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By D. B. Dreisinger, M. R. Tavakoli

"Vanadium has been produced from a variety of sources. This metal is known to make aqueous solutions of complex speciation as a function of vanadium concentration and pH. Considering the method of leaching, the impurities in the pregnant leach solution, and the planned vanadium product, different extractants and flowsheets can be applied for solution purification. This paper reviews the purification of vanadium leaching solution using organophosphorus, solvating, and amine extractants. This review focuses on vanadium separation from iron, molybdenum, and uranium, which are often present in vanadium resources such as primary ores, fly ashes, and spent catalysts.RÉSUMÉ Le vanadium est produit à partir de diverses sources. Ce métal est connu pour permettre des solutions aqueuses de spéciations complexes en fonction de la concentration du vanadium et du pH. En tenant compte de la méthode de lixiviation, des impuretés dans la solution mère de lixiviation et du produit de vanadium planifié, divers agents d’extraction et schémas de traitement peuvent être mis en oeuvre pour purifier la solution. Le présent article étudie la purification de la solution de lixiviation du vanadium au moyen d’extractants organophosphorés, solvants et aminés. L’étude cible la séparation du vanadium du fer, du molybdène et de l’uranium, lesquels sont souvent présents dans les ressources de vanadium telles que les minerais primaires, les cendres volantes et les catalyseurs usés."

Jan 1, 2016

About MAC ? The national organization of the Canadian mining industry ? Mining, smelting and refining of base and precious metals ? Mining of iron ore, diamonds, uranium, oil sands, coal and industrial minerals ? Many associate members ? www.mining.ca

Aug 1, 2013

By D. Newman

"This paper discusses the author’s work on international law norms of consultation with Indigenous communities and examines unexpected corporate stakeholder impacts on these norms. Customary international law, which governs the area, does not traditionally refer to corporate conduct. This paper surveys several sources on developing international law on consultation obligations; it also discusses the impacts these norms can have on corporate stakeholders in the mining industry. Finally, it asks how interactions of corporate stakeholders in this area can indirectly impact future law and suggests implications for different business models in the mining sector.RÉSUMÉ Le présent article traite du travail de l’auteur sur les normes de consultation avec les communautés autochtones contenues dans le droit international et examine les impacts inattendus des parties prenantes sur ces normes. Le droit coutumier international, qui gouverne ce domaine, ne réfère traditionnellement pas à la conduite des sociétés. L’article analyse plusieurs sources traitant du développement de nouvelles lois internationales sur l’obligation de consulter; il traite aussi des impacts que ces normes peuvent avoir sur les parties prenantes dans l’industrie minière. Finalement, il pose la question à savoir comment les interactions des parties prenantes dans ce domaine peuvent avoir un impact indirect sur les lois futures et il suggère des implications pour divers modèles d’affaires dans le secteur minier."

Jan 1, 2015

By R. H. Duval

"In May 1936, Pamour started producing gold by cyanidation of flotation concentrates, and in 1939 was milling about 1, 600 tons per day.Refining records dating from 1939 show two oil-fired furnaces in use, (Rockwell type 46 11 x 29 11 inside oval shell).Refining time averaged 7. 83 hours during the year 1939, indicating a complete refining shift of about 9. 33 hours. That year appears to be characteristic of the period with regard to time required and results obtained.For that year total fineness (gold + silver) of the bars averaged 940 (approx.), but it frequently dropped below this figure, sometimes far below.Furnace lining life varied widely from three to seven or more months. Sillimanite was the standard lining but Mullfrax 41 was frequently used.For many years refining practice remained practically unchanged, and in 1960 procedure still consisted essentially of mixing a flux(% Composition Borax 41, Silica 11, Soda-Ash 11, Nitre 15, Mn02 22) with cyanidation precipitate in the ratio of l. 2 to l and heating to a medium heat (yellowishred, 2000° F) with a low flame for a long time. Time required was about 10. 5 hours per refining. Results were still much as detailed above.At this time it was decided to revise refining procedure, in an effort to shorten refining time and obtain consistently good bullion fineness."

Jan 1, 1965

By M. Redfearn

"DUST COLLECTION EQUIPMENT LIST Primary Dust CollectorModular Mikro-Pulsaire - Model 2G1-96TR Capacity: 20,000 c.f.m.Bags: Total of 288; 8' x 4 1/2"" diameterMaterial: Dacron HCE feltAir to cloth ratio: 7.55/1Bags are changed every 6-9 months. Sent to A & L Services for cleaning at a cost of less than 1/3 the price of a new bag. No new bags have been required since start-up 4 years ago.Blow hack: 35 c.f.m. at 100 p.s.i.Fan: Joy Manufacturing, Model 3300, Type 4S, Backward inclined fan.Impeller: 33"" diameter36"" diameter Inlet33"" diameter Outlet at 3200 f.p.m. velocity1945Motor:,60 H.P., 1780 r.p.m.Capacity: 23,400 c.f.m.Design:,20,000 c.f.m.,•Actual:,17,500-19,000 c.f.m. depending on bag condition.Dust Slurry Agitator: Port-a-flo Model 050-350Major Maintenance:The fan was sped up from 1830 to 1945 r.p.m. and balanced at the higher speed. Several months later the impeller destructed beyond repair. A new shaft and impeller was installed, casings straightened, and bearings reused. Unit is currently running at 1945 r.p.m. No definite cause for the impeller failure has been found, although it might be attributed to improper balancing."

Jan 1, 1976

By Julio E. Claudeville

Approaches and Lessons Learned ??Address business needs?local skills training and employment ?local procurement programs ?health and safety programs ??Ensure consultants/ advisors/ contractors apply Company standards ?especially in the field/ locally ?will not be differentiated from the Company itself

May 1, 2006

By D. G. Cerigo, D. M. Bryce, P. H. Jennings

This paper summarizes the results of an experimental and economic study undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of treating an oxidized orebody of about 10 million tons, grading about 0.75 per cent copper, by agitation leaching and by percolation leaching.

Jan 1, 1968

By John Dasher

The analyses reported on in this paper indicate that there are hydrometallurgical routes from sulphide concentrates to copper that are potentially competitive with smelters which are not permitted to emit sulphur oxides. The various hydrometallurgical processes, and their economics, are discussed.

Jan 1, 1973

By James F. Archibald

Research has been conducted for the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board of Ontario (WSIB) to characterize thin, spray-on lining materials (TSLs), as well as combinations of TSLs and conventional spray supports, and to assess their capacity for inhibiting damage created by mining-induced rockbursts. This study has been performed to assess the capabilities of such support systems for preventing rock and support material damage that often results due to rockbursting. A variety of TSLs and other spray support media were subjected to the effects of simulated rockbursting, through use of explosive detonation trials, to evaluate their damage mitigation capacity. Results have validated that TSLs and variant layer combinations may be as effective as or better than conventional support materials for mitigating rockburst or like damage in highly stressed mine environments. In civil engineering construction, and typically in underground tunneling operations where concrete linings are applied, liner deterioration is a continuing and pervasive problem that often requires expensive and time-consuming rehabilitation effort. The ability of TSLs to provide effective concrete structural reinforcement while providing sustainable resistance against underground or restricted environmental hazards, as with fires or dynamic failure events, may permit wider use of TSLs than is currently foreseen by the mining industry. Significant benefits for use of TSL materials in concrete liner rehabilitation and for concrete material protection have been assessed.

May 1, 2006

By Afshin Sadri, Wai Lai Ying, Brycklin Wilson, Zoe Coull

"Although there have been great steps forward to integrate corrosion engineering into operations, there is still an underlying tendency for maintenance tasks to be performed in a reactive manner. This is especially true when strategies focus on lagging indicators such as visual inspections, RCA (root-cause analysis), and FMECA (failure mode, effects and criticality analysis). This trend to “reactive maintenance” can be avoided by utilizing more inspection and monitoring methods to identify leading indicators of failures. Prevention is generally less costly than repairs; moreover, when paired with appropriate monitoring techniques, intervention of corrosion protection can be more effectively timed and based on more accurate data. Hatch asset reliability studies show nearly 80% of defects are introduced through operations and maintenance. Therefore, proactive corrosion management can provide the necessary feedback to optimize operations and maintenance strategies preventing costly corrosion losses. Understanding corrosion risks gives a clear picture of the benefits of a proactive approach to asset performance. Monitoring techniques (Non-Destructive Testing, field testing, sampling, etc.) by nature are a more effective means of improving maintenance efforts and preventing corrosion losses than other methods (RCA, FMECA). This paper will outline the importance of proactive corrosion management and demonstrate its benefits through industry examples.INTRODUCTION Over the past few decades, with the growth of technology and awareness of sustainable development many studies have shown the benefits of a proactive approach to maintenance strategies. However, in practice there is still an underlying tendency for maintenance tasks to be performed in a “reactive manner”. This is especially true when strategies focus on lagging indicators such as visual inspections, RCA (root-cause analysis), and FMECA (failure mode, effects and criticality analysis). This trend to “reactive maintenance” can be avoided by utilizing more inspection and monitoring methods to identify defects and leading indicators to failures."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. P. E. Dirige

Extensive field study has been performed to assess the capabilities of thin sprayon liners (TSLs) and conventional spray-on support systems for preventing rock and support material damage that often results due to mining-induced rockbursts. Support performance was studied using field scale explosive detonation trials to simulate dynamic failure effects that are known to develop during typical rockburst events. Multiple seismic and high speed photographic monitoring techniques were used to provide detailed information concerning rock motion, surface fracturing, ejected fragment motion, and support liner survivability characteristics. Results of this study have demonstrated that TSL?s and variant layer combinations may be as effective as or better than conventional support materials for mitigating rockburst or like damage in highly stressed mine environments. In this study, field results have been verified using numerical modeling procedures to better understand the support behaviour of TSLs when subjected to highly stressed mine environments and mining-induced rockbursts, a factor that is essential when designing any rock support system. A series of numerical modeling assessments were conducted using FLAC3D modeling of a half circular TSL-lined tunnel, influenced by anisotropic stresses and simulated mining-induced rockbursts, to investigate the support potential of TSLs under prototype conditions. The effect of a mine rockburst was simulated using the three-dimensional dynamic analysis option of FLAC3D. Results of TSL-lined tunnels in highly stressed and mine rockburst conditions indicated exceptional effectiveness of TSLs for suppressing rock deterioration resulting from stresses and rockbursts. The rock support potential of TSLs on tunnel surfaces was compared with that of thin shotcrete linings, and results indicated that thin spray-on lining products currently available may be equally as effective in support as shotcrete materials.

May 1, 2009

By Euler De Souza

"Underground operation ventilation energy requirements constitute a significant portion of mine energy consumption (40–50%) and total energy costs (25–40%). In general, mine ventilation systems are energy inefficient; the author has found several systems that operate at efficiencies below 65%. This paper presents how engineering design principles can improve the performance and efficiency of ventilation appliances, resulting in reduced power consumption and operating costs. Case studies demonstrate that, by retrofitting ventilation appliances using proper engineering concepts, systems will operate at efficiencies well above common operating efficiencies, resulting in a drastic reduction in costs and base electrical and energy loads.RÉSUMÉ Les besoins énergétiques nécessaires à l’aérage d’une exploitation souterraine représentent une part considérable de la consommation d’énergie d’une mine (de 40 à 50 %) ainsi que des coûts totaux liés à l’énergie (de 25 à 40 %). De manière générale, les systèmes d’aérage d’une mine sont loin d’être écoénergétiques ; l’auteur a trouvé plusieurs systèmes fonctionnant à des rendements inférieurs à 65 %. Cet article présente les principes de conception technique qui peuvent améliorer la performance et l’efficacité des systèmes d’aérage, entraînant une réduction de la consommation d’électricité et des coûts d’exploitation. Des études de cas montrent qu’en les rénovant à l’aide de concepts techniques adéquats, les systèmes d’aérage fonctionneront à des rendements bien supérieurs aux rendements habituels d’une exploitation. Ces rénovations donneront lieu à une réduction considérable des coûts ainsi que des charges électriques et énergétiques de base.INTRODUCTIONIncreasing electricity supply problems in North America have encouraged an industry-wide evaluation of energy consumption, resulting in a more urgent emphasis on energy-efficient design and operation for all energy-consuming systems. Electricity is the main mode of energy supply and the mining industry is affected by the increasing cost of this commodity (Natural Resources Canada, 2017). Ventilation systems normally operate 24 hours per day, 365 days per year, and account for 25–40% of the total energy costs and 40–50% of the electrical consumption of a mine operation (De Souza, 2013). Ventilation engineers are under ever-increasing pressure to reduce ventilation energy consumption and be cost effective."

Jan 1, 2018

By P. A. Crane, N. Shirley, Aung Moe, H. M. Nicholson, D. Kan

Kazakhstan’s first commercial copper-leach solvent extraction-electrowinning plant, Central Asia Metals’ Kounrad project, was commissioned in April 2012. Exploiting low grade waste stockpiles produced during Soviet era open pit mining, a 10,000 tpa copper cathode plant was designed, constructed and commissioned within 18 months. Overcoming initial challenges with a workforce unfamiliar with the technology and with extensive periods of sub-zero conditions during winter the project has consistently met targets and produced high quality copper cathodes at cash costs of less than US$1/lb. Challenges encountered during the first two years of operation are described and future plans briefly discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. Kelebek, B. Nanthakumar

ABSTRACT The sensitivity of sulphide minerals towards oxidation depends on the mineralogical makeup and nature of sulphide ores. This paper focuses on chalcopyrite behaviour in a nickel-copper sulphide- ore matrix that was aged in the mine-site stockpiles. Results of collectorless, collector-induced flotation and recovery by size are presented following a discussion of XPS analysis that was used to gain insight into oxidative alteration of chalcopyrite’s surface chemistry. Chalcopyrite maintains its high flotation activity despite exposure to weeks of oxidative conditions. It is concluded that chalcopyrite is quite tolerant to stockpile oxidation due to various factors related to alteration of its surface chemistry.

Jan 1, 2012

By A. McGrath, M. Trovant, M. Haque

Minimizing energy consumption is a priority for many industrial facilities. Metallurgical and gasification processes produce dirty syngas (CO and H2), which offers the potential for energy recovery. However, syngas handling can pose an explosion risk and even minor leaks can result in poor workplace hygiene. Furthermore, many jurisdictions around the world now discourage wet syngas handling due to limited water availability and secondary pollution. Hatch has developed a 100% positive pressure gas handling system that targets these safety hazards without using fresh water. The implementation of a system for calcium carbide smelters at Qinghai Salt Lake Industry Co. (QSLIC) in China is profiled as a case study.

Jan 1, 2015

By K. Law

"The Hatch Product Transport (HPT) system is a highly flexible and configurable route selection and sequencing system for controlling large bulk material handling facilities. The system has a generic control algorithm that can be configured to suit any material handling facility. It can also be easily reconfigured to cater to plant expansion or modifications without incurring significant disruption to the existing production, costs in testing, and re-commissioning, thus achieving cost savings throughout a facility’s lifecycle.This new material handling control system has been installed at BHP Billiton’s Port Hedland iron ore terminal to facilitate its expansion to beyond 100 Mt output capacity."

Jan 1, 2006

ABSTRACT Based on mineralogical characteristics and processing techniques required, gold ores can be classified into 12 types: gold placers, quartz vein-lode ores, oxidized ores, silver-rich ores, iron oxide copper-gold ores, porphyry copper-gold ores, iron sulphide ores, arsenic sulphide ores, antimony sulphide ores, bismuth sulphide ores, telluride ores, and carbonaceous sulphide ores. The bulk mineralogy and gold deportment of each ore type differs and may have a significant impact on ore processing and metal extraction. This paper summarizes the bulk mineralogy and gold deportment in some major types of gold ore and discusses the potential impact of gold deportment on gold metallurgy.

Jan 1, 2013

By D. W. Bacon

Plant process optimization programs are often costly, both in technical effort and loss of production. Evolutionary Operation or "EVOP" is a mode of plant operation consisting of controlled cyclical changes in process conditions by which information is provided concerning potential process improvements while both volume and quality uniformity in production are maintained. Its conceptual simplicity and low cost of utilization have led to successful adoption in a variety of industrial manufacturing operations. This paper is an expository account of basic EVOP theory, the problems encountered and the organization required in applying it to a processing plant. Illustrations are provided which indicate the payoff that can result.

Jan 1, 1967

By MAX VOS

Lithium is the lightest and electrochemically most reactive of all metals. Renewed interest in lithium coincides with research in lithium batteries and power generation by atomic fusion. Ontario lithium resources are contained in spodumene pegmatites that can form where medium- to high-grade metamorphic volcanic-sedimentary formations are intruded by pegmatite and porphyritic granitic rocks. Spodumene pegmatites occur in at least twelve locales throughout northern Ontario, all of which are in the Superior Province of the Precambrian Shield. Tantalum, cesium, rubidium, beryllium, niobium and tin also were noted with lithium in spodumene pegmatites. Considerable potential remains for discovery of additional lithium and rare-element pegmatites in northern Ontario.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. G. Debanne

MOST company-employed petroleum engineers have in their accounting departments punch-card computers that can perform engineering calculations thirty to three hundred times faster than desk calculators, or they can rent such machines from Computing Service centres. These machines not only eliminate the drudgery of desk calculation but also the risks of human errors. The I.B.M. t 604 punch-card computer of Texaco's accounting department in Calgary has been used for oil and gas property evaluations, curve fitting by least squares, statistical core analysis studies, unsteady-state water in-flux studies, phase equilibrium performance prediction of oil reservoirs, gravity segregation calculations, etc.

Jan 1, 1958