These flotation kinetics were used within FLEET simulations to create a full-scale flowsheet and plant design including recommended equipment sizes and the forecast of operating results. Measurement of detailed flotation kinetics for a wide range of samples allowed the effect of size of grind and efficiency of classification (i.e. width of size distribution) to be predicted for the whole ore body.INTRODUCTIONAdanac Moly Corp. proposed to develop a 20,000 ton per day mill to produce high quality molybdenite concentrate from its Ruby Creek resource in north-western British Columbia. It is a relatively clean low grade porphyry-monzonite occurrence containing minimal quantities of other sulphides such as chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena. Molybdenite occurs mainly as coarse flakes with lesser amounts of finer sized values. An optimum plant design was required to can achieve the predicted operating results, at a known level of risk, while treating the variability inherent in the ore body."

Jan 1, 2007

By B. Courtaud, L. Donati, V. Weigel

As a growing mining company, ERAMET is looking for new positions in the strategic metals market. In this context, the Gabonese Maboumine pyrochlore deposit is currently being studied for the recovery of niobium, tantalum, rare earths and uranium. This ore shows mineralogical and chemical characteristics that make it challenging to process by existing practices, from both technical and economic points of view. ERAMET has developed since 2008 an innovative hydrometallurgical process, which has been successfully operated at a pilot plant scale (more than 35 weeks in continuous). The upstream part of the process aims to dissolve valuable elements in sulphuric acid. The first step is dedicated to dissolve the ore matrix, leaving the pyrochlore unleached. The second step consists in chemically breaking down pyrochlores in order to form soluble species of the valuable elements. After dissolution, the valuable elements are separated into different flows: niobium and tantalum are recovered and transformed as commercial ferroniobium on one side, and rare earths and uranium remain in the solution to be recovered in the downstream part of the process. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the upstream part of the process, which has given successful results.

Jan 1, 2014

By Engineering Staff

"This paper briefly describes the surface mining operations at Smoky River Coal Limited (formerly McIntyre Mines Limited, Coal Division) near Grande Cache, Alberta. Geology, mining methods, equipment, manpower and reclamation and environment topics are discussed. Introduction Smoky River Coal Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of McIntyre Mines Limited of Calgary, Alberta, produces a high quality, low sulphur, low volatile bituminous coking coal from its minesite located at west central Alberta, approximately 20 km from the town of Grande Cache and 360 km west of Edmonton (Fig. I). Most of the coal property is contained within a 30 km long by 20 km wide block lying in a northwest-southeast direction in mountainous terrain. Elevations vary from 920 m above sea level ·at the plant·site on the Smoky River to 1,600 mat the upper levels of current and proposed mining operations. A total of 11 coal seams have been identified. Only two seams, No. 4 Seam and No. 10 Seam are currently considered of major commercial value. These seams are recovered by both surface and underground mining. Approximately 650Jo of the plant feed coal is obtained from a conventional shovel/truck surface mine; the balance is mined underground by room-andpillar methods. Background In 1921, McIntyre Mines Limited acquired some 26,300 hectares of coal leases at Smoky River. Since then the leases were explored intermittently by different companies including McIntyre. In the mid-l 960s exploration activities increased and several feasibility studies were completed. Development of the area was undertaken by McIntyre in 1968 and, in August of the same year, a long-term contract was signed with a consortium of Japanese steel mills for delivery of 2 x 106 t of clean coking coal for 15 years commencing in 1970. Production was focussed on underground mining, using longwall methods."

Jan 1, 1985

By K. M. Mayhew, G. D. Barr, T. M. McCoy, C. T. Knilans

"Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”) has developed and extensively tested on a continuous basis the CESL Technology hydrometallurgical process for treating copper and nickel sulphide concentrates, including bulk copper-nickel concentrates. Copper, nickel and cobalt are leached efficiently into solution, utilizing CESL process conditions. Total precious metals including gold, silver, platinum and palladium are recovered from the residue stream via sulphur flotation. This paper describes the CESL Technology testwork on a bulk copper-nickel concentrate derived from Twin Metals Minnesota?s (TMM) deposits within the Duluth complex and evaluates the economic benefits (increased cash flow, increased revenue certainty) and investment criteria (capital cost, payback and cash flow) of incorporating CESL Technology into the staged development of TMM?s deposits.INTRODUCTION Mineral Processing and the Role of Hydromet in the Duluth Complex The Duluth Complex in northern Minnesota, United States (US), represents one of the largest undeveloped accumulations of copper, nickel, gold, and platinum group metals (PGMs) in the world, ranking second in copper and PMs and third in accumulation of nickel. The figure below identifies some of the larger known deposits within the Complex (see Figure 1). Copper, nickel, PM and PGM mineralization within the Duluth Complex is hosted by mafic to ultramafic intrusive rocks that are part of the overall intrusive complex.One of the mineral processing challenges of Cu-Ni-PM-PGM deposits in this Complex is the complicated, polymetallic nature of the mineralization1: copper occurs primarily as chalcopyrite and cubanite with minor occurrence of talnakhite; nickel occurs as pentlandite and refractory nickel oxide/silicates; iron sulphides are present as both pyrrhotite and troilite; and PMs/PGMs occur in both the sulphide matrix as well as discrete minerals. An additional challenge for the Duluth Complex is the ratio between copper and nickel; in most of the identified deposits, copper grade is three to four times greater than the nickel grade, which precludes the production of a simple bulk concentrate due to the lack of a traditional smelting market for a bulk concentrate of this character."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. G. Darnley

"The Geological Survey of Canada is devoting consider-able effort to finding ways to make airborne radiometric measurements both quantitative and reproducible. Equipment has been designed by Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. to provide high count rates in order to minimize statistical uncertainty, this being essential to justify applying terrain clearance and Compton scattering corrections to the data. Correction factors have been determined experimentally and can be applied automatically. Considerable ground work has been undertaken in parallel with equip-ment development in order to determine field parameters.Two airborne gamma-ray spectrometers are described. One is based on three 5-by 5-inch Nal(Tl) detector crystals and is used in a helicopter; the other employs twelve 9-by 9-inch detectors and is used from a Skyvan aircraft. The former is being used to investigate the range of radiometric response from specific rock types, and for the correlation of ground and air measurements; the latter has completed initial trials and will be commencing experimental surveys during 1969.Results are given to show the comparative sensitivities of the various detector sizes, and operational requirements for a gamma-ray spectrometer survey are discussed briefly."

Jan 1, 1970

By Thomas M. Ware

"MR. Chairman, our Honourable Minister, Mayor Cole, it is a pleasure for me to come here, and join with you in one of the largest industrial shows ever held in Saskatchewan.It is an honour to be asked to keynote your meeting, to help mark an early chapter of this new industry for Saskatchewan. God has placed in our hands a new resource for His man on earth. This store of potash, 350 million years in the making, offers a vital resource to help man support his advanced intellect for thousands of years. It is a gift so large we must all wonder at its purpose and our responsibilities in serving our fellow man with it.We who are here to plan and implement the development of this essential mineral resource enjoy a great -privilege; and we share a great responsibility -to see that the billions of tons of potash which have waited beneath these prairies for millions of years are widely and wisely used to nourish the earth through future millenniums.To know the true value of potash, to be able to bring forth this re-source from over 3,000 feet deep in the earth, to establish markets and develop its potential worldwide is all part of our great heritage from generations past. So I think it is fitting on this occasion that we reflect for a moment on this heritage, to help us assess the responsibilities of its future development."

Jan 1, 1966

By P. C. Holloway, A. Tshilombo, T. Xue, M. J. Collins, R. Lopetinsky, I. Mihaylov, I. M. Masters

The Voisey’s Bay deposit contains a trace amount of cadmium, which reports to solution during pressure leaching of the nickel concentrate at Vale’s Long Harbour Hydrometallurgy Plant, and must be removed to produce high quality nickel cathode. In 2006, Vale approached Sherritt Technologies to collaborate on the development of a process for removing cadmium to low levels (<1 mg/L) in the nickel raffinate. Following successful bench scale and pilot plant testing at Sherritt’s laboratories, the cadmium removal process was then moved through engineering and construction, culminating in the successful commissioning and startup of a cadmium removal circuit at the Long Harbour Hydrometallurgy Plant in 2017. This paper presents the results of this collaboration and the challenges that were encountered through each stage of development, as well as current results from operation of the commercial cadmium removal circuit. INTRODUCTION Vale’s Long Harbour Processing Plant, with a nameplate capacity of 50,000 t/y nickel, began operation in 2014. In addition to electrolytic nickel rounds, the plant also produces electrolytic cobalt rounds and copper cathode. The Long Harbour Processing Plant uses a unique hydrometallurgical process developed by Vale Base Metals Technology Centre, as shown in Figure 1, to treat a nickel sulphide concentrate produced at the Voisey’s Bay mine and mill located in northern Labrador (VBN concentrate) (Stevens et al., 2009).

Jan 1, 2019

By J. A. Scott, K. Moreau, H. Shang

"Trials of automated technology at underground mine sites around the world have reported increased production and the potential for lower energy consumption. Autonomous mining eliminates a range of delays related to operator downtime and travel to the workface and facilitates continuous operation in conditions that are unsafe for workers. Automation also introduces complexities and safety hazards arising from equipment–personnel interactions; automated processes must be isolated from other stope-cycle–related activities such as production drilling, development, loading, and backfilling, poten¬tially requiring changes to the mine design to maintain an efficient and safe operation. This paper reviews and discusses the implementation of automated equipment in deep underground mining operations and the challenges and advantages associated with the technology. ¦ KEYWORDS Automated equipment, Emissions reduction, Energy, Productivity, Sustainability, Technology, Underground mines RÉSUMÉ Des essais de technologies automatisées dans des sites miniers souterrains aux quatre coins du monde ont indiqué une production accrue et la possibilité de réduire la consommation d’énergie. L’exploitation minière autonome élimine tout un éventail de retards liés aux temps d’immobilisation des opérateurs et aux déplacements vers le front de taille, et facilite l’exploitation continue dans des conditions qui s’avèrent peu sécurisées pour les travailleurs. L’automatisation introduit également des complexités et des risques pour la sécurité, qui surviennent en raison des interactions entre l’équipement et le personnel. On recommande d’isoler les procédés automatisés des autres activités liées au cycle des chantiers telles que le forage de production, le développement, le chargement et le remblai, ce qui pourrait entraîner des changements au niveau de la conception de la mine afin de préserver rendement et sécurité dans l’exploitation. Cet article examine et aborde la mise en oeuvre de l’équipement automatisé dans des exploitations minières souterraines profondes, ainsi que les enjeux et les avantages associés à cette technologie. ¦ MOTS CLÉS durabilité, énergie, équipement automatisé, mines souterraines, productivité, réduction des émissions, technologieINTRODUCTION As the mining industry continues to exhaust easily accessible orebodies, the need for efficient, deep (typically below 2,500 m) mine operations increases (Atlas Copco, 2013a); however, the mining process can become economically infeasible at great depths because operation costs drastically increase. This has resulted in investigations into automating mining operations as the industry strives for improved productivity (Schunnesson, Gustafson, & Kumar, 2009) and ways to remove personnel from hazardous work areas."

Jan 1, 2019

By L. E. Fischer

The background for the 630-million-dollar-plus iron ore project at Kudremukh is outlined. The system and plants for mining, crushing, concentrating, transporting via a slurry pipeline, filtering and shiploading 7.5 million metric tons of iron ore per year are fully described. The mode of operation and the problems encountered in such a transfer of North American technology to developing countries are analyzed. Difficulties encountered during construction are discussed and the progress milestones made over a two-year period are enumerated.

Jan 1, 1979

By G. C. Lipsyy

ALL mineral production? of Can11.da is transported in a mine car at some stage during its extraction. There are as many types and varieties of mine cars as there are of mines. Many of the cars in use were developed in the blacksmith shop. Others were designed by engineers and improved by the mine foremen and the mechanics. Every mine car has the ideas of miner, blacksmith, mechanic, and engineer incorporated in it. Many of these ideas are not generally known. This paper was written to make at least some of this information available to the mining industry. In drawings, tables, and notes, it gives all the important details pertaining to the cars. It .does not recommend any particular type of car for any particular piece of work, nor does it present drawings from which a car can be built. It gives the engineer or master mechanic information on many cars which he can apply to his own particular problems. It is hoped that this information will be of use to mine operators. If a few new ideas are conceived as a result of the paper, the author will feel that the effort of compiling it has been worth while. In order to obtain the data for the preparation of the paper, a questionnaire, copy of which is here reproduced, was sent to all the operating mining companies in Canada. An accompanying letter briefly explained the purpose of the paper and asked for co-operation in furnishing as complete information as possible.

Jan 1, 1945

By Vahid Faghihi

SatraPM is a web-based software package, aiming to help project managers to easily handle their construction projects via internet. This software is capable of handling all projects of an organization, in which all projects can be defined in EPS the same as users in OBS. A 3D accessing module links EPS, OBS and inherent functions in order to provide a secure environment for the data to be processed throughout the system. This paper intends to take a deeper look at capabilities of SatraPM in helping project managers to keep track of and control their construction projects as well as its potential future features.

Aug 1, 2013

"The characterisation of resources and description of variability across different ore domains is key to accurate prediction of probable metallurgical performance. Such characterisation testwork often has limited drill-core from which to work and this immediately confines the characterisation method to smallscale. For flotation feeds, the JKMSI (Mineral Separability Indicator) is being developed as a potential characterisation tool, building on earlier work by Chudacek, (1990), which used shaken test tubes, and was called the EMDEE device. In addition, the consistency of flotation recovery for specified size fractions has shown to be preserved, irrespective of the amount of material in that size fraction obtained by different milling conditions, so that the overall recovery can be estimated from knowing the particle size distribution (McIvor and Finch, 1991; Bazin et al, 1994, Runge, 2007 and Wightman et al, 2010) The JKMSI unit uses less than 10 g of material per test in narrowly sized classes and results to date have demonstrated the value of the test. This paper discusses the potential of the test by demonstrating the link between JKMSI performance and mineralogy of five different ores from Laguna Seca, Escondida Minera Limitada as well as the correlation to plant scale performance obtained in an earlier survey (Coleman et al, 2006). Further work to tie down the proof of representatively of the small sample has been identified and is discussed and included in the paper. INTRODUCTIONSince the uptake of the flotation process at the turn of the twentieth century, small scale, laboratory methods have been sought to characterise flotation response. Although laboratory batch flotation tests are the most widely used method to evaluate reagents, characterise ore variability and obtain suitable model parameters using various scale up factors Runge (2101) other methods using less ore would be useful where ore samples were limited.A method using test tubes for testing ores’s flotation response to reagents was first developed by Ian Walk (Wark & Wark, 1935; Wark; 1938; Sutherland and Wark 1955). In these tests a 50 cc stoppered measuring cylinder served as a means for a qualitative experiment, the aeration being effected through violent shaking by hand. In these experiments about 10 g of mineral was ground by pestle and mortar under water after which the ground material was deslimed and adequately conditioned with the appropriate reagents."

Jan 1, 2013

By J. Mullins

Coal was first banked by the Dominion Coal Company, Limited, in 1898, near No. 2 Colliery, the same site as is presently used for that purpose. Though today there are banks at Glace Bay, Sydney, and Sydney Mines, these notes, except when otherwise desirable, will be confined to describing the practice as developed at the No. 2 Banking Station, Glace Bay, as being typical of methods obtaining at all sites. Storing The manner in which the coal was piled is illustrated diagrammatically in the accompanying sketch. A train of coal was brought on the main trestle, which extended the full length of the banking ground at a height of 22 to 39 feet above the natural surface, and dumped into bins which were integral with the trestle work. Chutes from these bins permitted the coal to be fed into 3-ton cars, which were horse drawn laterally on narrow gauge tracks laid about 10 ft. centres, to a maximum distance of 400ft. from the trestle. These cars were end-dump and as the pile extended laterally the narrow gauge tracks were lengthened by shorter or longer filling pieces, so that their ends were always kept at the brow of the bank. Much coal, however, had to be dumped directly on the tracks and hand trimmed to fill the valleys, and level off, between the tracks.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. Mawdsley

The Tata Steel mill at Skinningrove in the North East of England produces top hat sections for mineshaft guides in sizes 102 and 150 mm. The top hat section is the technically preferred shaft guide choice for modern deep mine shafts. This paper explores the relative service performance of top hat and square hollow section guides in service. Comparative corrosion performance is reviewed and the paper describes work commissioned by Tata Steel (as Corus) undertaken by Aker Kvaerner Engineering to evaluate relative winding speeds, relative loads and fatigue life in service. The experience of supply to UK Potash mining is discussed and the future view of high capacity hoisting and larger section size market need and availability is assessed.

Aug 1, 2013

By D. Hatfield

"Flotation plants typically aim to maximise recovery at or above a target grade. As the ore from the mine varies, operators increase or decrease the mass pull in different flotation banks by adjusting air and level set points in order to achieve target concentrate grade. A methodology has been developed to maximise overall recovery at target grade by determining the optimal mass pull for each bank. However, the approach of targeting equal grade for each ore type in the deposit leads to sub-optimal overall recovery. This is because some ore types sacrifice a large amount of recovery to reach target grade while others easily achieve target grade and can be processed at higher than target grade for little or no loss in recovery. Processing different ore types at different grades and blending the concentrates therefore gives a higher overall recovery.This paper presents a case study where an 80 year production forecast was made for a large Chilean copper concentrator in feasibility stage. A circuit model was created using SGS’s Integrated Geometallurgical Simulator (IGS) for the different ore types to be processed. The model was calibrated from standard rougher flotation tests (MFT), cleaner tests and from the results of plant surveys of similar operations. The pull rates for each bank in the circuit were determined to achieve an optimal graderecovery curve for each ore type. These curves were combined at different concentrate grades for each ore type to obtain the mathematically optimal overall recovery at target grade. The paper shows a methodology for obtaining an optimal combination of operating conditions for each ore type to maximise overall recovery at a set combined concentrate grade."

Jan 1, 2013