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By J. B. C. Wu, B. McKee

"Mining along with subsequent processing of the minerals often presents conditions where a wear- and/or corrosion-resistant alloy is needed to minimize downtime and maximize efficiency. This paper is intended to give an overview of the alloys that are currently being used, as well as those developed in recent years that could be used in the mining industry. Emphasis will be put on the iron-, nickel-,cobalt-based alloys and composites containing a variety of carbides. The characteristics, properties, product forms, and methods of application are presented. In addition, examples of the actual use of these wear-resistant materials are illustrated.IntroductionPreventing wear and corrosion is important in any industrial operations. In the mining industry, the process equipment typically suffers many different types of material degradation. Abrasion, impact, erosion, metal-to-metal wear and corrosion are typically encountered. Each situation requires different material characteristics to retard the degradation process. Therefore, it is essential to understand the characteristics of the materials and the effects of the alloying elements.There are four common classes of metallic materials for resisting wear and corrosion; namely, iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, and carbide-containing composites. Each class of material has its own characteristics. Depending on the chemical composition, the materials within each class can be vastly different in properties. In recent years, there have been materials developed in each of the four classes using the knowledge of the metallurgical principles and the effects of the alloying elements on the material degradation process.To use a wear-resistant alloy, it is also necessary to understand the available product forms and their application methods. Weld overlaying is a traditional way of using these alloys (Wu and Redman, 1994). In recent years, thermal spray is becoming popular. For applications where over-laying and spraying are impractical, solid components can be made by a variety of casting and powder metallurgy techniques. They can also be fabricated from the wrought products.To select a proper material for an application, it is important to understand not only the characteristics of the wear-resistant materials but also the degradation process. Due to the complexity of the processing environments, past experience is also helpful in making the decision on the material selection."

Jan 1, 1997

At 14%, the representation of women working in the mining industry is the lowest among primary industry categories in Canada1. With reference to mining operations and senior leadership, the gap in the industry is even more pronounced. In an effort to narrow the gender gap, recent industry, education, and policy efforts have been made to increase the number of women entering the industry through career awareness and early career recruitment strategies. These strategies implied that by increasing the numbers of women entering the industry there would be a natural progression of women into the hierarchies of organizations. Efforts to retain women in the industry have focused around removing career barriers such as reviewing flexible work practices and programs directed at work life balance. At this time, these efforts have resulted in negligible fluctuations to the gender gap within the industry. This research investigates the under-representation of Highly Qualified Women (HQW), and the interaction of workplace culture on their career advancement and retention within the industry. HQW (women with a bachelor?s degree or higher) are the focus of the work as they represent an essential source of leadership and technical capacity for mining organizations. This paper is based on the results of a survey of 170 HQW working in the Canadian mining sector. The findings from this research suggest that HQWs careers in mining are stalled, despite a strong indication by respondents of interest in their professional career advancement. With regards to workplace culture, respondents indicated that blatant forms of gender discrimination have been reduced in mining workplaces; however, exclusion from informal networks, implicit bias and subtler forms of workplace discrimination persist. Utilizing a framework to assess the workplace culture for women in attracting and retaining their employment, respondents provided detailed information on the aspects of workplace culture that are most problematic in relation to women?s career development in mining. Women consistently identified problematic workplace culture as a significant barrier to the career advancement and retention of women within the industry. The representation of women within the labour force will likely remain stagnant until the industry addresses workplace culture within the industry, and makes strategic efforts to develop inclusive cultures throughout mining and supportive organizations.

Aug 1, 2013

By L. J. Visentin, J. G. Rickaby

"Audiometric testing is a key element in hearing conservation in the mining environment. This paper gives the history of the audiometric testing program carried out by Inco Metals Company, including the program objectives the personnel and equipment involved, calibration and testing, the test procedure, and the classification and evaluation of the test results.IntroductionThe operations of the Ontario Division of Inco Metals Company are located primarily in the Sudbury District. They also include a refine ry at Port Colborne and a mine and concentrator at Shebandowan near Thunder Bay.The company operates nine underground mines, and one open pit, while maintaining six underground mines on a standby basis. Ore from these operations is processed in four concentrators. The metallurgical facilities include a smelter, a matte processing plant, a copper refinery, a nickel refinery and an iron ore recovery plant at Sudbury, and a nickel refinery at Port Colborne. Inco Metals currently mines roughly 9,000,000 tons annually and produces IS elements.Excessive noise in the work place has been a serious problem in the mining industry since the introduction of compressed-air-powered machinery in the last century. At the same time, growing levels of noise inherent in our social environment can threaten the hearing of employees and their families.Only in the last 20 years, however, has the extent of this problem and its implications for people working in the industry and their families been recognized. Since the industry has become aware of the situation it has taken steps to implement comprehensive noise reduction and hearing conservation programs."

Jan 1, 1982

By John Clancy, Andrew J. Freyman

"Trends in world coal markets indicate that the next twenty years could be a period of intensive development for British Columbia's coal resource. This paper examines demand projections for metallurgical, thermal and chemical feedstock coals, with particular reference to domestic and Pacific Rim markets. Supply possibilities, from the point of view of British Columbia's competitive position, are explored, with emphasis on the interaction of such factors as capital, labour, port and transportation requirements.The paper concludes with an examination of British Columbia's strategies in light of the foregoing, and comments on the government's role in ensuring that development of the coal resource be attained in a manner consistent with over-all provincial goals and objectives.IntroductionFor the purposes of this paper the Pacific Rim is defined as including, in addition to Canada, the following: Japan, Korea, the People 's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, the countries of the Indonesian Archipelago, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific-bordering countries of South America and Mexico. The United States has been excluded in this definition in order to better illustrate the economic growth potential for British Columbia coal in the Pacific Rim economies.In the past decade, the Pacific Rim economies have grown faster than most other economies in the rest of the world; economic growth rates of 10 per cent were common in the region prior to the 1974 slowdown and the average rate of economic expansion in the mid-1970s has exceeded 6 per cent. Rapid expansion of international trade in the region has been a major stimulus in this process. By 1979, Pacific Rim two-way trade has reached an estimated $550 billion-about 20 per cent of world trade."

Jan 1, 1982

By H. W. Little

INTRODUCTION MINERAL deposits of Salmo map-area (Figure 1) have aroused the interest of prospectors for more than a half-century. Properties within the map-area have produced lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, and gold. Sheep Creek mining camp ranks fifth in the Province in the total production of gold, but during recent years interest has been concentrated upon base metals, and meticulous prospecting and exploration have resulted in the discovery of many large zinc-lead orebodies. PREVIOUS WORK Geological investigations of the region were begun long ago, and it is interesting to trace the development of ideas with our increasing knowledge of the geology of this complex area. The first geological examination of the rocks of Salmo map-area was made in 1859-60 by H. Bauerman (1), who was employed as geologist accompanying the first international Boundary Survey. Bauerman examined the rocks exposed along Pend d'Oreille river and published a section indicating that the sedimentary rocks are probably of Palaeozoic age, and are intruded by granite of unknown age. McConnell and Brock(2), in 1894 - 1900, carried out the reconnaissance mapping of the West Kootenay Sheet, on which they outlined the Mesozoic rocks of the Rossland Beaver Mountain volcanic groups that they believed rested unconformably upon the sedimentary rocks to the southeast, which they regarded as of Palaeozoic age.

Jan 1, 1951

By Fathi Habashi

"On August 3, 1888, German Patent No. 43977 entitled ""A Process for the Production of Aluminum Hydroxide"" was issued*. The discovery which led to the patent was made by the Austrian chemist Karl Josef Bayer (1847-1904) (Fig. 1) who was at that time in Russia, and the process became known as the Bayer Process in his honour(1)(2)- The process imediately achieved industrial success, displacing the pyrometallurgical process that had been used until that time to produce alumina. The Bayer Process involved the pressure leaching of bauxite with NaOH solution to obtain sodium aluminate solution from which aluminum hydroxide was precipitated by seeding. Today bauxite is not only the principal source of aluminum but also of gallium, both metals being effectively recovered by the Bayer Process. The purpose of this paper is to outline the historical background of this discovery and its importance to hydrometallurgy."

Jan 1, 1999

By James A. Robertson

"This paper is the result of a continuing investigation begun in 1953 by government geologists and mining companies. Previous work is reviewed and the development of several stratigraphic nomenclatures and correlation schemes is traced, culminating with the interim report of the Federal-Provincial Committee on Huronian Stratigraphy formed in 1966.The stratigraphy, structure and correlation of the Huronian rocks of the Blind River area and the region between Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury are reviewed. The area is underlain by three Precambrian units: (1) the Archean greenstones and granites, (2) the Huronian sedimentary and volcanic rocks and (3) the post-Huronian intrusive rocks. The Huronian rocks, largely quartzite and conglomerate with greywackes, argillites and carbonates, were laid down in shallow water transgressing over the eroded Archean basement. Thickness and facies changes indicate a northwesterly source, northerly overlap and deposition controlled by basement topography. Polymictic conglomerates, occurring at least at three horizons, represent tillites and are associated with varvites with dropped clasts. These are best developed in the Gowganda formation, which varies from a continental glacial environment in the north to a marine glacial environment in the southeast.There were at least three phases of post-Huronian igneous activity, probably related to several periods or phases of late Precambrian deformation and metamorphism: (1) sills of Nipissing diabase and rather younger diabase dikes; (2) the Cutler Granite and Croker Island Complex; and (3) dikes of Keweenawan olivine diabase.Copper mineralization is associated with the Nipissing diabase. The uranium ores are found in pyritic quartz-pebble conglomerate near the Huronian Archean unconformity, particularly in ancient valleys; they are considered to be placer deposits modified by later events. Uranium production from the Blind River camp to the end of 1966 was 128,160,096 pounds U308 valued at $1,203,840,848 derived from 56,077,179 tons of ore grading 0.11 per cent U308.Within the Blind River and adjacent areas, future discoveries will probably be the result of costly systematic deep-drilling programs accompanied by detailed geologic studies of the type carried out by oil companies and probably computer-oriented."

Jan 1, 1969

By C. A. Hardie, G. F. Leichtle, J. A. Finch, J. A. Watson

"The recycling of wastepaper has become an important and common process worldwide. Techniques similar to those used in the mineral processing industry are used to produce high quality recycled fibres for use in newsprint. The mineral processing group at McGill University, in conjunction with the Pulp and Paper industry (Mechanical and Chemi-mechanical Wood Pulp Network), has adapted one of these techniques, column flotation, for the purpose of deinking wastepaper. This article describes the typical process of recycling wastepaper from a mineral processing point of view. It also presents results from McGill University’s flotation column test work at a Québec wastepaper recycling facility. IntroductionThe recycling of wastepaper has become an important and common process worldwide, including Canada which is now the world’s largest importer of wastepaper (CPPA, 1996). Much of the current drive to increase the utilization rate of recovered paper is a reaction to the solid-waste disposal problem that faces many Canadian and United States municipalities. The real problem in the disposal of solid waste is not the absolute amount of garbage that must be disposed of each year, but this amount in relation to available disposal capacity.Environmental restrictions on the creation of new landfill sites and incinerators (the two main options for disposal of municipal solid waste) have tightened the demand/supply balance in the solid waste disposal market. This shrinking availability of waste disposal sites in the face of increasing population with greater disposal requirements defines the Developed World’s solid waste crisis. Not only are there fewer disposal sites available, but the costs of using them is skyrocketing. These factors have increased government regulations mandating recycled paper content in newsprint. Conservation and environmental issues make the current drive for wastepaper recycling a real issue and business opportunity."

Jan 1, 1999

By M. Krasowska, K. Malysa, M. Krzan

The paper presents fascinating, in our opinion, observations on mechanism and course of processes occurring during bubble collision with hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid surface. Hydrophobicity of particle surface is a necessary condition for the particle attachment to bubble. We have observed that even in the case of such hydrophobic solid surface as Teflon, the bubble attachment didn't occur at first collision. In distilled water the bubble bounced a few times without attachment. Influence of a-terpineol and n¬pentanol on bubble local and terminal velocity and the phenomena occurring during bubble collisions with hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid surfaces was studied. Bubble collisions with the solid surfaces were monitored and recorded using the high-speed (1182 frames per second) camera. It was found that in distilled water the velocity variations of the "approach-bounce" cycles were identical for Teflon and glass. Four distinct "approach-bounce" cycles were detected both at Teflon and glass surfaces. Moreover, the amplitude and frequency of the velocity variations were identical on collisions with the hydrophobic (polished) and hydrophilic surface. There was no immediate three phase contact formation, with the hydrophobic Teflon surface, what we found really astonishing. Roughness of Teflon surface seems to be important parameter, which affects probability of the bubble attachment as a result of a presence of micro-and/or nano-bubbles at the surface. It was detected that the presence of the micro-bubble affected attachment of the colliding bubble even in distilled water. Presence of a small amount of a-terpineol or n-pentanol affects dramatically the bubble velocity, but their role in mechanism of the bubble attachment needs further study.

Jan 1, 2004

By D. Yuan, M. Sitter, S. St. Jean, M. Collins

The Ambatovy Joint Venture comprises an operating lateritic nickel mine, ore slurry pipeline, pressure acid leach plant and nickel refinery in Madagascar. The hydrometallurgical process selected by Sherritt for treatment of the Ambatovy ore is a long-term, sustainable approach to producing nickel. Sulphur, used to prepare hydrogen sulphide, which is used to produce mixed sulphide intermediate, is recovered in the refinery as ammonium sulphate fertilizer. Additional sulphur is used to generate sulphuric acid for treatment of the ore in the high pressure acid leach (HPAL) step; fossil fuel consumption is minimized by using the heat generated from the exothermic reaction between sulphur and oxygen in the acid plant to produce power and steam. Steam consumption is minimized by design of efficient flashing and preheat systems for HPAL, while the high temperature of the HPAL step serves to minimize acid consumption. Fossil fuel consumption by the operation as a whole is further minimized by locating the leach plant and refinery near the port of Toamasina and utilizing a 220 km slurry pipeline to transport ore from the mine to the leach plant. In addition, Ambatovy has demonstrated a strong commitment to sustainability programs such as the biodiversity management program at the mine and local procurement in Madagascar. In this paper, the hydrometallurgical process for nickel and cobalt recovery from Ambatovy ore is described, along with highlights of Ambatovy’s approach to sustainability in Madagascar.

Jan 1, 2015

By Jon A. Carlson, W. Scott Williams

The EKATI"" Diamond Mine commenced operation in October 1998. It is operated by BHP Diamonds Inc., which is a part of the Non-Ferrous and Industrial Materials Division of BHP Minerals, a business unit of BHP Company Ltd. of Melbourne, Australia. The EKATI"" Diamond Mine is a joint venture of BHP Diamonds Inc. (51%), Dia Met Minerals Ltd. (29%), Charles E. Fipke (10%) and Dr. Stewart L. Blusson (10%). In December 1993, an office was opened in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories specifically for the then Northwest Territories Diamonds Project (EKATI"" Diamond Mine) development. EKATI"" Diamond Mine is located 300 kilometres northeast of Yellowknife and 200 kilometres south of the Arctic Circle in the Northwest Territories of Canada (Figure 1 ). The site is located in a remote tundra area of continuous permafrost, north of the tree line, which is part of the Canadian Shield. Wekweti (Snare Lake), a Dogrib community approximately 180 kilometres southwest of the project, is the closest neighbour. The mining area and facilities lie within the 10 960 hectares land leases held by the joint venture. The total claim block (core zone and buffer zone joint ventures) covers 344 000 hectares. To date, more than one hundred kimberlite pipes have been identified within the claims. Five of these provide the basis for the present mine plan. Total capital investment in the project is over C$700 million. At full production employment will be about 600, including employees and long-term contractors, with over 33% being Aboriginal from the Northwest Territories.

Jan 1, 2001

By S. Banisi, H. R. Iran-Manesh, M. R. Shayestefar, H. Shekarchyan

"Flotation circuit of the Sarcheshmeh copper mine processes 41,000 t/d of ore at 0.9% Cu. Chalcopyrite and chalcocite are the main copper bearing minerals which are concentrated in three stages of roughing, cleaning and recleaning. Due to major changes in the reagent addition regime, make-up balls combination, and throughput to the primary mills an increase of 2.6% (from 87.2% to 89.8%) in the sulfide copper recovery was obtained during a period of six years. In order to investigate a rather large variation of monthly recovery (i.e., from 89.0 to 91.2%) of the plant after implementation of the changes, a study was undertaken to trace mineralogically possible causes of such a behavior. During a five-month period, monthly composite samples of feed and tailings of the flotation circuit were taken. At the first stage, the polished sample preparation method and the mineral counting procedure were optimized through a detailed study. Liberation degrees and types of locking of valuable minerals in both streams were determined in three size intervals of +75, +38 and –38 microns. It was found that for both recovery levels (i.e., 89% and 91.2%), there was no significant difference in the liberation degrees of valuable minerals in the flotation feed; the average liberation degree was 57.1% with a standard deviation of 3.1%. On the other hand, in the case of high recovery level (i.e., 91.2%) there was a reduction of 15% in the amount of free valuable minerals in the tailings stream. The highest reduction was found for the -38 micron size range in particular for chalcocite. It was concluded that compared to the grinding circuit the change in the flotation circuit had the significant effect on the plant recovery increase.INTRODUCTIONThe Sarcheshmeh copper ore body contains 1 billion tonnes averaging 0.90 % copper and 0.03 % molybdenum. It is located southeast of Iran and currently processes 41,000 t/d of ore. The concentrator has been in operation since 1982. Last year, the concentrator produced 130,000 tonnes of copper and 4,000 tonnes of molybednite concentrate. An expansion to the plant which will increase the throughput by 50% is under construction and will be effective in 2003.After three stages of crushing, the ore with a F80 of 12.7 mm is fed to 8 parallel ball mills in closed circuit with cyclones to produce a product 70% finer than 75 microns. The concentrate of the first stage of flotation is reground and the tailings constitute the main component of the plant final tailings. A concentrate with an average grade of 30.5% Cu is obtained after cleaning and re-cleaning stages. At the present time, the average sulfide copper recovery of the plant is 89.8% which varies depending on the operating conditions and ore type."

Jan 1, 2003

By Donald A. Cranstone

"This paper provides a bird's eye view of the pattern of gold discoveries since 1823, the year of Canada's first gold find, up to 1983. Within this 160-year period, more gold was discovered in Canada during the last ten-year period (1973-1982) than during any previous decade. The record suggests that the potential for further major gold discoveries is high, which bodes welt f or the future of Canadian gold mining.IntroductionCanada has an impressive history as a gold producer. Since 1921 we have occupied second or third place among the world 's gold producing nations, after South Africa and most of the time the U.S.S.R. Canadian gold production over the last hundred years has added up to some 6 per cent of all-time world production.The sharp rise in the price of gold in the 1970s led to a surge of gold exploration, which in turn resulted in the discovery of significant quantities of gold in Canada. How do these recent discoveries rate in comparison with those of the more distant past? For example, are the quantities of gold in notable discoveries of recent year s, such as Hemlo and Detour, in the same league with the amounts of gold discovered around 1910 in the Porcupine and Kirkland Lake district s of Ontario? Can the combined gold content of the recent discoveries be likened to that o f the almost 40 major Canadian gold deposits, along with numerous smaller ones, discovered in Canada during the 1920s and 1930s? What are the implications of the more recent gold discovery record for future rate s of gold discovery in Canada?This paper attempts to glean answers to such questions from an overview of the period that begins in 1823, the year of Canada's first gold discovery. Gold deposits come in two major types: placer deposits and lode deposits in solid rock . Placer gold is distributed in sand and gravel. Gold in solid rock occur s mostly in gold ore filling fissures."

Jan 1, 1985

By J. C. White

"This paper was prepared for and presented at a lecture series on ""Materials Randling"" at McGill University. The development of trackless mining at Gaspe Copper Mines, Limited is described, showing the changes in mining method and the part played by the mobile equipment in the evolution of this highly mechanized underground operation. Comparisons of loading and hauling machines are given and an attempt is made to predict some possible future developments.INTRODUCTIONTHE PROPERTY OF GASPE COPPER MINES LIMITED is located in the Gaspe Peninsula of the Province of Quebec, 60 miles west of the village of Gaspe and 25 miles south of the St. Lawrence River. The original discovery of low-grade ore was made at Copper Mountain in 1921. Subsequent exploration revealed the richer Needle Mountain orebodies, and eventually in 1951 the decision was made by Noranda Mines to build the mining, concentrating and smelting complex (Figure 1). Construction and development of the mine was commenced in 1952 and production started in 1955."

Jan 1, 1968

By D. G. F. Hedley, F. Grant

"In 1958, the Ontario Department of Mines appointed a committee to study the accident situation and mining methods used in the uranium mines in the E1liot Lake district. This committee reviewed the existing knowledge on mine design, pillar support and roof spans and came to the conclusion that scientific knowledge had not yet reached the stage of producing rational design procedures which would reduce the dependence on trial-and-error methods. Since that time, the Mining Research Centre has made numerous stress measurements in two mines to define the pre-mining and pillar stresses. A comprehensive series of tests has been done in the laboratory to measure the compressive strength of the rock; a geological survey of the region has been made to evaluate tectonic stresses; and a survey was done on mining conditions with regard to stable and unstable pillar configurations. This information has been used to evaluate pillar design as effected by pillar width and height, depth below surface, extraction and pre-mining stress fields. The resultant design of pillar widths and corresponding extraction as the depth increased is in line with past and present experience in these mines. The information available on roof stability is still insufficient to design stable stope spans with the same degree of confidence; experience and trial-and-error methods are still required."

Jan 1, 1972

By John R. Morgan, Peter Graham

"Onakawana Development Ltd. and Mana/ta Coal Ltd. have completed feasibility studies on a large lignite deposit located in the James Bay lowlands of northeastern Ontario. The mining plan described in this paper would supply coal for approximately a 33-year period with peak production in the early years of approximately 6.5 million tonnes per year then declining to 1.2 million tonnes in year 33. This paper describes the geology, resources, lignite quality, mine planning and related topics. LocationThe Onakawana lignite deposit is located in northeastern Ontario in the James Bay lowlands (Fig. l). The Ontario Northland Railway crosses the property and links it to Moosonee, JOO km further north, and Cochrane 180 km south. The area is crossed by latitude 50° 37', the approximate latitude of Calgary. Toronto lies 800 km south of the study area. History of Development The deposit has been known since the late 1600s when early English settlers extracted limited amounts of lignite for use at Moose Factory. The deposit has undergone sporadic periods of exploration activity in the late 1920s and early 1930s when the Ontario government drilled 116 holes, sunk two exploration shafts and published several technical and economic studies. Interest in the property was reactivated from 1939 to 1945 when the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway Ltd. drilled 182 additional closely spaced holes, excavated a test pit adjacent to the rail line and installed a boiler for testing purposes. In 1965, Alberta Coal Ltd., the predecessor of Manalta Coal Ltd., first became involved. Since then a further 182 holes have been drilled and coied, and the existing test pit reopened for sampling. In 1980, various reassessment studies were launched, including geology, mine engineering, conceptual design and environmental assessment studies. The following discussions have been drawn extensively from these reports."

Jan 1, 1985

By J. U. MacEwan

Introduction The equilibrium between copper, zinc, and chlorine may be considered as the simultaneous equilibrium of the two separate chemical reactions of formation of the stable chlorides of copper and zinc at the temperature of the reaction i.e., l440°K. (1,167°C., 2,133°?F.)§ [Zn(g) +Ciz(g) ZnCl2z(g). ... (1) ] [2Cu(l)+Cbi'g) Cu2Cl2(l 1 ....... (21 ] Subtracting, [Zn(g) +Cu2(Clz(l i ZnClz(g) +2Cu!l) ... . (3) ] If this reaction is carried out with a copper-zinc alloy at some constant temperature above the melting point of brass, and at a total pressure of one atmosphere, the equilibrium concentrations obtained will depend on the free energy decrease .of the reaction as written in (3) and on the activities of the various components in. the reaction mixture. If the equilibrium is examined from the point of view of the phase rule, it is a three-component system, and if it exists in two phases (liquid and gas) it will have three degrees of freedom. If the restrictions of constant temperature and pressure are imposed, the degrees of freedom are reduced to one. This means that, in a two-phase system under these conditions, each different alloy phase will be associated with a gas phase of constant composition.

Jan 1, 1951

By F. R. Archibald

A STATEMENT on this subject by A. D. Turnbull, presented and discussed at the Annual Business Conference of the Metallurgy Division, C.I.M., held in Ottawa on April 22nd 1957, led to creation of a committee "too see if the Metallurgy Division of the C.I.M. can improve this situation". Without discounting the general problems of education and short-ages in other fields, the committee is primarily concerned with deficiencies related to metallurgy. The committee members are: F. R. Archibald, Chairman, A. D. Turnbull, L. E. Djingheuzian, J. U. Mac-Ewan, and L. M. Pidgeon. Following exchange of views among the committee members a general attitude of approach was established and a background of reference material assembled. It is the purpose of this review to acquaint those interested with the reference material, to offer an appraisal of the situation, and to suggest a programme for action by the Metallurgy Division of the C.I.M. Before proceeding with the ?presentation it is fitting to point out that, notwithstanding some rather important developments in public concern for educational matters, as well as changes in the level of activity in the metallurgical industry, the statement (April 1957) by Mr. Turnbull still stands as a sound article of reference.

Jan 1, 1958

By S. Steinlechner, G. Schneeberger, J. Antrekowitsch

The recycling of steel mill dusts is getting more and more important. The costs and requirements of land filling are rising and companies are interested in new recycling strategies. The rising of sustaina¬bility hand in hand with the high rate of valuable metals in these residues supports new research activities on the recycling sector. Especially zinc but also iron and lead are economical factors due to the treatment of steel mill dusts. This paper gives a small overview of fundamental studies concerning the chemical and physical composition of these dusts. Furthermore aggregates for the reduction of these dusts in the liquid phase are introduced and compared. The Flash-Reactor, the TBRC-Technology (Top Blown Rotary Converter) and submerged arc furnaces and there use for melting and treatment of these dusts are in the center of interest of this paper. The final conclusion gives an overview of possibilities for reduction of filter dusts in the liquid phase.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. C. Nicholson

The "V" system was first introduced by the West Virginia Coal & Coke Company at their No. 9 mine, Norton. Norton is a small mining village on the B. & 0. railway, about seven miles from the town of Elkins. This year, accompanied by G. D. MacDougall, I visited this mine to obtain first-hand information regarding this modem system and to determine its adaptability to conditions in Nova Scotia. The following is a brief account of my observations. The seam that is being worked is known as the Lower Kittaning, which, at this point, has an average thickness of 7 feet. This includes a band of hard clay varying in thickness from 8 to 14 inches, which occurs about 2 feet from the pavement, also 8 inches of inferior coal at the roof. The latter is not recovered, which leaves to be mined about 5 1/2 feet of clean coal. The roof is slate and shale for the first 30 feet, followed by 40 to 60 feet of sandstone; the total cover is from 80 to 250 feet thick. The seam lies very flat, with a dip of only 2 per cent., and, as the dip is toward the main entrance, it' is in favor of the load, also providing natural drainage for any water the mine makes. As the mine is not gassy, and there is no water to be pumped out, one can understand that mining conditions are practically ideal.

Jan 1, 1924