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By H. Dale Nichols

[The growing importance of the Sundence (Jurassic) formation an a source of oil, in the Rocky Mountain area has prompted the making of a series of porosity determinations of core samples collected. from the reservoir sands of the Lance Creek oil field, Niobrara. County, Wyo. These analyses are preliminary to a stud of fluid and energy relations in the Basal Sundance reservoir of that field, and the determinations of porosity will be used in subsequent studies requiring, calculations of the volumetric capacity of the reservoir and estimation of the reserves of oil and gas. However, the porosity characteristics an of the Sundance sands in the Lance Creek field are factory that affect the solution of many current practical problems of development and operation. Primarily for that reason but also because it is recognized that porosity values of different oil-production sands are of widespread interest throughout the industry, the results of the initial work have been presented in tabular and graphic form with no attempt to evaluate their significance as they relate to the production history of the field.]

Jan 1, 1938

By W. M. McKewan

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report discusses wire ropes used for hoisting in U.S. mines. The in-formation presented was extracted from a large body of data compiled by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) using a data base management system (DMS). Further, these extracted data were then manipulated to provide tables of data that show the types and amount of wire rope used for hoisting. This report describes the different types of wire ropes and how a DMS can be used to manipulate MSHA's wire rope inventory data. The data indicate that more 1-1/4-in-diam ropes, 6x27 construction ropes, and right lang lay ropes are used in U.S. mines than ropes of any other diameter, construction, or lay type.

Jan 1, 1991

By A. B. Hooker

A list of permissible mine equipment approved by the Bureau of Mines prior to January 1, 1940, was published as Information Circular 7207.3 Three supplements published as I. C. 7240,4 I. c. 7283,2/ and I. C. 73166/ completed the list of equipment available to January 1, 1945. The present list is a revision of the previous lists, together with the additional equip- ment approved from January 1, 1945, to January 1, 1947. In preparing this list, certain items have been omitted, either because the manufacturer is no longer in business or manufacture was discontinued several years ago. However, some discontinued equipments that are still in service and for which repair parts are available are marked with an asterisk to indicate their limited status. The remaining obsolete equipments are listed in tabular form in Appendix 1. Appendix 2 lists seven satisfactory fuels available for use in permissi- ble flame safety lamps and shows where the fuels are available. The equipments listed were approved only when inspection and tests showed that they met the minimum standards of safety as outlined in "schedules" based upon laboratory tests as well as on performance underground. This circular is published so that users and potential users may be in- formed of the many types of permissible equipment available for reducing hazards incidental to coal mining and as an aid in identifying the equipments.

Dec 1, 1947

By Lawrence K. Requa

The property being worked by the Lewiston dredge of Placer Development (Ltd.) is on the Trinity River in Trinity County, Calif., about 9 miles north of the town of Lewiston (see fig. 1). The nearest rail point is at Rending, Calif., which is exactly 50 miles bar road from the dredge camp. Recently a very good section of State highway has been constructed from Redding to Weaverville, and it is now possible to use this highway for 35 miles of the distance between the dredging property and Redding. The remaining 15 miles, however, are over ordinary dirt road. No trouble is experienced in reaching the property except for a few weeks during the middle of the winter when snowstorms may make travel difficult but not impossible. At present the property consists of about 500 acres of patented land, which extends for about 3 miles along the main Trinity River and Stuart's Pork. It is being worked with one 7-cubic foot, Bucyrus-type dredge, which has an average monthly capacity of about 100,000 cubic yards. To the end of 1931 approximately 10,000,000 cubic yards of gravel had been dredged.

Jan 1, 1932

By Jack C. White

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report assesses the resource potential of trace metals present in commercial Ti mineral concentrates. Metals of greatest interest: are those defined as "strategic and critical" by the U.S. Congress in 1981. Metals of interest in Ti mineral concentrates are Cb, Cr, Ta, Th, U, V, and Zr. Commercially available Ti mineral concentrates were studied. Characterization and analysis of major and minor constituents were performed by X-ray diffraction, neutron activation, inductively coupled plasma emission, atomic absorption, and classical wet chemical techniques. Of the metals investigated, the Cb, Ta, and V content of some concentrates may be a significant potential resource, depending on their amenability to recovery.

Jan 1, 2010

By H. A. Doerner

From thermodynamic calculations3 Maier predicted that zinc oxide Land methane would react at specified temperatures substantially according to equation (1). (1) ZnO + CH; = Zn (gas) + CO + 2H2 Other reactions that may take place are: (2) CH4 = C + 2H2. (3) ZnO + CO = Zn (gas) + CO2 (4) ZnO + H 2 = Zn (gas) + H2O . Maier predicted that 870°C. would be the critical temperature above which reaction (1) would take precedence over reaction (2) and that reaction (1), at equilibrium, would be substantially complete at or above 927°C.

Jan 1, 1931

By T. M. Romslo

"INTRODUCTION This report presents factual data obtained by the Bureau of Mines in the course of an investigation of the Antler mine in the Cedar Valley mining district, Mohave County, Ariz.The Antler property was first examined by Thomas L. Chapman, mining engineer, Bureau of Mines, on December 18, 1943, and January 28, 1944. In June 1945, A. H. Wadsworth, Jr., and R. L. Griggs, geologists, Federal Geo¬logical Survey, examined the Antler mine and several other mines in the district. Both Chapman and Wadsworth recommended diamond drilling of the Antler property to determine the character and extent of ore deposition.In October 1946, the surface and underground workings were surveyed by George Huseman, Mining engineer, and T. M. Romslo, project engineer. The following month Eldred. D. Wilson, geologist of the Arizona Bureau of Mines, assisted by the project engineer, mapped the geology. Subsequently trails were built to drilling sites and diamond drilling started January 16, 1947. The project was completed April 25, 1947.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Division, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigative work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Division, O. C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and takes beneficiation tests."

Mar 1, 1948

By Charles L. Ross

A successful placer mine is being operated by the E. T. Fisher Co. on Rock Creek in the South Pass mining district at Atlantic City, Wyo. About 2,800 cubic yards of gravel is dug daily by a gasoline-driven dragline shovel with a 1 1/4-yard bucket and washed in a movable plant with a gold-dredge trommel and standard-dredge sluice boxes; the total cost is about 12 cents per cubic yard. The gold-bearing gravel occupies a narrow valley between two low ranges, of hills. The ground is covered by brush and willows, which are cleared of in the fall by burning after the leaves have dried. The elevation at the mine is 7,600 feet above sea level.

Jan 1, 1935

By Y. H. Cheng, D. M. Lewis, V. Castranova, M. W. Barger, J. K. H. Ma, J. Y. C. Ma, W. F. Xin

Bis-basic ethers off fluorene and fluoren-9-substituted derivatives such as tilorone have been reported to inhibit silica-induced fibrosis in rats. The potential antifibrotic potency of 2,7-bis (diethylamino) ethixy fluorine fluorenone (F-9-H.H), fluorenoxime (F-9-one), and fluorenol (F-9-ol) was F-9-axime > F-9-one ~ F-9-H,H > F-9-ol. Since the release of reactive oxygen species and growth factors from alveolar macrophages (AM) in response to silica exposure has been linked to the development of pulmonary fibrosis, the present study was carried out to determine the inhibitory effects of these compounds on rat AM activity in vitro. The following parameters were monitored: (1) cellular viability; (2) zymosan-induced respiratory burst activity (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide release, chemiluminescence, and oxygen consumption) of AM; (3) drug binding to AM; and (4) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated interleukin- I (IL-1) release from AM. The bis-basic ethers, at 40 did not affect cell viability when incubated with AM for 30 min, but significantly inhibited zymosan-induced macrophage respiratory burst activity. The inhibitory effect of these agents was F-9-oxime > F-9-one ~F-9-H,H > F-9-ol. Binding of these drugs to AM was time and dose dependent, and exhibited the following binding affinity: F-9-oxime > F-9-one > F-9-H,H > F-9-ol. F-9- oxime was shown to inhibit LPS-stimulated IL-I release by AM in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition of IL-1 release by AM cannot be explained as a decrease in viability. In addition, these drugs were also shown to impair human fibroblast proliferation in response to serum stimuli without impairing cell viability. These results indicate a positive correlation between drug binding to AM or other cell types and their inhibitory effects on cellular activities including oxygen consumption, superoxide release, hydrogen peroxide secretion, chemiluminescence, IL-I release, and proliferation. The ability of-these bis-basic ethers to modify AM and fibroblast functions in vitro suggests that further investigation of their reported antifibrotic potency in vivo is warranted.

Dec 1, 1996

By William O. Vanderburg

This paper describing the mining practices at the Argonaut mine, Amador County, California, is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in the various mining districts of the United States. The mining practices described are those used in exploiting the low-grade gold ores in the heavy and swelling ground that occurs on the Mother Lode belt. The author acknowledges the assistance of E. A. Stent, vice-president, James L. Fontenrose, cost clerk, Joseph Mohorovich, mine foreman, of the Argonaut mine, and of E. D. Gardner, supervising engineer, United States Bureau of Mines, Southwest Experiment Station, Tucson, Ariz.

Jan 1, 1930

By Hal J. Kelly

A number of problems that developed in processing the halloysitic clays of eastern Washington and northern Idaho were investigated by the Bureau of Mines. The deflocculating effect of tetra sodium pyrophosphate is compared with several other compounds, and on the basis of current theory, the advantage of sodium pyrophosphate as a deflocculating agent is explained. The adsorption of the sodium ion by clay in a clay"-water system was established by a radioactive tracer technique, and the deflocculating action of sodium pyro- phosphate was postulated. The effective dispersion of the halloysitic clays was limited by the occurrence of tightly bound aggregates of small, individual crystals. Disaggregation of the agglomerates was investigated by liquid extrusion and ball milling of dilute slurries and by extrusion of the clay in a plastic state. The greatest increase in the production of small particles was by high? pressure liquid extrusion.

Jan 1, 1963

By Paul W. Johnson

Economic studies of four processes for using the glass fractions obtained from processing municipal incinerator residues are presented. Three processes--brick production, floor tile production, and glass wool production--use the colored glass fraction from an incinerator residue separation plant, and the fourth process, glass spheres production, uses the colorless glass fraction. The fixed capital cost and the estimated annual operating cost for six plants are presented in the report and summarized, as follows: [ ] The value of the product obtained from each of the plants was calculated on the basis of the interest rate of return method. Each of the processes appears economically attractive when comparing the product values with estimated selling prices. However, the effect of the products on market size and price must be determined.

Jan 1, 1973

By Terry J. Close

In 1985, at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U. S. Bureau of Mines studied part of the 56,623-acre South McCullough Mountains Wilderness Study Area (NV-050-435) in order to evaluate its identified mineral resources. The area studied is located in Clark County, NV, about 30 miles southwest of Boulder City. No mineral resources were identified. The study area contains the eastern part of the unorganized McCullough Mountain (McClanahan) mining district which has had no recorded production. Between 1911 and 1982, 23 lode claims were located in the part of the mining district that is in the study area; four of these claims are currently held by assessment (1986). A total of 11 mineral sites were found and examined during the U.S. Bureau of Mines investigations; 26 mine workings were examined. Of the 11 sites, four are within the study area, and seven are nearby. Of the seven nearby sites, six are adjacent to the west boundary and consist of precious-and base-metals bearing vein occurrences in metamorphic rocks. The seventh site is near the east study area boundary, and consists of a tungsten-bearing vein occurrence that is also in metamorphic rocks. The four sites within the study area consist of vein occurrences in metamorphic rocks that contain silver, gold, arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper. The veins at these four sites are too small and low grade to be classified resources; however, there are indications that three of the sites may have silver and gold resources at depth. Detailed delineation of the veins, and determinations of tonnages and grades are needed. This would entail additional mapping and sampling, trenching and drilling, and opening inaccessible workings.

Jan 1, 1987

By Jr. Smith

The equilibrium compositions of product gases for mixtures of air with methane, propane, or ethylene at and around flame temperatures are reported. For each hydrocarbon, compositions are given for five fuel-to-air ratios--two lean, two rich, and one stoichiometric--at five pressures, from 1 to 20 atmospheres, and at an ambient temperature of 25° C.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. E. Heithecker

[The separation of enormous quantities of water produced with the oil in some West Texas fields necessitated. the use of special equipment other than the regular lease tanks. Several methods Were used with varying degrees of success. They include, the water-trap, hay tank and gun barrel, gun barrel and settling tank, chemical, and electrical-dehydration methods. The water trap which has been used extensively in the Hendricks field, and in some instances has been installed in the Yates field separates the water' and. oil under high pressure before tile liquid and gas pass through the flow ?bean. The first trap was constructed and installed by the Southern Crude Oil Purchasing Co. in July, 1928. By July, 1929, approximately 300 traps were in use.]

Jan 1, 1932

By Walter D. Holland

This document is one of a series of instruction guides developed to help instructors present health and safety training courses to workers in the metal and nonmetal mining industry. This course is intended to provide above ground metal and nonmetal mining employees with training which will assist them in performing their work safely and healthfully. A document entitled, "Airborne Contaminants in Above Ground Metal and Nonmetal Mining and Processing Work Areas," is used as a manual for the students during the course. The unique features of the teaching guide are thumb rules for recognizing hazardous situations, candidate contamin¬ants for each work area and descriptions of control devices and work procedures.

Jan 1, 1977

By Alla D. Mah

Thermodynamic calculations for antimony and its compounds have been hampered by the lack of adequate basic thermal data; much work rains even to fill the more important gaps. This paper supplies heat and free energy of formation values at 298.15° K, for the sesquioxide and tetroxide, based upon new measurements conducted by the Bureau of Mines. The heats of formation were obtained by combustion (bomb) calorimetry, and the free energies of formation were obtained by combination of heat and entropy data. The new values are believed to substantially improve the accuracy of thermodynsunic considerations involving these oxides.

Jan 1, 1962

By F. J. Palumbo

Effective recycling or disposal of flue dusts is a continuing problem for copper, brass, and bronze smelters. Over 300,000 short tons (st) of dust is generated annually by U.S. secondary copper, brass, and bronze smelters. The Bureau of Mines has developed an alkaline leach method for recovering metal values from copper converter flue dust containing zinc, tin, lead, and copper. The dust was leached with a hot solution of ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide to solubilize ZnO. All of the tin (as Sn02) and the metallic copper, lead, and zinc, as well as possible insoluble compounds of each, report to the residue. Dissolved copper and lead salts are removed from the leachate by cementation with granular zinc. Zinc oxide is precipitated by diluting the leachate with water. The tin-rich (9.8 pct) residue has a ready market. The cement product is recyclable to the smelting operation. The ZnO is at least 97 pct pure and has potential marketability.

Jan 1, 1985

By Leonard Obert

The investigation reported herein is concerned with the generation and propagation of the strain wave produced in rock by the detonation of a high-velocity explosive. This report is the second of a series that will deal with this and related problems. The rock type in which these experiments were carried out was greenstone. Subsequent reports will discuss similar investigations in other rock types. Specifically, the problem under study is concerned with how certain characteristics of the strain wave, such as the maximum compressive and tensile strain, the maximum time rate of change of strain, the frequency components present in the pulse, the duration of the pulse, and other measurable characteristics, vary with the size of the charge and the distance from the detonation point to the point of measurement. . Other investigators have studied certain aspects of the generation and propagation problem in rock. However, in these studies the travel distances from the detonation to measurement point were comparatively long and the frequency components in the explosive wave were usually under 100 c.p.s. In this study the detonation to measurement distance covered. the range from 2 to 54 feet, and the strain gages and recording equipment employed in the instrumentation of the problem had a frequency response range from 200 to 10,000 c.p.s.

Jan 1, 1950

By L. H. ADAMS, C. N. HASKINS, J. K. CLEMENT

In the course of its investigations of the fuel resources in the United States and of the methods by which these resources could be utilized with greatest efficiency, the United States Geological Survey tested a great variety of coals and lignites as gas-producer fuel. Early in these testa it was found that many factors controlling the formation of gas in the generating chamber of the producer and, consequently, having a direct bearing on the management of producer-gas plants, were not as well understood as they should be. The Geological Survey therefore took up a detailed investigation of the chemical and physical processes that take place in the producer, keeping in view not only the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the producer as a source of energy, and the ensuing benefits to the public of cheaper power and greater utilization of low-grade fuels, but also the application of the results to the problems of boiler-furnace operations. - The Bureau of Mines, to which the testing and analyzing of fuels as carried on by the United States Geological Survey has been transferred, is continuing producer-gas investigations at the testing station at Pittsburg, Pa. Results of the gas-producer tests a made at the coal-testing plant erected at St. Louis, Mo., and of a study of some of the problems° that came up in the tests have been published by the Geological Survey. Results of the tests made at Norfolk, Va., and Pittsburg, Pa., and of further studies of particular problems, will be published by the Bureau of Mines. In the gas producer solid fuel is transformed into more readily combustible gaseous fuel. The transformation is relatively slow and consists of several processes: 1. The distillation of the volatile hydrocarbons from the freshly fired fuel at relatively low temperatures. 2. The combustion of the fuel by its combining with the oxygen of the air forming carbon dioxide (COO. 3. The formation of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (11 3), the essential constituents of producer gas, in accordance with the equations:

Jan 1, 1911