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By Michael DeLallo

Clean Coal Technology (CCT) ?Technologies designed to enhance both the efficiency and the environmental acceptability of coal extraction, preparation and use?. These technologies reduce emissions, reduce wastes, and increase the amount of energy gained form each ton of coal extracted and converted into energy. ?? Carbon Capture and Sequestration are an integral part of CCT either as constructed or on a future retrofit basis.

May 1, 2008

By R. Pot

"IntroductionTHE PURPOSE of this paper is to discuss briefly the main logging and testing devices presently at our disposal, to point out some of their limitations, and to suggest possible improvements of the techniques.Some of the more important devices .are those that are used in:(1) Coring(2) Formation testing(3) Electric well logging(4) Radioactive well logging(5) Measuring of bottom hole pressures(6) Sampling of reservoir fluidsThe first four of these procedures are concerned with the well while it is in the process of drilling. The last two are carried out as soon as possible after a well has been brought into production and .at intervals during its life. My remarks will be concerned mostly with certain aspects of formation testing. The reservoir engineer is dependent on the information derived from these operations in order to obtain a clear picture of the conditions in a reservoir and to enable him to assess and forecast its future behaviour.Since any calculation is no better than the data on which it is based, not enough emphasis can be placed on the necessity for the testing and logging equipment to be of the highest quality and for the analysis of the results obtained to be thorough."

Jan 1, 1952

By A. M. Abdel-Rehim

The present work reports a study of production of thorium concentrate from Egyptian monazite by decomposition of ammonium carbonate solutions containing ammonium thorium and uranyl carbonate complexes. These solutions were obtained from the processing of monazite by alkaline leaching in ball-mill autoclaves, followed by selective separation of thorium and uranium from lanthanides by autoclave leaching of the hydroxide cake obtained with ammonium carbonate - bicarbonate solutions. The separation of thorium and uranium in the form of thorium concentrate from their carbonate complexes was achieved by different methods, including neutralization of solutions at pH = 6.7 by acid, addition of alkali at pH = 11.5, heating of solution at 100°C and processing of carbonate solution with steam under pressure in steel autoclaves. Processing of solutions of thorium and uranyl carbonate complexes in an autoclave with steam causes their decomposition. Complete recovery of thorium 99.8% and 98.4% uranium recovery in thorium concentrate was attained at 120°C and steam pressure 2 atm, within 10 min. Meanwhile, the recovery of lanthanides was low and did not exceed 1.1%. The thorium concentrate produced contains 67.82% Th, 4.6% U and 3.14% REE. All methods achieve complete separation of thorium and uranium from their carbonate solutions, but the first two methods are unfavourable for the industry due to the high cost of reagents and their inability to regenerate the ammonium carbonate. The decomposition of ammonium thorium and uranyl carbonate complexes with steam under pressure is recommended for industrial application for its simplicity and the ability to regenerate the ammonium carbonate.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. J. Fruehan

Oxygen steelmaking (OSM) is not only the dominant steelmaking process but defines the structure of the industry. There are a number of myths regarding the future of OSM, which are false. These myths include that the EAF will become the dominant process in the near future, it is less costly to produce steel in an EAF and OSM is a mature technology and no new developments are occurring. These myths are shown to be false. Selected new developments are discussed such as post combustion, recycling of waste oxides, slag splashing and sensors.

Jan 1, 2004

By G. Goodall, D. Mercier, M. Brochu, C. Kaplin

A nanostructured CoNiCrAlY coating was obtained by thermally spraying cryomilled feedstock powder using the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process. The oxidation behavior of the nanostructured powder and coating were compared to their conventional counterparts by performing static oxidation tests at 1000°C for durations ranging from 1 to 96 hours. It has been found that oxidation of the conventional powder yielded a duplex oxide scale composed of an inner layer of Al2O3 and an outer layer composed of Cr2O3, NiAl2O4 and other spinels. Interestingly, oxidation of the as-sprayed nanostructured coating yielded a similar duplex oxide scale while oxidation of the polished coating resulted in a single Al2O3 layer. These findings indicated that surface oxide seeds act as nucleation sites for the growth of the mixed oxide layer. Also, it was determined that nanostructuring of the coating promotes the nucleation and growth of a single and adherent a-Al2O3 layer by increasing both the number of diffusion channels and the aluminum concentration at grain boundaries.

Jan 1, 2010

By G. F. Doggett

In describing accounting methods at Lake Shore Mines, it is the intention of the writer to limit the discussion to the principal features of the system used in securing cost figures and other statistics. The subject can be conveniently treated under the following divisions: (1) Time-keeping and Labour Distribution (2) Supplies: Handling and Distribution (3) Method of Assembling Data for Cost Purposes (4) Details of Operating Costs Time-Keeping and Labour Distribution After a new employee has gone through the routine of being 'hired on', he is assigned an employment number corresponding with the group applying to his occupation. This is for identification purposes in the plant and time office. He is also given an individual serial number, the use of which will be refer-red to later. On entering and leaving the plant, each employee passes through the clock room adjoining the time office, where he registers the time in and out on time recorders, on the clock card (Figure 1) bearing his name and number. It is the duty each morning of the time clerk to extend the hours worked by each employee, as indicated by the clock for the previous day, and at the end of the half-month period the total hours are multiplied by the rate and entered in the space provided for total wages at the bottom of the card.

Jan 1, 1935

By T. Hidayat, D. Shishin, V. Prostakova, M. Shevchenko

The chemical compositions of copper feed streams are becoming increasingly complex following the growing demand for metals and corresponding shortages of primary sources. The optimisation of process conditions requires an accurate description of phase equilibria and thermodynamics. Integrated experimental and thermodynamic modelling research program on the characterisation of the complex, multi-component, multi-phase gas-slag-matte-speiss-metal-solids Cu2O-PbO-ZnO-Al2O3- CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2-S-(As-Bi-Ni-Sb-Sn-Ag-Au) system is being carried out to support companies undertaking the pyrometallurgical primary production and recycling of copper. The experiments involve high temperature equilibration in controlled gas atmospheres, rapid quenching and direct measurement of equilibrium phase compositions with quantitative microanalytical techniques, including electron probe X- ray microanalysis and Laser Ablation ICP-MS. The thermodynamic modelling is undertaken using FactSage computer package with advanced thermodynamic solution models. The continuing development of research methodologies has resulted in significant advances in research outcomes. Implementation of the results of these fundamental studies involves an ongoing collaboration of researchers and industry technologists. An overview of recent progress in research, implementation and applications in industrial practice are given in the paper. INTRODUCTION Rapidly developing technologies increase the demand for various metals in number and volumes. Modern technological devices such as mobile phones, computers, other electronic devices, have dozens of metals—all those metals have to be a) produced and b) recycled. The fast transition in mobility from fossil energy delivered through combustion to renewable energy first stored in bakeries and delivered through electric engines introduce a significant change in the metal demand in terms of both type and volume of metals. Pyrometallurgy is playing a key role in supporting these changes in our industrialised society.

Jan 1, 2019

By Samuel O. Akande

"Gold occurs as native metal, in electrum, and in a telluride mineral in quartz carbonate veinlets of three vein systems at the Ross Mine, northern Ontario. The 14 Vein System is made up predominantly of concordant veinlets within layered ankeritic dolomite stratabound by, and conformable with, andesite tuff Individual veinlets contain pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tennantite, pearceite, proustite, native gold and electrum in a matrix of quartz, dolomite, ankerite and calcite. The 2B Vein System is made up of both concordant and discordant veinlets within andesite tuffs. The veinlets contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bornite, tennantite and free gold in quartz, calcite and dolomite. The 18 Vein System is comprised of stockwork veinlets in and around intrusive syenite which has both sharp and gradational contacts with enclosing andesite tuff The veinlets contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, native gold and calaverite. Sulphide and silicate minerals in veinlets and wall rocks are stable assemblages for the regional metamorphism of greenschist rank. ,The 14 Vein System is interpreted as a metalliferous siliceous carbonate chemical sediment, the components of which were leached from the underlying volcanic rocks by convecting sea water and subsequently deposited on the sea floor between the extrusion of flows and pyroclastic rocks. Subsequent regional metamorphism and intrusions remobilized and redistributed the syngenetic stratabound material into dilatant fractures in adjacent tuff, as in the 2B and the 18 vein systems."

Jan 1, 1982

By S. Flewelling, M. Scobie, G. R. Baiden

"SynopsisA feasibility study to develop a research program, the Mine Automation Plan (MAP), was recently completed. This was undertaken by a team comprised of Inco Ltd., Falconbridge Limited, the Canadian Centre for Automation and Robotics in Mining (CCARM) and the Centre for Resource Studies (CRS). The study was sponsored by PRECARN Associates, which is a consortium of thirty-six Canadian companies focussed on research and development in artificial intelligence and robotics. PRECARN Associates was formed in 1987 when a number of research proposals were funded in the fields of process control systems, robotics systems and intelligent engineering systems. In July 1991, PRECARN accepted the next round of proposals for research. The MAP project was one of the successful proposals, being awarded $100,000 for the development of a feasibility study defining a long-term R&D plan for underground hardrock mining automation.The development of the feasibility study started by addressing the fundamental structure of the mining process, and its relationship to the metallurgical process, over-all infrastructure support and management systems (Fig. I).Mining may be considered as comprising five subprocesses: (I) delineation; (2) development; (3) production; (4) backfilling; and (5) infrastructure support services. Within these subprocesses many applications for artificial intelligence and robotics exist. The mining process is dependent upon the interaction between the physical mining process and information. For example, the delineation process is dependent on geomechanical, geochemical and geophysical techniques to develop a model of the orebody based upon access to such data. This same relationship between the physical and information models holds true through the development, production, backfill and infrastructure support systems.The foundation for the MAP study has been the recent development by Inco Ltd. of an underground communications system (Fig. 2). The system has the ability to supply high bandwidth communications, over voice, data and video to mobile and stationary locations within the mining operation. It is seen to be the future backbone of a comprehensive, automated information system which should permit the application of the concept of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) to underground mining. CIM, through the automated flow of information, has been successful in integrating the engineering, production and various support groups in manufacturing."

Jan 1, 1994

By David Stephenson, Hugo Granados, Steven Klohn

"HudBay’s Constancia project is a copper molybdenum concentrator located in southern Peru. In 2010 Ausenco was contracted to perform a feasibility study optimization review which resulted in an improved design with significantly increased throughput capacity at a minimal increase in capital cost. Construction began in 2012 with commercial operation commencing in May 2015. This paper outlines the process plant design as well as describing the plant’s major equipment selections, start-up and early operations experiences.IntroductionHudBay Mineral’s Constancia project is located at 4200 meters above sea level (masl) in southern Peru, approximately 630 km south-east of Lima, Peru. The property can be accessed by road from Cusco, Peru, (approximately 110 km to the north), or from Arequipa, Peru (approximately 215 km to the south). Matarani, accessed via Arequipa, is the closest port.Constancia is located within the Yauri-Andahuaylas metallogenic belt. The region contains several large copper-gold-molybdenum porphyry deposits such as Antapaccay (by Glencore) and Los Chancas (by Grupo Mexico), and copper skarn deposits such as Tintaya (by Glencore) and Las Bambas (by MMG). Constancia’s ore reserves contain copper and molybdenum with trace amounts of gold and silver.Ore is mined by an open-pit operation. The process plant recovers copper and molybdenum concentrates, storing tailings in a conventional tailings management facility. Infrastructure at the site includes a grid power supply (via a 70 km overhead transmission line from Tintaya), water supply, workshops and an accommodation camp. Mine life is 22 years.Site construction works began in 2012 with first copper concentrate produced in late 2014. The project was executed for approximately 1.75B$USD.Ausenco’s design approach focussed on developing a capital efficient copper molybdenum concentrator. This paper outlines key features incorporated in the concentrator design, plant layout and equipment selection, as well as start-up experiences and early operational results."

Jan 1, 2016

By Claude Bazin

The Quebec province in Canada is a major producer of aluminium through electrolysis of alumina. The alumina that feeds the electrolysis cells is mainly imported from foreign countries, where it is extracted from bauxite. Other alumina sources, such as clays, have sometimes been considered as potential substitutes for bauxite. There is a large clay deposit in the area of Murdochville in Quebec, with sulfuric acid and electricity available nearby the orebody, as well as sea port facilities leading to the major aluminium plants in Quebec. These are favorable factors to assess the economics of an industrial plant to produce alumina from clays. This paper reviews some of the processes considered for the extraction of alumina from clays and presents results of the initial work carried out on the clay available from Murdochville.

May 1, 2001

By Robert P. Harrison, Marie-Christine Patoinel, Kristian E. Waters

This paper describes a collaboration between McGill University and Hatch Ltd. to expose undergraduate students to real-world industrial projects. As part of the final-year design course, the students receive a detailed lecture on Scale-Up of New Technologies', including seven case studies drawn from over fifty years of full-scale industrial projects. The students are taught the basic concepts of scale-up, including the limits of pure theory and the need for empiricism. Insights from real scale-up failures and successes are fictionalized as Projects A, B, C, etc. The students are then asked to identify the guiding principles that can be distilled from these case studies.

Jan 1, 2011

By David Lewin

The journey toward cleaner coal-fired power generation is driven by technological improvements, more stringent regulations around greenhouse gas and other air emissions, and the potential of one of Canada?s most abundant resources. Within this context, EPCOR is leading efforts to commercialize gasification technology to produce electricity with near-zero emissions. By turning coal, oxygen, and water into synthesis gas through a gasification process ? and then capturing CO2 ? it is possible to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas and smog-related emissions. EPCOR is conducting front-end engineering and design work on an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle technology (IGCC) utility-scale plant ? in conjunction with the Canadian Clean Power Coalition ? at its Genesee site, west of Edmonton. EPCOR, the Alberta Energy Research Institute, and Natural Resources Canada have each contributed $11 million to the $33 million project. A critical element of the project features the capture of CO2, which would be piped underground for long-term sequestration, or for use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The combination of IGCC and CO2 sequestration, at this scale, has not been used anywhere else in the world.

May 1, 2008

By R. Pelton, Z. Dai, S. Yang

ABSTRACT Hydrophobic polystyrene nanoparticles were evaluated as potential flotation collectors for pentlandite. The flotation of hydrophilic glass beads demonstrated the nanoparticles’ ability to induce flotation. Deposition of nanoparticles on glass surfaces increased the contact angle and enhanced adhesion of the beads to air bubbles. High flotation recoveries were achieved when 5–10% of the bead surfaces were covered with nanoparticles. Surface functionalization—the addition of vinylimidazole to polystyrene nanoparticle surfaces—caused the nanoparticles to selectively deposit onto pentlandite surfaces in the presence of Mg-Si slimes. Ongoing work includes attempts to identify specific applications where nanoparticle collectors might be cost effective. _ KEYWORDS Flotation, Nanoparticle collector, Coverage

Jan 1, 2014

By O. A. Ojo, D. L. Chen, N. Zhou, J. Q. Zhang, A. K. Khan

Dual phase (DP) steels are designed to consist of hard martensite dispersed in a relatively soft ferrite matrix, which offers a favorable combination of high strength with good deformability. Fiber laser welding (FLW) is becoming increasingly important for joining advanced materials due to its flexibility and deep penetration. In this study, the microstructure of a dual phase steel, DP980, welded by FLW technique was carefully analysed. Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulation coupled with analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the FLW process produced significant microstructural changes in a narrow heat affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ), which can result in dramatic changes in mechanical properties. This is reflected in the micro-hardness profile obtained across the welded material. The salient phase transitions induced by the FLW, including the formation of new martensite grains in the upper-critical HAZ and FZ, are discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Doggett

All 231 Canadian primary gold mines that produced from 1946 to 2004 were analyzed with respect to their production and economic characteristics. Trend analysis revealed that the average annual capacity of Canadian gold mines, as measured by ore processed or gold produced, has increased over time. Conversely, the average grade of gold mines has decreased over time. The distribution of gold output is highly uneven: for example, the 22 giant mines producing more than 100 t (metric tonnes) of gold account for 62% of total output. Small mines producing less than 10 t Au account for 54% of total mines, but less than 4% of total gold. Each historical mine in the database was evaluated on the basis of a set of economic and technical assumptions to determine if it would be economic to develop today. Based on the net present value using an 8% discount rate, only 103 of the 231 mines were determined to be economic. About 80% of the uneconomic mines had less than 10 t of contained gold, and 63% had less than 5 t. It is concluded that these small mines would not be viable today due to a combination of real capital cost increases, and more stringent permitting and environmental regulations. The implication is that future gold supply in Canada will hinge on the discovery and development of a new generation of larger mines. Given that only one giant mine has been discovered in the past 20 years, it seems likely that gold output will decrease in the future.

Jan 1, 2007

By William A. Price

The objective of this paper is to outline the approaches used in British Columbia to address the challenges posed by metal leaching and acid rock drainage (ML/ARD). Challenges include the large financial costs, the need for site-specific assessments, the large information requirements, the need for mitigation measures to be designed and financed in a manner that permits long-term performance, the lack of long-term operating experience, the ongoing changes in many important processes, the need for pro-active detection and resolution of concerns, difficulties in predicting the potential for ARD or significant metal leaching, the need for new tools, and the multidisciplinary, highly specialized nature of the work. Consequently, mines must be planned, operated and closed in a manner that permits regular review, detailed monitoring and adaptive management. Proper consideration of the challenges involved, including a plan of how all outstanding concerns will be addressed, studies to address areas of significant uncertainty and caution in the absence of the required understanding, should ensure environmentally safe practices in the future.

Nov 1, 2002

By J. T. Fyles, C. G. Hewlett

"THE REEVES MACDONALD mine is in the Sa Imo-Pend d'Oreille mining area of southeastern British Columbia. It is on the Nelway-Waneta road 4 miles west of the border-crossing point of Nelway. The Reeves orebody from which all production has come is one of several mineralized zones in easterly-striking limestones occurring between the Pend d'Oreille and the lower part of Salmo River.The property was originally located as two groups of claims by R. M, Reeves and J. H. McDonald. The two groups were consolidated in 1925. and extensive development work was done from then until 1930 and again in 1937, but no ore was shipped. The mine was reopened in 1947 and, between 1949 and 1953, 1,057,804 tons of ore was mined. Concentrates recovered contained 85,626 ounces of silver, 19,394,092 pounds of lead, 72,076,495 pounds of zinc, and 455,051 pounds of cadmium. Low metal prices forced the mine to close in 1953, but operations were resumed in November, 1955.The orebodies at the Reeves MacDonald mine are steeply plunging lead and zinc sulphide replacement deposits in a banded limestone named the Reeves limestone. The orebodies contain pyrite, honey-coloured sphalerite, and galena, and are surrounded by a dolomitized zone. In the Reeves orebody, where the relationships are known, the dolomite has the same general shape as the orebody. Four zones of sulphides are known on the property (see Figure 1). Three of these, the Reeves, B. L., and O'Donnell, are believed to be faulted segments of one mineralized zone. The fourth, the Point ore zone, exposed on the north bank of the Pend d'Oreille River, is not developed and its structural position is not known, but it appears to be a separate deposit."

Jan 1, 1949

By H. Tsuruta, A. Fujibayashi, I. Sumi, A. Murao, R. Murai

Injection of biomass into blast furnace as alternative reducing agent is so effective for the purpose of mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions from steel industries, because biomass is considered to be carbon neutral raw materials. Certain amount of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) is abandoned after Palm oil extraction process. To use as a reducing agent of blast furnace, PKS was carbonized and classified by 100 mesh sieve. To examine the gasification behavior of PKS carbide under the blast furnace conditions, several combustion experiments were conducted using hot model experimental furnace. The experimental results showed that the gasification efficiency of PKS carbide increased as the quantity of volatile matter increased. This tendency is the almost the same for the pulverized coal, so carbide of PKS can be used at blast furnace at appropriate amount of volatile matter that can be controlled by carbonization condition. In addition, the pressure drop of the furnace tends to decrease because the amount of ash in PKS carbide may be smaller than that of pulverized coal. PKS carbide is a suitable reducing agent in that respect.

Jan 1, 2015

By F. Ajersch, A. R. Hekmat

Apparent viscosities of hypo-eutectic (Al-7% Al) and hyper-eutectic (Al-35% Si) binary alloys were measured in the semi-solid state using a Couette type viscometer at variable shear rates. Analysis of the microstructural evolution demonstrates the differences in the rate and degree of attrition of the primary phase particles which are characteristic of the thixotropic nature of the semi-solid alloy. It was observed that the Si primary phase in the hyper-eutectic alloy is much more difficult to fragment than the dendritic a-Al phase in the hypo-eutectic alloy. For the case of the a-Al, the dendritic structure is broken down by attrition and fracture of the dendrite arms whereas the fracture of the Si hexagonal crystals in the hypereutectic alloy occurs along the {100} and {110} cleavage planes. Results are presented for fixed solid fractions of the primary phase at isotherm condition for each type of alloy.

Jan 1, 2006