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Improve the safety and reduce the cost of longwall entry support. Approach Replace the conventional wood cribbing with stronger, non-rotting and lower cost cribbing made of steel-fiber-reinforced (SFR) concrete. How It Works Conventional concrete can suddenly fail under excessive compression loads, but adding steel fibers to the concrete, before it is mixed with water, changes the failure mode to a gradual and controlled failure characteristic similar to wood. A system for making SFR concrete crib blocks was designed and developed (or use in constructing walls and cribs to support coal mine roofs. The SFR concrete cribbing is stronger and stiffer than wood, and avoids wood's disadvantages of: flammability, deterioration under chemical or bacteriological attack, methane generation, and relatively high cost. Use of SFR concrete also allows freer movement of miners, equipment, and ventilation air, because much less volume of SFR concrete is required than wood for a given amount of support, and because the roof-to-floor closure is greatly reduced by the stiffer supports.

Jan 1, 1981

Continuous remote sensing of methane concentration in underground mines. Approach A methane transducer, developed as a fixed point rib-or face-mounted operating device, measures ambient levels of methane and produces a signal that is proportional to the measured concentration. How It Works The methane transducer, developed under contract for the Bureau of Mines, uses a catalytic-type sensor which will detect methane concentration. The transducer is mounted vertically, as shown. This type of mounting minimizes dust accumulation on the sensing element, which might cause degraded operation. The unit must not be located in an area where water can continuously drip or run on It. The transducer generates an electrical signal proportional to methane concentration at the sensor. A sensor failure output indicates the status of the sensing element A circuit within the methane transducer detects whether the sensing element is shorted or open. A high signal (approximately 8 Vdc) on the failure output Indicates the sensor element is operating In Its normal range. A low output (less than 1 Vdc) indicates an element fault. The methane transducer, enclosed in a stainless steel

Jan 1, 1982

By Steven R. Munts

The U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated mines, prospects, and mineralized areas in the South Providence Wilderness Study Area (WSA) in 1982. No mines are currently operating in the WSA, however, the Golden Gift Mine in the southeastern part of the WSA produced $6,800 1/ worth of gold and silver and five mines adjacent to the east boundary of the WSA had a total production of about $3,500,000 1/ in gold, silver, lead, and copper. There is no recorded placer gold production. Over 350 lode and placer mining claims are in and immediately adjacent to the WSA. Of these, 74 were actively held (1982) and at least one area, which is partly within the northeast portion of the WSA, was being actively explored by private industry in 1982. Adjacent to the southeastern border of the WSA the Big Horn Mine contains an estimated 200,000 tons of indicated and inferred marginal reserves averaging 0.25 oz/ton gold; and the Hidden Hill Mine has 550 tons of subeconomic resources averaging 0.60 oz/ton gold. An additional 11,000 tons of marginally economic gold-bearing dump reserves average 0.17 oz/ton gold at the Bighorn, Hidden Hill, and the Buena Vista Mines and the Midas Touch Prospect. Sample analyses indicate eight mines and prospects in, and five adjacent to the WSA may have additional gold-silver-lead-copper vein-type resources. Five of these prospect areas may have a disseminated gold resource and one may have gold resources in a skarn. One prospect may have a porphyry-type copper-molybdenum resource. Although gold placer claims were filed sporadically throughout the WSA, none appears to have placer gold resources. Likelihood for mining is greatest at the Big Horn Mine; if a mill is built there, it could process Big Horn Mine ore, ore from the Hidden Hill Mine, and gold-bearing dumps at the Big Horn, Hidden Hill, and Buena Vista Mines and the Midas Touch Prospect. All of these resources are adjacent to the WSA; however, their development would increase likelihood for development of resources in the WSA. Two major fault zones (the Hidden Hill, and the Big Horn) appear to have controlled the mineralization at many of the prospects and mines. All of the prospects or mines with vein-type occurrences and resources are on or adjacent to one of these fault zones. Veins throughout the eastern half of the WSA contain various amounts of gold, silver, and copper; only veins near the Big Horn Mine and in the northeastern corner of the WSA contain lead. Some veins are as thick as 6 ft, are traceable intermittently for over 2 mi along strike, are sporadically mineralized, are encased in prophylitic, argillic, and phyllic altered host rock, contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, specularite, barite, or fluorite, and display multiple stages of quartz veining and (or) brecciation. Sample analyses at five prospects (map nos. 3, 18, 23, 24, and 31) indicate they may have disseminated gold resources. To date no oil or gas has been discovered within the WSA. However, some oil and gas leases are currently (August 1982) held within this study area.

Jan 1, 1984

By Jeff Kravitz, John Kovac, Wayne Duerr

Since 198 1, Federal mining law has required every miner working in underground coal mines to have a self-contained, self-rescuer (SCSR) available for use in emergencies. Some miners that have escaped from fires using SCSR's have reported that they had to remove their mouthpiece to talk during escape, thus compromising the protection afforded by the SCSR. If miners are in thick smoke during an escape, they may have trouble if they become separated from their group. The visibility can be so poor that separation can occur at very short distances. To address this problem, two-way, FM radios were built into the SCSR to improve the ability to communicate should the miners be separated over relatively short distances. The SCSR prototypes built and used in testing included both two-way radios and improved mouthpieces. Comparison studies were conducted using combinations of the new and old mouthpieces, and trials using the radio or not using the radio. Subjective judgments indicate that communication ability was significantly improved using the prototype devices. Communication problems have been encountered with teams using standard voice- powered communications systems. Mine rescue teams perform rescue and recovery work under extremely hazardous conditions, life lines are a standard part of mine rescue team equipment. Leaky feeder and quasi-leaky feeder life line communications systems provide significant improvements over standard systems. These improved systems allow all members of the team to communicate with each other and their base of operations. These innovations will significantly enhance the safety of mine rescue operations.

By Henry Kreisinger, John Blizard

This preliminary statement presents some of the results of tests carried out at the Lakeside Station of the Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Co. , by the fuel section of the U. S. Bureau of Mines , in cooperation with the research department of the Combustion Engineering Corporation of New York . The object of these tests was to determine the thermal efficiency , ease of operation , and other particulars of a boiler equipped with specially designed furnace and burners for burning powdered coal . The boiler tested haş 13380 square feet of heating surface , and is one of eight boilers equipped with the Lopulco powdered coal system supplying steam to two 20,000 -Kw . steam turbines in the largest power house burning powdered coal . Twenty- six tests were run at rates of heat transference varying from 4000 to 8000 B.t.u. per square foot of boiler heating surface , and the mean thermal efficiency attained was about 84 per cent , based on the gross calorific value of the fuel as fired . The efficiency varied little with the rate of steaming , and its high value is accounted for by the small loss from incomplete combustion and the small amount of excess air which varied from 5 to 36 per cent . The coal burned had a gross calorific value of about 11500 to 12800 B.t.u. per pound , contained 2 to 5 per cent moisture , 33 to 36 per cent volatile matter and 9 to 13 per cent ash, and was so ground thaf 89 to 95 per cent would pass through a 100- mesh sieve . The ash had a softening point of 2150 to 2450 degrees F. , but did not fuse together at the bottom of the furnace because it was partly protected from the flame radiation by means of a series of water tubes connected to the boiler which were placed between the fumace bottom and the flame, ..

Jan 1, 1923

By Charles E. Whieldon

Data on the oil fields in Mahoning Columbiana, Carroll, Jefferson, and Harrison Counties, Ohio, were collected from scattered sources and com- piled to make the information readily available to operators who may be interested in conducting secondary-recovery operations in the area. General geology, oil production, oil-productive acreage, core data, reservoir calculations by townships, and miscellaneous data and reference material are presented.

Jan 1, 1965

By W. H. Ode, W. A. Selvig

Briefly, this swelling test consists in heating 1 gram of pulverized coal in a silica crucible over a gas flame under prescribed conditions to form a coke button which is compared in size and shape with a series of standard profiles numbered 1 to 9. These profiles are intended to cover the size and shape of buttons obtained from coals covering a wide range in plastic properties. The number of the standard profile with which the maximum cross-sectional area of the button most nearly corresponds is recorded as the swelling index. Although the swelling test showed poor relationships with the various tests that were used for measuring expansion or contraction of coal during carbonization, it gave indications of having value in measuring free-swelling and coking properties of coals when burned on fuel tests. An opportunity to investigate this occurred when an engineering company reported pronounced differences in burning characteristics on grates of various shipments of Pocahontas coal. Some of these coals gave trouble by swelling excessively and clogging the grate. Samples were obtained, and it was found that the troublesome coals gave radically higher free-swelling numbers than did the coals that performed satisfactorily. Also, it was found that the free-swelling index test gave better differentiation between coals than could be obtained from the coke buttons from the standard volatile-matter test or iron agglutination-value results. The results of the free-swelling test were confirmed by the Subcommittee on Plasticity and Swelling, Coal, a special group of the Subcommittee, under the chairmanship of R.A. Shuman, worked along with the test method. Estberg, Limacher, and Shuman of the Battelle Memorial Institute investigated the various factors affecting the test and found that the swelling index was a good indication of the suitability of coal for performance on residential-type stokers from the swelling characteristics of the coal. Data were presented that also showed that the index was helpful in the selection of coal for industrial underfeed stokers.

Feb 1, 1948

By Will H. Coghill, F. D. DeVaney

"Many of the iron ore deposits on the western end of the Mesabi Range Minnesota consist of the so-called ''wash ores."" Because of their high silica content these ores must be washed or concentrated to make them merchantable. Washing plants have been in operation for 20 years, during this period large quantities of tailings have accumulated in tailings ponds. These tailings contain the aggregate millions of tons of iron oxides which, if recovered, would greatly to the available tonnages and to the revenues of the mining companies. It the purpose of this paper to outline give results of concentration tests on tailings.In order that the reader may understand more clearly the type of material under consideration, a short description of the characteristics of the wash ores of the Western Mesabi Range and a brief resume a washing methods that have been are now being employed will be given. Appleby and Newton4 In their description of the district and of the ores say:The Western Mesabi district embraces the territory west of the town of Nashwauk in Itasca County. The territory to the east of this dividing line is known as the Central and Eastern Mesabi district. This subdivision is rot wholly arbitrary. While the ore bodies in the two districts resemble each other in. shape, size, and general structure, there is a marked and very important difference in the character of the respective ores. For purposes of comparison, the western deposits have been called washable ore bodies, and the central and eastern, standard ore bodies. The latter ores are the result of natural concentration processes which have teen carried far enough to produce a large proportion of high-grade ore Wet can be marketed direct; the Western Mesabi ores present a lesser degree of natural concentration and are as a rule of too low grade to admit of marketing without preliminary treatment. In many cases the grade can be improved by washing, hence the material is called washable ore. Exceptions to thin general rule may be noted in both districts. Many of the Western Mesabi ore bodies contain quite a proportion of merchantable ore. There are also portions of central and eastern Mesabi ore deposits which are of low grade and which can be improved by washing."

Nov 1, 1930

By Wilton Johnson

Native asphalt was produced in 1982 by five companies in two States, Texas and Utah. Bituminous limestone, used primarily as a paving material for street and road repair, was produced by White Uvalde Mines and by Azrock Industries, Inc., Uvalde County, Tex. Historically, gilsonite, a solidified hydrocarbon found only in Utah and Colorado, had been mined by American Gilsonite Co. and by Ziegler Chemical and Mineral Corp. from properties near Bonanza, Uintah County, Utah. During 1982, Hydrocarbon Mining Co., a subsidiary of the Oberon Oil Co., entered into a joint venture with Miocene Resources Inc. of Novato, Calif, to form Hydrocarbon Resources Co. for the purpose of mining gilsonite about 50 miles south of Vernal, Uintah County, Utah. Under the agreement, Hydrocarbon Mining contributed gilsonite-bearing properties held by lease or sublease as well as mining equipment to the venture. The property contained leases totaling 760 acres with probable reserves of 268,000 tons of gilsonite. Miocene Resources provided the partnership with a minimum of $200,000 to develop two of the leases and were to be responsible for management of the mining operations.2

Jan 1, 1983

By A. T. Coumbe

The first survey 3/ covering sales of liquefied petroleum gases was made in 1930 by the Bureau of Mines, which at the time was under the United States Department of Commerce. This original canvass covered national totals for 1922 through 1929, and most of the supply came from natural gasoline plants. The 1930 report showed approximate totals for butane and propane and for butane-propane mixtures and pentane grouped together. No attempt was made to breakdown the national sales by various uses until 1931, when the quantities for domestic or household consumption, gas manufacturing, and industrial requirements, including miscellaneous uses were indicated. As the market for these liquid petroleum gases expanded and as new uses came into importance, their respective quantities were shown separately in the annual survey. Sales for internal-combustion engine fuel and for raw material for chemical plants were first taken out of the industrial total in 1936. During World War II liquefied petroleum gases became important as feed stock diverted to synthetic rubber plants, and consequently the survey was broadened to cover this particular demand, beginning in 1944. Pentane was dropped from the survey after 1943, as, being liquid at atmospheric pressure, it is not considered as one of the liquefied petroleum gases and furthermore, the quantity reported made up less than 1 percent of the total sales. Thirteen producing companies reported to the Bureau in the first survey made in 1930, and in the 1952 canvass about 130 producers--petroleum refiners and natural gasoline companies--and about 1,300 dealers cooperated by filing schedules showing a breakdown of their sales. Their 1952 deliveries of approximately 4.5 billion gallons of liquefied petroleum gases were equivalent to about 3.4 billion gallons of gasoline or 3.1 billion gallons of distillate fuel oil.

Jan 1, 1954

By Nicholas G. Theofilos

The only mining activity in Belize during 1976 involved the production of construction aggregates, which were used domestically. A comprehensive ordinance regulating mineral prospecting and mining was proposed during the year. Under the ordinance, which would supersede all grants and titles, ownership and control of all minerals except petroleum would be vested in the Government. Exxon Corp. entered into an agreement with three oil companies to achieve a majority interest in nine oil prospecting leases covering 1 million acres, mostly offshore Belize. The agreement was with Weatherford International Inc. which had 30% interest in the leases, Ajax Petroleum Co. with 40% interest, and Canadian Superior Oil Ltd, with 24% interest. A new entity, Esso Ventures Inc., was established to be responsible for conducting extensive geophysical operations and drilling an exploratory well offshore Belize.

Jan 1, 1980

WHY IS IT that smoke-abatement efforts do not bring more satisfactory results? The main reason is an incorrect estimate of the kind and size of the job. When an industrial community realizes that keeping the air clean is a project of similar magnitude to keeping streets clean, providing clean water, removing city waste, or guarding the moral atmosphere, then there maybe a real hope of success. We usually think of the project in too small terms. It is thought of as is the dog catcher or the boiler inspector--a matter of a man or two, a job or two, a small appropriation of variable and uncertain amount, to be abolished in a fit of economy and reestablished under pressure of a vigorous minority. Even so, it is surprising how much is obtained for the effort; but the community is rarely satisfied, for the job is bigger than it was conceived to be. Continuous, never-ceasing effort is required to clean up a smoky city. A few months of relaxation and the situation slips back some years of effort.

Jan 1, 1938

Surface mining of coal involves removing soil and rock that overlay coal beds in order to expose the coal. Compared to underground coal mining, surface mining generally costs less, is safer for miners, and usually results in more complete recovery of the coal. However, it also results in much more extensive, though temporary, disturbance of the land surface, which can cause serious environmental problems unless the mined land is carefully reclaimed. The earliest commercial U.S. coal production was in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania. Beginning in 1807, mining became important enough for the federal government to begin keeping statistics on annual production. During those early years of coal mining, reclamation of mine sites and Support facilities was not required by law; however, in the 1930's, as surface mining became more widespread, the idea of mandatory environmental protection and reclamation started to grow. In 1939 West Virginia enacted the first law to regulate the coal mining industry. Similar laws were enacted by Indiana in 1941, Illinois in 1943, and Pennsylvania in 1945. During that period, coal production accelerated greatly and the surface mining of coal became much more prevalent. During World War 11, the demand for coal took priority over environmental concerns, with little consideration for reclaiming the land after mining. Mining pits were not backfilled. Dangerous highwalls were left exposed. Trees and other vegetation were buried by waste material that was simply dumped down the slopes below mines. Topsoil was buried or allowed to wash away. Landslides formed on unstable hillsides. Slopes eroded rapidly because of the lack of vegetation. Polluted water collected in mine pits. Streams became clogged with sediment. Streams and rivers were frequently polluted by acid mine drainage. This vivid image of surface coal mining remains indelible in the minds of most Americans, who remain unfamiliar with modem surface coal mining methods and the changes brought about by the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act. After 1945, more coal-producing states instituted regulatory pro- grams. Many required permits for mining. Some included inspections. A few made operators post performance bonds to guarantee reclamation when mining was completed. However, due to the variations in those individual programs, it cost less to produce coal in states with less stringent reclamation requirements, giving operators in those states an economic advantage, generally at the expense of environmental quality. With the 1970's came a surge in the demand for coal resulting from the nation's need for increasing electric power generation and the uncertain supply and increased cost of imported petroleum-based fuels. The resulting increased coal production prompted a series of state laws, primarily in the West, aimed at controlling the environ- mental effects of surface mining. During the late 1960's and early 1970's, North Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, and Montana passed laws to regulate mining and reclamation. The continuing lack of uniformity among the state surface mining programs and the increase in unreclaimed land and associated pollution of water and other resources caused a growing demand for nationwide regulation of surface coal mining, both to remove the economic inequities and to is sure an acceptable standard of reclamation. After many years of debate, Congress passed the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA), which was signed into law August 3, 1977. The Act established a coordinated effort between the states and the federal government to prevent the abuses that had characterized surface coal mining in the past. The law also applied to surface disturbances created by underground coal mining.

Jan 1, 1992

By M. Beus, S. Inverson, B. Stewart

Abstract Recent ore pass failures have underlined the need for improved designs, standards, structural mon¬itoring methods and better hang-up prevention and removal tech¬niques. Researchers at the Spokane Research Laboratory of the Na¬tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are investigating methods to improve safety during the transport of ore in ore passes. Design criteria and hang-up prevention and remedia¬tion strategies involve studies of the effects of static and dynamic ore and waste-rock loads on chutes, walls, gates and support structures. Particle flow analysis methods were used to simulate the response of various ore pass designs to a wide range of ore loading condi¬tions. A full-scale mockup of ac¬tual ore pass and chute assemblies was duplicated and tested for load response. Data from a particle flow code and the mock-ups were com¬pared Loads on an active ore pass chute were measured.

By R. W. Watson

A belt-wearable self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR) manufactured by the CSE Corp. and designated the "SR-1OO" was evaluated for safety in the underground mine environment by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The evaluation consisted of laboratory tests on the chemicals contained in the unit and field trials to simulate the mine environment. This report summarizes the test results and compares the results with those from earlier tests with chemical and compressed oxygen self-rescuers. It was concluded that the new SCSR did not pose any different or more severe hazards than the earlier units. In view of the mine-proven safety record of the SCSR's now in service, no reason could be found to disallow use of the belt-wearable unit.

Jan 1, 1991

By W. W. Adams

During the calendar year 1927 the United States Bureau f Mines conducted, for the third consecutive year, a safety contest among more than 250 mines and quarries. Aside from its underlying purpose to promote safety, the object of the contest was to learn which mine or quarry had completed the year's work with the smallest proportionate loss of time from accidents to its employees. Competing companies were grouped into five classes, namely, anthracite mines, bituminous teal mines, metal mines, nonmetallic mineral mines, and quarries and open-pit mines. To the winning company in each group was awarded the bronze trophy "Sentinels of Safety," the gift of The Explosives Engineer magazine. The winner in each group was the mine or quarry whose record showed the smallest loss of time from accidents in proportion to the total amount of time worked by 411 employees. This proportion is designated the "accident-severity"3 rate; it indicates the number of days of disability resulting from personal injuries per thousand man-hours of work performed by all employees. Each company's standing was determined by the Bureau of Mines from detailed records furnished by the contestants. Records of the leading companies were made known to a committee of seven men well known to the mining industry but not connected with the Bureau of Mines. This committee selected the winning companies in accordance with rules governing the Competition. According to the contest rules, the competition for the trophy was restricted to mines employing at least 50 men underground and to quarries and open-pit mines employing at least 25 men in the pit. As several plants fell below these figures during the year, their records could not be considered in connection with the award of the trophy. Figures covering these plants are, however, included in the attached tables.

Jan 1, 1928

By D. R. Tesarik, M. K. Larson, D. K. Denton, J. B. Seymour, R. L. Rains, T. J. Williams

Because backfill has occasionally collapsed into an active working area, posing a hazard to miners, engineers from the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Hecla Mining Co. installed instruments in a cemented, backfilled, stope-ramp intersection at Hecla’s Lucky Friday Mine, Mullan, ID. The purpose was to measure stress and strain changes in the backfill and reinforcing members during undercut mining. The instruments were monitored for 6 months while three successive cuts were mined below the intersection. Readings showed induced loads up to 3450 kPa (500 psi) in the backfill as stope walls converged 2.5 to 12 cm (1 to 5 in). The backfill then deformed against the top and bottom plates of the 2-m- (6-ft-) long vertical rock bolts installed as reinforcement, producing loads to 177 kN (40,000 lb)on the rock bolts. We hypothesize that a compressive zone was created in the backfill that allowed the backfill to remain stable as long as the compressive zones from adjacent rock bolts overlapped. This hypothesis is presented in graphical form. Of particular interest was the effect of loading on trusses installed to augment the vertical rock bolts and wire mesh typically installed in backfill. Data from the instruments indicate that wall closure perpendicular to the vein induced loads in truss legs parallel to the vein and in the rock bolt driven through the center of the truss, but, because they are designed to function under tension, truss legs perpendicular to the vein supplied in significant support as a result of compressional forces from wall closure. Based on this study, use of trusses was discontinued, and an alternative support system of wood beams and posts was installed as needed to ensure the safety of miners working beneath the backfill in stope-ramp intersections.

Jan 7, 2001

By T. M. Barton

This paper presents several case studies in which a mechanics-based boundary-element program is used to back-calculate the surface subsidence associated with various panels at several northern Appalachian coal mines. The program used in this case study is called LAMODEL, which incorporates a frictionless, laminated overburden into a general-purpose displacement-discontinuity code primarily designed for calculating the stresses and displacements in coal mines or other thin-seam or vein-type deposits. In this paper, the program is used to calculate both the underground convergence and the resulting surface subsidence at five longwall panels and a room-and-pillar section. The fitted subsidence from the model is compared with the field measurements and analyzed. The results from this work show that the LAMODEL program is not as accurate as available empirical subsidence-predictive methods: the expected correlation between the geology and the optimum input parameters is not evident. However, for a mechanics-based program, LAMODEL does provide moderately accurate subsidence calculations, and it is one of a few programs that can even attempt to practically calculate both underground stress and convergence and the resulting surface subsidence.

By H. R. Babitzke

As part of a continuing project to develop refractory metal alloys for high-temperature structural applications, the Bureau of Mines applied solid solution and precipitation strengthening techniques to improve the properties of columbium alloys. The purpose was to investigate the effects of hafnium, tungsten, and boron on the formability, strength, and oxidation resistance of columbium. The experiment was of factorial design with two replications which called for 72 ingots of 36 basic compositions, weighing 150 grams each. Hafnium, tungsten, and boron were evaluated at 3, 3, and 4 levels, respectively. Values of alloy content are all in atomic percent. The highest strength observed was 29,000 psi at 1,200° C for alloys Cb-15Hf (No. 3), Cb-7.5Hf-5W-2B (No. 14), and Cb-15Hf-5W-2B (No. 15). At 1,200° C, the ternary alloy Cb-15Hf-5W (No. 6) which has shown good properties in previous Bureau of Mines investigations was the most resistant to oxidation For boron additions, the alloys oxidized more readily with increasing amounts of this element. The fabricability of the alloys high in boron became increasingly difficult, resulting in an inadequate number of alloys required for a complete statistical analysis for all the tests. As a result of the decrease in ductility, an insufficient quantity of tensile samples were available for a proper analysis for the high-temperature strength data.

Jan 1, 1970

The Ringelmann Smoke Chart fulfills an important need in smoke abatement work and in certain problems in the combustion of fuels. A knowledge of its history and method of preparation is, therefore, of interest to many. Since instructions on its use are not shown on the recent edition of the chart, those included in this revision of the previous Bureau of Mines publication now are a necessary complement to the chart, More detail regarding the use of the chart is included than was given in the earlier version.

Jan 1, 1967