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By A. N. Fried

With the growing importance of fluid injection in recent years, the petroleum industry has been investigating and field- testing a variety of new methods designed to modify the physical properties of reservoir oil to improve the efficiency of gas and water injection. These procedures include condensing-gas drive, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) injection, alcohol-slug process, high-pressure-gas displacement, detergent-solution flooding, and in situ combustion (30, 37).3 A new and different method to increase the effectiveness of gas and water injection has been tested by the Bureau of Mines, Consideration of both fundamental and practical factors that operate to limit the oil recovery attain- able by conventional oil-displacement mechanisms led to the concept of a displacement mechanism called the foam-drive method. This report describes the experimental study that tested this concept in the laboratory.

Jan 1, 1961

By Friedel. Michael J.

The U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated acoustic emission (AE) and the Kaiser effect in six types of rock: St. Cloud gray granodiorite, Barre granite, Dresser basalt, Salem limestone, Berea sandstone, and a volcanic tuff. AE signatures were used for interpreting the rock deformation stage and for indicating mechanisms of failure in uniaxial compression. The research demonstrated the advantages of using the volumetric stress-strain curve, as opposed to the more conventional uniaxial curve, for correlating AE response signatures with deformation stages and fracture processes in the rock. Standardized experimental procedures were used for the AE monitoring. The Kaiser effect was shown to be capable of determining prestress levels to within a few percentage points in uniaxial compression tests. Also, prestress memory was shown to be retained in the rock for periods of up to at least. 5 months, the maximum period of testing. The Kaiser effect AE technology holds promise for providing a comparatively inexpensive and less complex method for examihing stress history in rock. However, since the conftning stress has a pronounced influence on the Kaiser effect, it must be considered in developing technology for determining peak fteld stresses based on the Kaiser effect.

Jan 1, 1990

By By Staff

"Acid mine drainage can be controlled by water treatment, retardation of the pyrite oxidation reaction system, or enhanced prediction that allows preventive action to be taken. The Bureau of Mines is conducting research in each of these areas; the results of this research are summarized in the eight papers that comprise this volume. Field work to evaluate overburden analysis, alkaline injection, and bactericidal control of acid formation is described, along with two new inexpensive methods to treat acid mine water. These papers were prepared for an acid mine drainage technology transfer meeting held in Pittsburgh, PA, on April 3 and 4, 1985. INTRODUCTIONAcid drainage from coal mines is one of the most persistent industrial pollution problems in the United States. Over 5,000 miles of streams and rivers are adversely affected, primarily by underground mines that have been abandoned for decades. Meanwhile, at active mining operations and at sites where mining occurred after 1977, discharge water must be treated to meet fairly stringent regulatory limits--at a cost to the industry of over $1 million per day.The Bureau of Mines has a special responsibility to facilitate integration of mining and mineral processing with environmental safeguards. This responsibility is twofold: the development of techniques to reduce or eliminate environmental degradation, and the improvement of existing pollution control processes to make them more efficient and more cost effective. Research in acid mine drainage exemplifies the Bureau's concern for these environmental aspects of mining.This collection of papers summarizes much of the Bureau's recent research on acid mine drainage and will give the reader a sense of where the research is headed, in addition to providing details regarding new technology and recently acquired knowledge. The research papers address four basic objectives:"

Jan 1, 1985

By Charles W. Briggs

The steel foundries of Germany were investigated for the purpose of ascertaining (1) the type and classification of steel structures produced as castings, (2) processing methods, (3) the mechanical properties of carbon and alloy cast steels, (4) the type and character of defective castings, (5) the appearance of castings, (6) research in steel castings, and (7) plant lay-out and equipment.

Jan 1, 1946

During fiscal year 1966 the Bureau of Mines published 99 scientific and technical papers and engaged in 67 research projects on petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale. A basic appropriation of $3.4 million was supplemented by $1 million in cooperative funds from other Governmental agencies and industry groups. Petroleum conservation was advanced by development of scientific knowledge and improvement of technologic methods in both the extraction and utilization of petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale. Experimental work was carried out at research centers in Bartlesville, Okla., and Laramie, Wo., and in laboratories in Morgantown, W. Va., and San Francisco, Calif. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FISCAL YEAR 1966 Bureau of Mines--Petroleum Research in fiscal year 1966 (July 1, 1965- June 30, 1966) was involved in many public issues--air pollution, peaceful uses of nuclear explosives, utilization of oil-shale resources, computerization of recovery-stimulation techniques, and fuels for supersonic airplanes. Scientific contributions included compositional studies of petroleum and oil shale, determination of thermodynamic properties of petroleum compounds, development of analytical techniques, and correlations of petroleum properties with geologic occurrence. Technologic advances included rock-fracturing research, in situ combustion studies, waterflood techniques, use of radio-tracers to study stability of petroleum fuels, and hydrogenation as a tool to prepare shale-oil products.

Jan 1, 1968

By Jack L. Henry

The monocarbide region of the ternary system U-C-O has been investigated at 1,700° C as the first phase of a more extensive study of a portion of the four-component system U-C-O-N. An area bounded by the following compositional limits in atomic percent was studied: U, 44 to 55; C, 30 to 60; 0, 0.2 to 20. Compacts composed of mixtures of uranium, graphite, and uranium dioxide powders were sintered at 1,700° C under an equilibrium pressure of carbon monoxide to produce uranium oxycarbide specimens having a variety of compositions. Sintered specimens were evaluated by X-ray, chemical analysis, and ceramographic techniques. Solid-solution boundaries and phase relations have been established, and the effects of composition on the lattice parameter as well as the decomposition pressure have been investigated. Oxygen can be substituted for carbon in stoichiometric uranium monocarbide to the extent of about 17 atomic percent at 1,700° C. The composition range of the oxycarbide solid solution extends from about 48 to 51 atomic percent uranium in the low oxygen region. Above 10 atomic percent oxygen the composition range narrows to less than 1 atomic percent uranium. Carbon monoxide exists as a gaseous phase in equilibrium with all compositions which contain oxygen. Five separate phase fields were found bounding the solid-solution area. Other phases within this portion of the system include uranium, uranium dioxide, uranium dicarbide, and uranium sesquicarbide. Decomposition pressures of oxycarbide compositions at 1,700° C have been found to vary from a few microns for stoichiometric and uranium-rich compositions to 35 torr for carbon-oxygen-rich specimens. Lattice parameters were found to depend upon the U to C + 0 ratio as well upon the extent of substitution of oxygen into the stoichiometric monocarbide lattice.

Jan 1, 1967

By G. L. Oldright

The Metallurgical Branch of the Bureau of Mines, as a part of its duties under the Organic Act, works to prevent wastes in industry and to disuse inmate information on the fundamentals of metallurgical processes. During the war, the necessity of large production was increasingly emphasized. Such duties necessitate from time to time the study of units of full commercial size, the operation of which is beyond the facilities of the Branch. When developments have reached this stage; work has been continued in cooperative agreements with operating companies that have been willing to contribute the use of their plants and staffs and to allow the publication of the results obtained for the common good of the industry.

Jan 1, 1948

By Robert L. Jones

The Boston Consolidated mine is situated in the Bingham mining district, Salt Lake County; Utah (fig. 1). The property has had a noteworthy production of cupriferous, gold-bearing, pyritic ore in addition to lead ore. The Bureau of Mines established a diamond-drilling development project on the property in September 1943 with the primary objective of determining the continuity of a mineralized zone in the Commercial limestone below and to the northeast of the 800-foot level (fig.2). Examination of the geologic feature at the property previous to drilling indicated that the mineralized limestone horizon would continue belay the 800-foot level, but with a flatter dip than disclosed above this level. During the project period, 36 holes totaling 4,001 feet were drilled from underground stations outlining the zone below the 800-foot level (figs. 2 and 3).

Jan 1, 1949

By John A. Davis, David W. Brunton

During the past few years great progress has been made in the United States toward safer, more efficient, and more economical tunneling methods. This advance is partly due, no doubt, to the recent increase in the number of tunnels and adits driven for devel- oping and draining mines and transporting ore. The Bureau of Mines during 1911 and 1912 made a special examination of this phase of mining operations, in connection with an investigation of mining methods and means for preventing accidents. The details especially studied were the provisions for the safety of employees, the kinds of equipment, the methods of driving, and the costs of con- struction. The results and conclusions obtained from that investi- gation are discussed and summarized in this bulletin. Up-to-date information concerning tunneling methods is difficult to obtain. There are few books on the subject; and much of the material they contain, although interesting and of value historically, is now obsolete. The engineering periodicals, it is true, endeavor to keep abreast of the times, and several in nearly every issue present some article bearing upon tunnel work. But the very multiplicity of these articles prevents one from reading them all, and the foreman or superintendent in charge of a tunnel, or the mining engineer designing one, and especially the business man financing the project, has no time for a lengthy search after scattered articles in order to determine the present status of tunnel work. Then, too, knowledge of new methods travels slowly. Valuable inventions and improve- ments in tunneling as well as in all the other industries frequently remain in the notebook of the investigator, or as theses are buried in university libraries, or are published only in journals of small scien- tific societies. New tunneling methods and equipment that are prov- ing safe, efficient, and economical may be totally unknown outside the district in which they originate. This paper, based on a special examination both in the field and in engineering literature, is in- tended to supply data concerning modern and recent tunneling practice in the United States, and to make suggestions that, it is hoped, will result in a saving to the mining industry of energy, capital, and life.

Jan 1, 1916

By authority of the Federal Coal-Mine Inspection Act of May 7, 1941, Public Law 49--77th Congress, H.R. 2082,2/ a Coal-Mine Inspection Division was established in the Health and Safety Branch of the Bureau of Mines. Funds totaling $729,000 for the operation of the division and for other incidental expenses were provided in an amendment to the Department of the Interior appropriation bill for the fiscal year 1942 (H.R. 4590). A small. percentage of these funds was made available on July 1, 1941, and a much greater proportion on October 1, 1941, to defray the expenses of the coal-mine inspection work and incidental activities for the remainder of the fiscal year 1942. The Coal-Mine Inspection Division is charged with administering the act and is required to compile, analyze, publish, and otherwise make available for public inspection the information obtained under it and to transmit such information to the Director of the Census. The act requires also that the information obtained be reported to Congress, with such findings and comments thereon and such recommendations for legislative action as may be deemed proper.

Jan 1, 1943

By Thomas G. Murdock

The possible contribution of an improved mineral economy to the further advancement of the lesser developed regions of the world is a vital consideration today. Many of the newly independent countries recognize the problems and the challenge involved in orderly development of mineral resources. Some countries are inventorying resources, planning development, and encouraging local and foreign participation. The Malagasy Republic, composed of the island of Madagascar and the immediately adjacent islands, formerly the French Overseas Territory of Madagascar, is one of the members of the French Community which achieved independence in 1960. It is making real progress towards improving its mineral economy, an effort particularly remarkable considering the generally unfavorable geographic location of the area with respect to world markets and what is, after all, a comparatively sparse-economic mineralization in the light of discoveries to date. Most of the development of the Malagasy economy before independence was fostered by French private enterprise, although the State participated in some ventures. Since independence, the Government has encouraged private investment from a variety of sources through favorable legislation and has indicated that legitimate investment projects that will further advance social and economic programs will be welcome.

Jan 1, 1963

By Thomas G. Murdock

The possible contribution of an improved mineral economy to the further advancement of the lesser developed regions of the world is a vital consideration today. Many of the newly independent countries recognize the problems and the challenge involved in orderly development of mineral resources. Some countries are inventorying resources, planning development, and encouraging local and foreign participation. The Malagasy Republic, composed of the island of Madagascar and the immediately adjacent islands, formerly the French Overseas Territory of Madagascar, is one of the members of the French Community which achieved independence in 1960. It is making real progress towards improving its mineral economy, an effort particularly remarkable considering the generally unfavorable geographic location of the area with respect to world markets and what is, after all, a comparatively sparse economic mineralization in the light of discoveries to date. Most of the development of the Malagasy econorny before independence was fostered by French private enterprise, although the State participated in some ventures. Since independence, the Government has encouraged private investment from a variety of sources through favorable legislation and has indicated that legitimate investment projects that will further advance social and economic programs will be welcome.

Jan 1, 1963

By I. AITKENS

Turquoise is prized solely for its attractive color ; it is dull and opaque , wholly lacking the brilliant luster that is the chief attraction of transparent gems . The best quality of turquoise is blue , of a soft and pleasing tone , like the color of clear sky but distinctive , as indicated by use of the term " turquoise blue . " Often its value is lessened by a greenish cast ; in many stones the green predominates . A large proportion of the turquoise that is mined is utterly worthless , so inferior and unattractive is its color . The finest grade of turquoise comes from Persia , notable from Nishapur . Large quantities have been mined in the Southwestern States of the United States , and less important deposits have been found in a number of the other States .

Sep 1, 1931

By J. L. Henry

The development and status of technology for producing titanium from U.S. resource materials are summarized in this Bureau of Mines report. Commercially feasible processes and investigations of alternative procedures are reviewed in order to identify techniques that could make existing operations more effective or areas in which future research may lead to the development of new production methods. Procedures are described for producing concentrated titanium dioxide from starting materials such as sands, massive deposits, and mineral processing residues containing rutile, ilmenite, and perovskite; producing and purifying titanium tetrachloride from concentrated rutile, ilmenite, and titaniferous slags; reduction of titanium tetrachloride to titanium sponge metal using metallic magnesium or sodium; purifying and consolidating titanium sponge and scrap by arc melting or induction melting techniques; purifying sponge, scrap, and alloys by molten salt electrorefining; and electrowinning titanium from chloride salts.

Jan 1, 1987

Norton Co., the world's largest producer of abrasives, is enlarging its proppant operation. Proppants are strong chemical particles used to wedge open rock formations in deep oil wells, thereby increasing the well flow rate, sometimes as much as tenfold. Norton" aluminum oxide-based proppant is rapidly displacing less durable materials. The company is building the world's largest proppant plant in Fort Smith, AR. ALUMINUM--See also REFRACTORIES The price of primary aluminum ingot was increased by several producers in July. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp., and Revere Copper & Brass Inc. increased the price of primary aluminum to 63.0 cents per pound, effective July I. Reynolds Metal s Co., Anaconda Aluminum Co., Howmet Aluminum Corp., and Marti n Marietta Aluminum Inc. increased the price of 99.5% primary aluminum ingot to 63.0 cents per pound, effective July 5, The Aluminum Company of America increased the price of aluminum ingot to 62.5 cents per pound, effective July 9. The range of prices at the end of the month was 58.5 to 63.0 cents per pound.

Jan 1, 1979

When the Organic Act of 1910 established the Bureau of Mines within the Department of the Interior, the Bureau's programs involved only health and safety research and education, and fuels testing. As the Federal Government's primary agency for research in minerals, the Bureau has expanded its scientific and technological investigations to mining, processing minerals substances, eliminating occupational health and safety hazards in the mineral industries, economic development, and resource conservation. Today, Bureau activities cover a broad spectrum of programs for meeting the diverse (and sometimes conflicting) needs of mineral industries, government, and the public. In the 1960's, the Bureau initiated programs to resolve environmental problems associated with past mining and mineral processing. In the 1970's, the energy crisis raised the national consciousness concerning our limited supplies of domestic mineral and fuel resources. Dependence on foreign sources of raw materials critical to our national economy and competition from other countries for these world supplies stimulated the need to conserve and use with intelligence the Nation's minerals, metals, and fuels.

Jan 1, 1976

By John E. Hamak

The U.S. Bureau of Mines estimates the identified helium resources of the United States at 630 Bcf as of December 31, 1990. This includes 295 Bcf of demonstrated reserves, 87 Bcf of demonstrated marginal reserves, and 42 Bcf of demonstrated subeconomic resources. The identified resources include 161 Bcf of helium in inferred and marginal reserves and 45 Bcf in inferred subeconomic resources. The identified helium resources contained on Federal lands are approximately 170 Bcf, including 32 Bcf in underground storage in the Cliffside Gasfield near Amarillo, TX. In addition to the identified helium resources, undiscovered helium resources in the United States are estimated at a most likely volume of 103 Bcf, with a maximum volume of 259 Bcf and a minimum volume of 41 Bcf. Also reported are 43 Bcf of helium in nonconventional and low-helium-content natural gases. Current extraction of helium in the United States occurs mostly from natural gases produced from the Hugoton gas area in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, and the Riley Ridge area in southwest Wyoming. Helium extracted from natural gas in the United States in 1990 was 2.5 Bef. If current trends continue, some shortfalls in helium supply may occur in about 5 to 10 years.

Jan 1, 1993

By J. Roger Loebenstein

This report presents a U.S. Bureau of Mines study of the flow of arsenic-containing materials in the United States, based on the best data available in 1991, includes a consideration of arsenic as a byproduct of the processing of nonferrous metals, the fate of arsenic in manufacturing wastes, the quantity of arsenic used in products, tile fate of arsenic in dissipative uses, and the useful life of discarded products. Where possible, estimates are given of the amounts of arsenic lost from the materials flow. Arsenic byproduct of mining nonferrous metals. Historically, most U.S. production has been from the states of Montana, Washington, and Utah. The smelters in these states are believed to be the areas of the country where arsenic is most concentrated in the soil, tailings ponds, and waste dumps. Since the closure of the last domestic producer of arsenic in 1985, all arsenic has been derived from imported sources. Historically, arsenic was important in agricultural applications as an insecticide, herbicide, and cotton desiccant. As the environmental movement gained momentum and the toxicity of arsenic became better understood, most of the agricultural uses for arsenic were banned. Beginning about 1975, the use of arsenic as a wood preservative began to grow. After 1980, wood preservative uses became more important than agricultural applications. By 1990, 70% of the arsenic consumed in the United States was used by the wood preservative industry and 20% by the agricultural industry. The major source of domestic arsenic emissions in 1989 was from the U.S. copper processing indus¬try. About 7,800 mt/yr of arsenic was discarded in leach dumps, tailings, and slag. Another 800 mt/yr was liberated to the atmosphere and 1/100 mt/yr was exported in copper concentrates. On the consumption side, 9,200 mt/yr was lost, mostly from dissipative agricultural uses and the disposal of obsolete arsenical products.

Jan 1, 1994

By P. M. Ambrose, A. C. Fieldner

This , the 11th annual report of research and technologic work conducted by the Bureau of Mines on coal and coal products , is issued following the closing of the Bureau's war work on fuels and contains references to most of the published articles containing results of war investigations . The few remaining papers will be discussed in next year's report . The trend in coal research in the Bureau of Mines was discussed in Mechaniza- tion . This publication , covering the period from the close of armed con- flict to resumption of normal coal -research activities , includes a section never previously presented . There is included for the first time a discussion of the Bureau's activities in the Liquid Fuels and Lubricants and the Solid Fuels Subcommittees of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee . This report does not replace the more comprehensive ones prepared by individual authors and listed as footnote references in this publication . purpose is to bring to the reader a résume of the work for the fiscal year ended June 30 , 1946. The material presented herein is based largely upon publications , but the results of some research and testing, which would not otherwise be published in the near future, are presented in detail .

Jul 1, 1947

A symposium was held on January 30 and 31, 1973, at Pittsburgh, Pa., to review the state-of-the-art in designing and utilizing diesel-powered equipment in underground mining. The Health and Safety Activity of the Bureau of Mines sponsored the symposium with major assistance from the following four participating organizations: The American Mining Congress J. Allen Overton, President The United Mine Workers of America Arnold R. Miller, President The National Independent Coal Operator's Association Cloyd D. McDowell, President The Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, Inc. Guy Farmer, President Seventeen papers were presented during four half-day sessions devoted to the general subjects of the diesel engine, the place of the diesel in underground mining, health protection using diesels underground, and maintaining safety of diesels underground. Eleven of the speakers were from industrial organizations here and abroad; one represented the Provincial Government of Nova Scotia; two were with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; and three reported on Bureau of Mines work related to diesels.

Jan 1, 1975