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By C. H. B. Leitch, T. N. MacAuley, R. L. Linnen, A. E. Williams-Jones

"The Trout Lake stockwork molybdenum deposit is temporally and spatially related to the emplacement of a late Cretaceous granodiorite-tonalite stock in southeastern British Columbia and contains an estimated 49 million tonnes grading O.I9% MoS2- No metal zonation patterns are apparent, with the exception of peripheral tungsten skarn, and exploration was guided largely by geological interpretation. It is typical of the granodiorite, or fluorine-poor type of molybdenum deposit. Molybdenite is contained within a quartz-feldspar vein stockwork and coeval dissemination in igneous (and less commonly metasedimentary) hosts. In general, molybdenite is strongly associated with alkali feldspars, but in detail it is intimately associated with incipient muscovite replacement of albite and K-feldspar; veins that lack feldspars are also typically barren of molybdenite. These textures suggest that fe/dspathic alteration (and precipitation in veins) was an important precursor to mineralization, and the occurrence of similar textures elsewhere (e.g. Henderson) suggest that early feldspathic alteration is important to the genesis of molybdenum deposits in general. Molybdenite deposition at Trout Lake was preceded by contact metamorphism, skarn and potassic alteration, and was overprinted by muscovite-ankerite (phyllic) alteration. Only moderate temperature changes are recorded by the metamorphic and alteration mineral assemblages (350°C to 450°C}; however, with time, fluids became increasingly more acidic and enriched in C02- In light of the intimate molybdenitemuscovite intergrowths, the decrease of pH probably exerted a major control on mineralization.IntroductionGranite-hosted molybdenum deposits can be classified in terms of the composition of the related intrusion, e.g., the granodiorite and granite types of Mutschler et a!. (1981), or the calc-alkaline, alkali-calcic, and alkalic types of Westra and Keith (1981). They have also been classified on the basis of their fluorine contents (Theodore and Menzie, 1984) with the fluorine-rich and -poor varieties roughly corresponding to granite- and granodiorite-type deposits, respectively. For economic reasons, most exploration and research has concentrated on the high-grade/large tonnage granite-type of deposit, exemplified by Climax. F1uorine-poor, granodiorite-type deposits are, however, the most common type in Canada and have been mined in the past (e.g., Endako). In this paper, the authors summarize the research that has been carried out on the fluorinepoor Trout Lake deposit (Boyle and Leitch, 1983; Linnen, 1985; Linnen and Williams-Jones, 1987; 1990) and use what has been learned to develop guidelines for the future exploration of fluorinepoor, granodiorite-type molybdenum deposits."

Jan 1, 1995

By John Kruse, Sethu Raman, Dave Tenney

The Cullaton Lake B-Zone gold mine was the first gold producer in the Kaminak Subprovince of the Canadian Shield . Located approximately 650 km north of Thompson. Manitoba, the mine produced 77,783 ounces of gold and 5,564 ounces of sil ver from 251 ,236 tons of ore during 1981-84 period. The depos it is a small , structurally controlled , stratabound orebody in an Archean iron formation. Most gold occurs in sulphide and silicate fac ies. Based on new ev idence, the depos it is interpreted to have fo rmed by remobilization of syngenetic low-grade gold mineralization in the iron fo rmation in a favoura ble fold structure. The concept and methods developed at the mine have been successfull y applied in the discovery of new deposits in the area. One of the concepts. which link Archean and Proterozoic mineralization. may have wider applications in the search fo r gold deposi ts elsewhere in Canada .

Jan 1, 1986

By H. A. Khorami, T. Wong, B. Velapatino, E. Asselin, T. Donnelly, E. Bryce, R. Dixon

A copper–nickel concentration gradient alloy was designed and fabricated through a powder metallurgy (PM) process. Copper and nickel powders were mixed with different weight ratios from 0 to 100% copper in 10% increments. Each powder mixture was poured inside a cylindrical die and compacted between two punches using a hydraulic press machine at pressures up to 70 MPa, resulting in approximately 1 mm thick layers (discs) of pressed Cu–Ni powder. These 11 Cu–Ni compacted powder layers, i.e. 0–100% Cu with 10% increments, were then compressed together with pressures up to 420 MPa to form a green part. The green part was sintered in a vacuum furnace at 1000°C for 10 hours to form a solid mass (PM part) of Cu–Ni concentration gradient alloy. In the sintering process, Cu and Ni particles fused together and formed a single piece due to diffusion of the atoms across the boundaries of the particles. The diffusion of atoms also converted the stepwise concentration change into a uniform concentration gradient. INTRODUCTION Copper has numerous applications in different industrial sectors due to its superior physical, electrical, mechanical and chemical properties such as its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, resistance to fatigue, high ductility, and resistance to corrosion. Moreover, copper and its alloys have natural antimicrobial properties. This has opened up new applications for copper–based self–disinfecting surfaces in healthcare in an effort to mitigate healthcare–associated infections (HAIs). HAIs affect millions of patients each year, leading to significant morbidity and mortality as well as financial losses to healthcare systems (World Health Organization, 2016). HAIs spread through three main routes: (a) iatrogenic in which HAIs are a direct consequence of medical encounters and/or treatment; (b) person to person where organisms are transferred between healthcare workers, patients, and visitors; and (c) environmental where transmission occurs via contaminated surfaces and equipment (e.g. doorknobs, railings, toilets/commodes, medical carts). The use of antimicrobial copper–based materials on high touch surfaces could diminish pathogen transmission via this latter rout. This has subsequently led to the development of a variety of copper–based materials for use in healthcare settings and promoted the investigation of the antimicrobial efficacy of copper–based materials.

Jan 1, 2019

By William C. Martin

"Consolidated Sudbury Basin Mines Limited owns two mines, 4 miles apart, near the southwest end of Sudbury Basin. The Errington mine lies close to the north boundary of Creighton Township and about 18 miles by car from Sudbury. The Vermilion Lake mine is in Fairbank Township, on the south side of Vermilion Lake.The first discovery of base-metal mineralization within Sudbury basin was made by James Stobie in 1897 at Stobie Falls on the Vermilion River, half a mile west of the Errington mine. A few years later Alphonse Oilier made a discovery of massive pyrite with base-metal sulphides near the west end of the present Errington workings.No work of consequence was done on these discoveries until 1924, when Joseph Errington acquired options on a large acreage of ground which was later taken over by the Treadwell Yukon Company Limited. After considerable diamond drilling this company sank No. 1 shaft in 1926. In the next three years, a large amount of underground development was done, a pilot mill was constructed and operated for two years. All operations ceased in 1931 with the fall in metal prices. While in operation the pilot mill treated 186,172 tons of ore the average grade of which was 1·07 per cent copper; 1 10 per cent lead; 4·60 per cent zinc; 0·03 ounces gold; and 1 70 ounces silver.Up to the time of closing in 193 l there had been completed at the mine 26, 790 feet of lateral work and 75,500 feet of surface and underground diamond drilling. The company records, however, showed no figures on ore reserves, except broken ore in stopes amounting to about 60,000 tons. A study of the plans, prior to reopening the mine in 1952, showed 1,450 lineal feet of ore (at 1952 prices) opened up by drifting on the 300-foot and 500- foot levels. It is clear that no comprehensive picture of the structure was had at this time. The orebodies were considered to be very irregular pods scattered through masses of quartzite-carbonate in a sheared zone about 800 feet wide. In some way the ore was believed to be related to the tuff-slate contact zone. With this picture it was impossible to make a reasonable ore estimate or even gauge the tonnage potentialities with any feeling of reliability."

Jan 1, 1949

By W. L. Uglow

In recent years, the microscope has come to be recognized as a valuable aid to engineers whose business is the discovery, development, concentration or reduction of metallic ores. In many of the large treatment plants microscopical research has already an important status; and in the hands of efficient operators the microscope has indicated methods of solving ore problems resulting in the saving of thousands of dollars that otherwise might have been lost in tailings, or expended in freight rates or smelter charges. Failure to procure all the information that the microscope can supply concerning the physical and mineralogical characteristics of complex ores has in many cases led to the construction of unsuitable concentrators, just as the failure to investigate in detail the geological conditions of an ore deposit has often results in the squandering of money on shaft sinking, and mechanical installations which subsequent development of the deposit failed to justify. The great progress recently made in the selective separation of minerals by means of the various processes of flotation and leaching brings strongly to our attention, the scope of the field in which microscopical methods may be advantageously employed. The microscope enables one to observe the minute details of rock, ore, gangue, concentrate, tailing, matte, slag and metal, that are invisible to the naked eye. Furthermore, the technique of microscopal research has been so highly developed that a microscopist can not only observe, but deter-mine the compositions and measure the diameters of the mineral constituents in the ore to be treated. Magnifications of these constituents up to 3,000 diameters may be produced by the proper combination of eyepiece, objective, and projection apparatus, and the images thus viewed may be photographed through the microscope, and permanent records made of them.

Jan 1, 1924

Adsorption of guar gum was investigated on model minerals typically found in water-insoluble slimes of potash ores. The ionic strength of the adsorption mixtures was varied from distilled water to saturated NaC1 and KC1. The tests were also performed using a saturated brine. The adsorption density of guar gum on illite, dolomite, and kaolinite was found to be not only a function of total ionic strength but also of the type of electrolyte present in solution. Generally, the adsorption of the polymer on the clay minerals was higher in KC1 solutions than in NaCI, but the differences gradually disappeared when the electrolyte concentration approached saturation. The results were analyzed in terms of chaotropic (K ) or kosmotropic (Na') properties of background counter-ions and their different behaviors at the hydrated mineral-water interface. Guar gum adsorption on dolomite was related to the presence of calcium and magnesium sites on the mineral surface, and to the cis-configuration of OH groups of mannose units. Based on viscosity measurements, it was suggested that guar gum macromolecules form entanglements in NaCI solutions (and distilled water), but individual molecules exist in KC1 solutions thus creating different modes of adsorption of guar gum from concentrated NaCl and KCl solutions.

Jan 1, 2006

An optimized long-term mine planning determines the best order of material extraction, so that the Net Present Value (NPV) becomes maximum. In the case of oil sands surface mining, one of the key constraints in NPV maximization is the volume of tailings slurry that will be generated downstream. Specifications of tailings slurry are also important from environmental perspective. Moreover, most of the material that will be used for the reclamation of tailings ponds in later periods is generated in extraction and processing of oil sands. In this paper, an integrated optimization framework is proposed to maximize the NPV of the produced oil sands, with respect to tailings capacity constraints and reclamation material requirements. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to find the optimal solution for long-term mine planning problem. The proposed model is coded in Matlab and has been run using CPLEX for verification. The results for real-case oil sands dataset show that the optimal production schedule meets material requirements for reclamation, tailings volume is within tailings capacity range in all periods and the production schedule follows the predetermined horizontal direction.

Aug 1, 2013

By D. Bois, P. Keating, J. Lemieux, M. A. Vallée, M. Allard, R. S. Smith, L. Z. Cheng, M. Chouteau, D. K. Fountain

"Abstract - MEGATEMII airborne electromagnetic data collected over the Iso and New Insco massive sulfide deposits have been modeled using three modeling packages. The EMQ package is a quick inversion tool which indicates that the Iso body is a dipping, plate-like body. The New Insco body is inferred to have a geometry somewhere between a dipping plate and a sphere. The Maxwell package was used to refine the properties of the plate-like body at Iso. The EMIGMA package was able to identify which parts of the New Insco orebody were more conductive. It was observed that the most conductive parts correspond to copper-rich zones and the next most conductive to pyrite-rich zones. The EMIGMA package was also used to show that a thick-prism model might be more appropriate for the New Insco orebody. Gravity modeling constrained by the known geology was successful in identifying the denser sulfide zones. The densest zones appear to be pyrite rich. Magnetic modeling identified diabase dikes. Over New Insco, a small magnetic anomaly was attributed to pyrrhotite-rich sulfides. There was only a weak magnetic anomaly over the Iso body, consistent with the nonmagnetic sulfides logged in the holes drilled at that location. Sommaire - Les données MEGATEMII recueillies au-dessus des dépôts d’Iso et de New Insco ont été interprétées en utilisant trois outils de modélisation différents. L’outil EMQ a été utilisé comme un outil d’inversion rapide suggérant que le dépôt Iso peut être considéré comme une plaque inclinée, et que le dépôt de New Insco se situe quelque part entre une plaque et une sphère. L’outil Maxwell a été utilisé pour raffiner les propriétés du dépôt Iso. L’outil EMIGMA nous a permis d’identifier les différences de conductivité à l’intérieur du dépôt Iso. Il a été observé que la partie la plus conductrice correspond à la zone riche en cuivre, suivie par la zone riche en pyrite. L’outil EMIGMA a aussi permis de montrer qu’un modèle de prisme épais pourrait être plus approprié pour décrire le dépôt New Insco. La modélisation des données gravimétriques, contrainte par la géologie connue, définit bien la zone de sulfures massifs. La zone de pyrite semble être la plus dense. La modélisation des données magnétiques identifie bien les dykes de diabase. Au-dessus du dépôt New Insco, on observe une faible anomalie magnétique correspondant aux sulfures non magnétiques observés dans les carottes de forages à cet endroit."

Jan 1, 2006

By S. Hunt, D. de Vries

Kansanshi Copper Smelter began operation in March 2015. The smelter features a single Isasmelt furnace for smelting, one 6-in-line electric furnace for matte-settling and slag-cleaning duties, four Peirce- Smith converters and two rotary anode furnaces. A 1,450 t/day oxygen plant and a 4,085 t/day sulphuric acid plant are included in the smelter operations. This paper gives an overview of the operational performance to date with summary data for each smelter section. Challenges such as an unforeseen refractory failure in the Isasmelt furnace in 2016 are discussed. Design improvements around the electric furnace are mentioned. Plans for potential future improvements are put into context. A consistent focus on operations, maintenance and continuous improvement has seen the smelter easily achieve its nameplate capacity of 1.2 million tonnes per annum of copper concentrate throughput. The smelter now operates consistently at a concentrate throughput rate of 1.38 million tonnes per annum of copper concentrate. INTRODUCTION The smelter was commissioned in March 2015. Design and commissioning of the smelter have been discussed by de Vries, Hunt, Hanschar and Louie (2016). The smelter rapidly ramped up to achieve nameplate production (1.2 million tonnes per year concentrate) and in 2018 operated consistently at the rate of 1.38 million tonnes per year concentrate. This paper presents major operational data for each section of the plant and describes significant events and improvements during the first four years of operation. The smelter flowsheet is shown in Figure 1.

Jan 1, 2019

By L. R. Bower

"This paper describes a highly versatile variable speed unit with a torque multiplication feature as a direct replacement for a fluid coupling .The unit is comprised of a modulating clutch with torque converter and lock-up options.The UCD does not start or stop the motor. This is carried out in the normal manner.The UCD continually monitors and rapidly regulates the output speed to the requirement of a set point demand from input signals or a pre-set program with full manual override.The pre-set program can include start and stop ramps, top speed and minimum speed regulation and also mid-speed set point with security for man-riding, etc. Speed variation is from zero to 100% on a constant duty basis.The input signals can be from any source, e.g. belt weigher. load profile bunker probes, mine monitoring system, etc.The UCD when fitted with a torque converter has a torque multiplication feature which automatically provides a starting torque up to two and a half times greater than the full load torque without exceeding the normal motor power levels.IntroductionIt is common practice in the mining industry to drive conveyors, whether they be belt or chain, through a transmission system incorporating a fluid coupling between the driving motor and gear-box .However, there are drawbacks and in an effort to attain a better degree of drive and control, two-speed motors - inverters cycle- converters - hydrostatic drives, etc ., have been introduced."

Jan 1, 1986

By John S. Stevenson

THE Twin "J" Mine, operated by Twin "J" Mines, Limited, represents an amalgamation of the old Lenora, Tyee, and Richard III mines (see Figure 1) on mount Sicker, eight miles by road, northwesterly, from the city of Duncan, on Vancouver island. These mines produced 253,000 tons of copper-gold ore between 1898 and 1909 (see Table I). During the more recent period of production from these properties, July, 1943, to May, 1944, Twin ?J? Mines, Limited, mined and milled ore with values mainly in copper and zinc, and minor values in gold, silver, and lead. Figures are not available for this later production. Field work at the property was started by the writer in 1941 and continued in 1943 and 1944.

Jan 1, 1945

By T. L. Tanton

"The New Helen mine is 12 miles east of Michipicoten harbour on lake Superior. It is 2 miles east of Wawa station, on the Algoma Central railway, with which it is connected by a spur line railway and a highway.The mine was discovered by Ben Boyer in 1898 during the gold rush near Wawa lake, Ontario. The original discovery was of solid hematite ore extending to a height of 100 feet on a hill rising abruptly on the east side of Boyer lake. The property was acquired by the Algoma Steel Corporation and mining was commenced in 1899. The first iron ore was shipped in 1900. The mine was operated until 1918 when the hematite became exhausted at a depth of 800 feet below Boyer Lake level.Drilling at the Helen mine, after 1910, revealed a large body of siderite both below and to the east of the hematite. By 1913, the body was known to be about 200 feet wide, 3,000 feet long, and at least 2,200 feet deep. In this there was estimated to be 100,000,000 tons of proved and probable siderite ore. An adit was driven into this body in 1917, and in 1918 work was suspended. In 1937 the Algoma Steel Corporation proceeded with the development of the New Helen mine by open-cut mining, and the beneficiation of the ore by sintering. Production commenced in 1939 and has since been maintained at the rate of approximately 500,000 tons a year.From 1900 to 1918, inclusive, the total production from the Helen mine was 2,823,369 tons of hematite ore and 51,930 tons of pyrite. From 1939 to the end of 1945 the total production from the New Helen mine was 3,921,455 gross tons of siderite ore.GEOLOGYThe Helen property is underlain by rocks of Precambrian age. For general description, and a statement on the structure of the iron deposits, the map-units are those shown in Fig. 1.The oldest rocks occur in a complex that lies north and south of an east-west trending zone, 1 ½ miles long and ¼ mile wide, in which the iron deposits occur. That part of the complex lying south of the iron deposits includes small masses of altered conglomerate and slate, and greenstones and pyroclastics. Other fairly abundant rocks are sericitic, chloritic, ottrelitic, and carbonatized schists of doubtful origin, and almost massive metamorphic rocks in which a development of carbonate, ottrelite, quartz, and other minerals has obscured a pre-existing schistose structure. Felsite and quartz porphyry are· prominently exposed south of the iron deposits."

Jan 1, 1954

By D. Van Tonder, C. Edwards

ABSTRACT Solvent extraction is used in many acid leach uranium circuits to upgrade and purify the uranium-bearing solution prior to final product precipitation. A number of strip options are available to recover the uranium from the loaded organic. This paper compares seven of these options on the basis of typical capital and operating costs for the solvent extraction circuit and downstream uranium processing and also considers other related issues. The aim is to provide an objective comparative assessment of these options that could be used as a qualitative guide in process selection or improvement.

Jan 1, 2013

By F. Melo, M. Pawlik

Fine coal aggregation in concentrated coal-water suspensions was studied through steady-state rheological measurements. The wettability of coal particles was modified by dry oxidation of a bituminous coal. The degree of hydrophobicity was monitored using film flotation. The rheological measurements revealed that hydrophobic coal particles aggregate in aqueous suspensions, over a wide pH range, and produce slurries with high yield stresses. As the degree of coal oxidation increases, the coal particles become more hydrophilic and such suspensions exhibit lower yield stresses values. The yield stress values for suspensions prepared from oxidized/hydrophilic coal become a strong function of pH and correlate well with the surface charge as determined through electroacoustic measurements. These results indicate that the yield stress of aqueous suspensions of coal, and hence coal particles aggregation, is strongly affected by the wettability of coal particles.

Jan 1, 2004

By M. Souley, G. Armand, M. Ghoreychi, D. Seyedi, J. -B. Kazmierczak

"An anisotropic constitutive model is proposed in this paper accounting for both structural anisotropy and induced anisotropic plasticity. It is assumed that the rock is composed of a matrix and of potential planes of weakness. The matrix is assumed to be linear, transversely isotropic and the plasticity is described by a non linear yield function where the parameters are deduced from the nonlinear Hoek-Brown envelopes in pre- and post-peak, and derived from the laboratory characterization. A non-associated flow rule is used with a distinction between compression and extensional stress paths, as well as the absence of volumetric strain beyond large plastic distortion.The planes of weakness are considered as known a priori or assumed to be oriented perpendicular to the direction of the current minor principal stress. An elastic-perfectly plastic behavior according to the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is assumed in the planes of weakness; while the elastic part is considered as linear and transversely isotropic.Finally, the proposed model was implemented in FLAC3D and used to simulate triaxial compressions to provide a verification of the implementation. The applicability of the implemented model to reproduce damage (pre-peak) and/or failure developments around a circular opening is checked. The GCS drift, one of the mine-by experiments set up at the main level of the Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory, is selected for this first application."

Jan 1, 2015

By Keith Jones, Largo Albert

"Decelerometer testing of a rigid guide system in a mine shaft pro vides usefuI information to operating and maintenance people. High acceleration/deceleration rates can lead to high maintenance costs to bath conveyances and shaft and can also present an operating risk . Possible disastrous results in the shaft have been avoided by restricting the maximum conveyance speed until the shaft and/ or conveyance problems have been solved.The test instrument is a valuable aid especially during commissioning or updating of a hoisting installation. High acceleration/deceleration rates also lead to reduced hoist rope life. During the past fourteen years, a total of 15,000,000 feet of testing was performed in 74 assorted shaft compartments.Based on this experience, it is possible to establish acceptable conveyance maximum speeds provided that all other conditions in the shaft compartment are normal. The body of the paper will present examples of several tests made under actual operating conditions.IntroductionMore and more mine operators are recognizing the real value in the use of the decelerometer for determining the state of shaft guide alignment in their shaft compartments , not only during the initial mine start-up periods, but also on a regular basis while the mine is in production.Decelerometer testing, is a technique in which an accelerometer , commonly known as a decelerometer, is used for measuring conveyance acceleration/deceleration in a lateral plane. lts purpose is to determine the severity of shock loads produced by misaligned shaft guides. Testing is performed by mounting the instrument on the conveyance and operating the conveyance (empty and loaded) at various speeds up to and including full speed . However, full speed may not be attained due to conditions indicated by the tests. These conditions may present an operating risk to the plant."

Jan 1, 1984

By Adil Aledresse, Louis Mercier, Laxman Amaratunga

"The development of high capacity adsorbents with uniform porosity denoted, MP-HMS (Mercaptopropyl – Hexagonal Mesoporous Structure) using nanotechnology, and their ability to extract gold from solution, is presented. The preparation of highly effective heavy metal ion adsorbents by the incorporation of thiol moieties into the pore channels of mesoporous silica molecular sieves has been the subject of many nanotechnology research investigations. The unique feature of these nanoporous adsorbents is their ability to adsorb gold ions from ultra-low concentration solutions like mine effluent as well as from leached solutions in gold mills. The preliminary studies from laboratory simulated gold solutions show that the adsorption capacities of these materials are also among the highest reported. MP-HMS has shown the capability to adsorb 370 mg gold per one gram of the nanomaterials from Tetrachloroaurate solution (up to 37% of their weight). Experimental studies indicated that the maximum adsorption of gold (as high as 99.9% recovery). The current studies will be extended to investigate the interaction of ionic gold complexes with nanomaterials. Future development of this work may lead to either to replace the conventional CIP/CIL processes or use nanomaterials in tandem with the former, suggesting plausible use of mesoporous material in pulp, MIP or in leach, MIL, as a novel gold extraction process.INTRODUCTIONGold typically occurs at very low concentrations in ores less than 10 g/t or 0.001% (mass basis). At these concentrations the use of aqueous chemical (hydrometallurgical) extraction processes is the only economically viable method of extracting the gold from the ore. Typical hydrometallurgical gold recovery involves a leaching step followed by the separation of the gold bearing solution from the residues, or adsorption of the gold onto activated carbon adsorbent. After elution from the activated carbon the gold is further concentrated by precipitation or electrodeposition."

Jan 1, 2008

By Vincent Roy

Numerous on going activities at the Daniel-Johnson Dam : ? Surveillance / monitoring ; ? Structural investigations & evaluation ; ? Injection work ; ? Crack mapping ; ? Instrumentation management (drawings & inventory) ; ? Drainage system state ; ? Foundation evaluation

Aug 1, 2013

By T. A. Lazier, C. S. Longley

"Paymaster Consolidated Mines, Limited, owns several groups of claims in various parts of the Porcupine district. The area in which mining has been carried on includes parts of lots 5, 6, and 7, con. 1, Tisdale township, and twelve adjoining claims in Deloro township to the south. Highway No. 67A between South Porcupine and Timmins crosses the property.The discovery of the Dome mine in 1909 caused a rush of prospectors to the district and in a few weeks practically all territory adjacent to the Dome was staked. At that time work was started on the West Dome, West Dome Lake, Apex, and Standard properties. These were consolidated in 1930 to form the present Company. Gold was produced from the West Dome Lake from 1915 to 1930, and from the Standard-Paymaster from 1922 to 1928. The total production of the previous and present companies from 1915 to November 30, 1946, has been 487,170 oz. gold and 149,342 oz. silver from 2,337,554 tons of ore."

Jan 1, 1954

By Dennis E. Bell

"This paper describes exploration and development to 1982 in the southern half of the northeastern British Columbia (Peace River or Northeast Block) inner foothills metallurgical coal belt. Gates Formation, Fort St. John Group, is the primary target; Gething Formation, Bullhead Group, is secondary. This part of the belt remains wilderness when compared to its other parts. Practical formational and structural mapping is described. A local problem known as the Secus Mountain or Mount Belcourt conglomerates is discussed. The three major explorers have been Denison Mines, PetroCanada, and Crows Nest Resources, all with partners. Initial mine construction and rail spur construction are continuing. The new town of Tumbler Ridge is being built. Introduction This paper describes exploration and development to 1982 in the southern half of the northeast British Columbia metallurgical coal belt. The area (Fig. 1) trends 120 km northwest from the Alberta border to the Wolverine River and Bullmoose Creek. The belt averages 15 km in width, and is 20 km at its widest. Physiographically, the area is dominated by rugged inner foothills, with relief to 1,500 m. The trend of the structures is transected by a dozen rivers flowing southwest to northeast away from the Continental Divide. The Rockies, lying immediately to the west, control the climate. One fact continues to colour all coal work in the area. When compared to the other parts of the western Canadian foothills and Rockies coking belt, it remains the least accessible and least mapped portion. Lack of access also makes all work expensive. Current activity centres about two mines in construction at the northwestern end of the area. Denison Mines and partners are developing their Quintette project, and Teck Corporation and partners are developing their Bullmoose project. PetroCanada and partners have intensively explored their Monkman-Duke Mounta,in project, but mine construction awaits better economic times. The rest of the area remains lightly explored, with the exception of some intensive work on particular structures by Denison and Petro-Canada. The focus of coal work has been metallurgical bituminous coal seams contained primarily in the Gates Formation (Fig. 2) and secondarily in the Gething Formation. These formations are found in generally en-echelon structures ranging to several kilometres in width."

Jan 1, 1985