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Geophysical Abstracts 1 - 86 were issued in mimeographed form by the Bureau of Mines; Abstracts 87 - 111 were published in bulletins of the Geological Survey; Abstracts 112 - 120 were issued in mimeographed form by the Bureau of Mines as Information Circulars 7256, 7257; 7267,`7273; 7285, 7292, 7303, 7310, and 7324. 1. GRAVITATIONAL METHODS 7933. Ansel, E. A Eine Untersuchung zum Problem der Isostasie (An Investigation Regarding the Problem of Isostasy). Gerlands Beitr. Geophys., Leipzig, vol. 59, 1942, pp. 16-26.

Jan 1, 1945

By William F. Hahn

This project focused effort on three separate areas: demonstration of a low seam longwall illumination system, design of illumination systems for low coal auger miners, and an assessment of machine lighting systems for machinery used to mine low seam coal. Results indicated illumination systems can be purchased by the mine operators of low coal seams. These systems can be supplied with the equipment as a factory integrated system or can be retrofitted to the machine or longwall equipment.

Jan 1, 1982

Real economic growth for 1988 may fall short of the 3.3% projected by the Department of Commerce in August 1988 because the summer drought and intense heat in many areas curtailed output more severely than expected. The economy grew at an average annual rate of 3.0% for the first three quarters of the year, slowing in the second and third quarters. Export growth, which occurred even as the dollar edged up compared with other industrial country currencies, was an important factor in the expansion. Notable gains were posted in sales of machinery, computers, aircraft, chemicals, and telecommunications equipment. Imports increased, but not as much as exports, and the U.S. trade position was still much improved from that of 1987. Personal consumption expenditures grew slightly faster than the economy as a whole. Purchases of consumer durables showed notable strength in the first half of 1988, but slowed down in the third quarter. Despite the moderate rise in interest rates, business spending for new plant and equipment also rose and contributed to 1988 gross national product (GNP) growth. Both new business investment and export demand spurred orders for U.S.-made machine tools. Orders for machine tools for the first 8 months of 1988 were almost triple those in the corresponding period in 1987.

Jan 1, 1989

The Bureau of Mines has sponsored a comprehensive research program to enhance the safe, effective, and efficient use of blasting technology by the mining industry. Recent research results of the surface mine blasting program were presented at a seminar on April 25, 1987, in Chicago, IL. Many of the topics discussed at the seminar are presented in this proceedings. The new research described in these papers includes computer monitoring of rock motion, the influence of blast delay times on rock fragmentation, blasting effects on Appalachian water wells, blast vibration measurement near structures, and the reduction of accidents through improved blasting safety.

Jan 1, 1987

By Roger F. J. Adam

This report summarizes the principles of safely working steep coal seam using longwall mining methods. It presents the state-of-the-art and identifies the problems which result from seam inclination. Details are given on foreign longwall faces achieving good records of safety and productivity when mining on 30 degree and 50 degree inclined seams. Recommendations for further research are suggested.

Jan 1, 1981

This report is a proceedings of a briefing recently sponsored by the Bureau of Mines at which Bureau personnel presented findings from their research efforts to improve steelmaking techology currently used in the United States. The papers contained in this report address many areas of concern to the iron and steelmaking industry. Among these are improving arc stability in electric arc furnaces, preheating ferrous scrap to reduce energy consumption, fluorspar substitutes in steel-making, basic steelmaking refractories, corrosion of iron-based materials, improvements in stainless steel acid pickling processes, recycling of stainless steel dusts and other wastes, and use of wastes as a source of zinc for electro/galvanizing.

Jan 1, 1988

By A. G. Loomis

Although secondary-recovery methods have not been applied widely in California, it is apparent that increasing attention and effort must be given to this phase of recovery if the State is to maintain its high rank as a petroleum producer. Steadily increasing demands for petroleum products and decreasing rates of discovery of new oil fields and rapid depletion of existing reserves emphasize the prospect of an adverse situation of supply and demand in the not-far-distant future. If the trend of discoveries becomes more favorable or if more complete economic recovery of the oil in place can be obtained by secondary recovery, this situation can be averted. Not only are these reserves of economic importance to the petroleum industry to meet increasing market demands, but economic reclamation of such reserves is an important conservation measure, which will prolong the productive life of many fields" Accordingly, progressive operators in California are alert to the possibilities of secondary recovery and have done much to implement such operations wherever feasible. Most of the operations are of the pressure-maintenance type} in which the reservoir pressure is maintained or partly maintained by injecting natural gas to increase oil recovery. The possibilities of recovering additional oil from stripper fields by gas drive and water flooding (including water disposal) also are being tested in experimental field projects. Table 1 summarizes gas and water-injection projects in California.

Jan 1, 1952

By L. Ozdemir

An investigation was made to determine the mechanical properties of oil shale at elevated temperatures and confining pressures, the thermal properties at elevated temperatures, and to provide mathematical models for mine design for in situ oil shale retorting. A review of current activity in in situ retorting is included with a comprehensive list of references. Tests were run at temperatures from 20°C to 500°C and confining pressures to 1500 psi with shale of 10 to 30 gallons per ton. A major loss of strength occured in heating 140°C with a partial regain from 380°C to 500°C. Higher grade shale had lower compressive strength. Elastic properties showed large variations. Brazilian tensile strength showed a similar temperature sensitivity as the compressive strength. Equations were developed for each property in terms of grade, temperature and pressure. Thermal, electrical and acoustical properties showed anomalies through the temperature range. Creep is a major factor in overall deformation of heated shale. Oil shale was found to be an excellent insulator. Loss of pillar support area at 800 hours of heating would be about 10 percent. Good correlation was found between a finite element model using the developed properties and an in situ heater test.

Jan 1, 1981

By Wilson Blake

This report presents the results of a 7-year Bureau of Mines program to review, revise, and make an effective engineering tool of the microseismic method of determining the stability of rock structures. The program consisted of developing new microseismic equipment and data analysis techniques and extensive field investigations to demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of the broad-band microseismic method. The guidelines for choosing the components of a microseismic system are presented along with approximate cost figures. Different microseismic systems are discussed, including completely automated systems. Procedures for conducting microseismic investigations and analyzing microseismic data are discussed in detail. Field situations which show the full value of the microseismic technique as an engineering tool are described.

Jan 1, 1974

By Frank L. Hess

"New England" and "granite" if not synonymous are at least associated terms. Where there are granites that are not deeply eroded there are usually pegmatites, the most erratic of rocks, and of them New England has a full portion. Many of the New England pegmatites contain the rare alkalis - lithium, rubidium, and cesium. however, the same in homogeneity of the earth's crust that has made the New England pegmatites unusual, in that so many of them contain the rare alkalis, has likewise made the distribution of the rare-alkali minerals sporadic even in those pegmatites, and most contain only enough to furnish collectors with more or less ornamental and uncommon minerals. New England has long had numberless collectors of minerals, and the mineralogists of its various schools have published many papers on the pegmatitic minerals, including those of the rare alkalis, but none of the papers have dealt with estimates of quantities. In this paper we have tried to place the emphasis on quantity rather than on mineralogy.

Jan 1, 1943

By Herbert R. Babitzke

The Minerals Availability System (MAS) was formally established by the Bureau of Mines in May 1975 to provide current appraisals of the engineering and economic availability of nonfuel minerals for consideration in the formulation of both domestic and foreign minerals policy, Domes- tic mineral property reports are developed by the Bureau's four Field Operations Centers, and foreign data are obtained under contract. This site-specific information is subsequently subjected to engineering verification and economic evaluation, and the results are analyzed and published as Minerals Availability System Appraisals. The deposit-specific data are also entered into the computerized MAS data base, where a subset of this information, the Mineral Industry Location System (MILS), is available to the public in the form of computer graphics and listings. Other MAS products are also described. The Bureau's MAS personnel are frequently involved in special engineering and mineral economic projects for other Federal and State agencies. MAS personnel also work closely with the private sector, both in the area of mining and processing cost estimation, and as a source of nonproprietary mineral deposit information.

Jan 1, 1982

By Lloyd L. Farnham

This paper is one of a series describing the mineral resources of the Nation, including location, history, production, ownership, geologic setting, and mining methods for most of the known manganese deposits in New Mexico, With few exceptions these descriptions are the result of field examinations by the writer. Of 32 counties, the 12 which occupy the western half of the State contain all the known manganese deposits, These counties are Catron, Dona Ana, Grant, Hidalgo, Luna, Rio Arriba, Sandoval, Santa Fe, Sierra, Socorro, San Juan, and Taos. (See fig. 1.)

Jan 1, 1961

In the spring of 1944 the Congress passed Public Law 290 (58 Stat. 190, 30 U. S. C. Sec. 321) "authorizing the construction and operation of demonstration plants to produce synthetic liquid fuels from coal, oil shales, agricultural and forestry products, and other substances, in order to aid the prosecution of the war, to conserve and increase the oil resources of the Nation, and for other purposes." Section 2 reads: "In order to carry out the :purpose of this act, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized- (a) to conduct laboratory research and development work, and, with pilot plants and semi-works plants, to make careful process engineering studies, along with structural engineering studies, in order to ascertain lowest investment and operating costs necessary to determine the best demonstration plant designs and conditions of operation;

Jan 1, 1948

Recommendations from 44 mining industry workshops are summarized and reviewed in the context of Bureau of Mines research and development programs on-going during the period 1974-1977. Approximately 1,000 specific recommendations for research and development are summarized in a systematic and comprehensive format appropriate for review by mining research and development program managers. Relevant Bureau of Mines research programs are briefly described and some opportunities for future research and development are identified.

Jan 1, 1979

By K. T. Menzies

This report documents laboratory and in-mine analyses of diesel exhaust pollutants carried out to assess the fate of potentially reactive species in the mine environment. Specifically, the concentration of stable compounds including carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and potentially reactive compounds including nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, aldehydes, formaldehyde, acrolein, formic acid, odorants, particulates, soluble sulfates, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were determined. The concentration and mass emission rates of these compounds were measured in the laboratory under three engine speed and load conditions and with three exhaust control conditions, i.e., none, catalyst, water conditioner. Once calibrated, the engine was installed in the Bureau of Mines Safety Research Coal Mine and the concentration of exhaust pollutants measured at several distances downstream (inby) of the engine. Laboratory results confirm the relatively small effect of exhaust control devices on most pollutants under engine conditions of low speed and load. At higher engine speed and load, the catalyst is more effective in controlling many pollutants. The in-mine data indicates that during residence times, which are typical for miner/exhaust contact, most diesel exhaust pollutants do not decrease in concentration. The obvious exceptions are nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde. The concentration of these pollutants is reduced by up to 75 percent in five minutes. The lack of increase in levels of obvious reaction products indicates that surface loss may be a major sink for these pollutants.

Jan 1, 1980

By Richard B. Moore

This bulletin presents a summary of available information regarding the sources of uranium, radium, and vanadium, the methods used in treating the ores, and the uses of the finished products. In particular the paper describes the ores found in the United States, giving especial attention to those characteristics of the ores and the conditions of their occurrence that affect mining and treatment. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In the preparation of this bulletin a number of persons rendered assistance by furnishing information and by making it possible for us to visit the carnotite deposits in western Colorado and eastern Utah at a time of the year when without this assistance it would have been difficult to obtain satisfactory results. We desire to express our thanks to the following persons: Henry Hall, W. L. Cummings, T. V. Curran, K. D. Hequembourg, David Taylor, H. C. Brown, Forbes Rickard, George W. Alsdorf, Dr. Herman Fleck, Orr J. Adams, C. S. Cherrington, Newt. Stewart, O. B. Willmarth, Angus Cameron, George A. Head, and Lorimer Bros.

Jan 1, 1913

By Oliver Bowles

In 1940 the Bureau of Mines issued a report describing all the cement plants of Latin America, their design, capacity, and output, and the cement imports, exports, and requirements of the several countries. Since that time there has been such great activity in cement plant construction that a revision of the paper is highly desirable. The present compilation comprises the essential data in the previous report together with descriptions of all cement plants completed, under construction, or planned since that date and an overall picture of the supply and requirement situation of each country. Before World War I, Latin America was one of the world's largest export markets for cement. Its dependence on outside sources created no special problems of supply until the shortage of shipping and abnormally high prices of the First World War stimulated a movement toward greater self-sufficiency. Under this incentive many cement plants were constructed, and several countries were able by 1939 to manufacture enough cement for their modest needs. Substantial imports were still required for many important areas, and as the volume of demand was rapidly increasing the Latin American countries as a whole were far from self-sufficient in cement when tine Second. World War began. South and Central America depended to a large extent on European countries, chiefly Germany arid Belgium and to a smaller degree Scandinavia, United Kingdom, France, and Italy, to Supply their cement shortages. The cost of manufacture in these European countries was much lower than in the United States, and transportation expense had been kept at a particularly low level because of the two-way trade that had been developed. Ships destined for Latin American ports for coffee, tropical woods; fruits, and other native products could carry cargoes of cement on their westward voyages at very low cost In some instanced cement was taken in exchange for South American -products because cash was not available. Great Britain had withdrawn from this market to quite an extent because of low prices and because trade with its own Empire had been increasingly fostered. United States trade in cement with Latin America had been confined principally to white and other special varieties. In few places could ordinary portland cement made in the United States compete in price with the European products; although in general it was of better quality and cool d be delivered more promptly.

Jan 1, 1946

By J. L. Henry

The development and status of technology for producing titanium from U.S. resource materials are summarized in this Bureau of Mines report. Commercially feasible processes and investigations of alternative procedures are reviewed in order to identify techniques that could make existing operations more effective or areas in which future research may lead to the development of new production methods. Procedures are described for producing concentrated titanium dioxide from starting materials such as sands, massive deposits, and mineral processing residues containing rutile, ilmenite, and perovskite; producing and purifying titanium tetrachloride from concentrated rutile, ilmenite, and titaniferous slags; reduction of titanium tetrachloride to titanium sponge metal using metallic magnesium or sodium; purifying and consolidating titanium sponge and scrap by arc melting or induction melting techniques; purifying sponge, scrap, and alloys by molten salt electrorefining; and electrowinning titanium from chloride salts.

Jan 1, 1987

By Jr. Boyle

This report analyzes the availability of chromium in the form of ferroalloy products (high-carbon and low-carbon ferrochromium and ferrochromium-silicon) and chromite products (metallurgical, chemical, refractory, and foundry sands) in market economy countries (MEC's). A total of 873.5 Mmt of in situ material, containing 202.5 Mmt of chromium, in 10 MEC countries was analyzed for availability as of the January 1989 study date. Extraction and beneficiation of this in situ material would result in 475.4 Mmt of marketable chromite products. As analyzed, 288.5 Mmt of these chromite products would be available for export or for internal chemical and refractory use and 186.9 Mmt would be smelted in-country to produce 74.3 Mmt of high-carbon ferrochromium, 3.9 Mmt of low-carbon ferrochromium, and 2.0 Mmt of ferrochromium-silicon, all available for export. A network flow model, which includes centrally planned economy countries (CPEC's), was also constructed to analyze world chromium supply and demand interactions for the period 1986 through 1994 and to address a hypothetical North American embargo on direct imports of all South African chromium products beginning in mid-1990. The model shows capacity constraints developing in the MEC high-carbon ferro chromium industry in 1987 and a possible subsequent overreaction by the industry in terms of new capacity additions. The results suggest that sufficient chromium is available to North America should an embargo on direct imports from South Africa be imposed by its governments. However, the effect on export revenues in South Africa is relatively small, and timely increases to world ferrochromium, chemical chromite, and foundry sand chromite capacities would be required.

Jan 1, 1993

By F. Albayrak

This report is a study of the impact of Federal laws and regulations on the domestic supply of metallic and nonmetallic minerals. The study was confined to pertinent environmental legislation and the recently enacted Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977. Emphasized were the legal requirements placed on individual selected mineral industries, and the economic impact of these requirements. A certain amount of attention was also directed to the particular environmental and health and safety problems generated by selected mineral industries. The study also pinpointed a list of major problem areas having significant impact on the domestic mineral supply.

Jan 1, 1978