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By W. I. Nissen

This Bureau of Mines report presents the design for a commercial-sized flue gas desulfurization (FGD) demonstration plant that uses the citrate process. The goal of the Bureau's citrate process is to minimize the undesirable environmental impacts of industrial plants emitting SO2-bearing gas. The FGD plant is located at the George F. Weaton powerplant, Monaca, Pa. Construction was completed in April 1979 and will be followed by preliminary testing and a 1-year testing and evaluation program. Design capacity of the FGD plant is 156,000 scfm of 0.2-volume-percent-SO2 flue gas yielding about 16 tons of sulfur per day. The plant is intended to (1) clean fly ash, SO2, and Cl- from the gas while cooling the gas in a venturi scrubber, (2) absorb SO2 from the gas using 1,200 gpm of a countercurrent-flowing citric acid-sodium citrate-sodium thiosulfate solution, (3) react the absorbed SO2 in two 13,000-gal stirred closed vessels with added H2S, thus precipitating elemental sulfur and regenerating the citrate solution for recycle, and (4) recover the sulfur from the slurry by air flotation, followed by melting in a heat exchanger and separation from the occluded citrate solution in a sulfur decanter at 35 psi and 135° C.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. P. McCullough

In 1943, the Federal Bureau of Mines began a program of thermodynamic investigations of petroleum constituents and related compounds. These systematic, long-range studies, which were conducted in the thermodynamics laboratory of the Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center and are still continuing, have resulted in a substantial quantity of data valuable to the petroleum industry and science in general. As separate phases of these studies were completed, the findings were promptly reported in the scientific press. During the past 16 years, 89 journal articles, giving the results obtained for individual compounds and small groups of related compounds, were published, mainly in the Journal of the American Chemical Society and the Journal of Physical Chemistry. In addition, members of the Bureau staff have contributed six chapters to specialized reference books. This circular, prepared in response to many requests, lists these 95 published papers, giving an abstract of the contents of each, as well as titles, authors, and literature citations. The journal articles are listed in the order of their preparation, which closely approximates the chronological order of their publication; hence, the item number to the left of each citation corresponds to the assigned contribution number. For the convenience of the reader, the abstract section is followed by a condensed bibliography, arranged alphabetically by senior author and keyed to the abstracts by appropriate contribution numbers in parentheses after the entry.

Jan 1, 1961

During the initial portion of the contract several alternative designs were considered, as set out step by step in the monthly reports. The conclusions reached during this period were - to use on INTERDATA Model 70 as the system minicomputer - to drop the idea of multiplexing and digitizing the inclinometer outputs downhole due to the greater complexity and cost that that alternative would imply - to use a multitasking software monitor to enable synchronization of the several tasks that the system would have to perform simultaneously - to use a common controller for all I/0 devices except those which were available off the shelf from Interdata - to use a sheave counter to meter off equal increments of probe travel, but to supplement this information with the use of an encoder on the winch drum in order to be able to measure total probe travel unambiguously. - to place all I10 device interfaces in a bin connected to the common controller. During this period considerable attention was dedicated to the design of the mechanical components contemplated it the original contract. Of these, only those required for vertical probe was complete at the time that it was decided to forego the mechanical subsystem and concentrate on developing the necessary electronics and software to interface with the probes being developed by the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 2012

By Ronald W. Stingelin

The geology of the roof of the Pittsburgh coal bed was studied and mapped in nine contiguous counties containing the bulk of the remaining reserves of this coal bed in the northern Appalachian Coal Basin. Drill core records from Belmont and Monroe counties, Ohio, Washington and Greene counties Pennsylvania, and Ohio, Marshall, Wetzel, Monongalia, and Marion counties, West Virginia provided the data for twelve computer generated regional geologic variable maps. Four of these geologic variables (overburden thickness, vertical distance to the rider coal, lithology at the five foot horizon above the roof of the mineable Pittsburgh seam, and the number of lithologic changes within the 30 foot interval above the roof of the mineable Pittsburgh seam) were used to estimate the risk of potential roof falls by a methological scheme developed during this study. A hazard zone risk map was developed showing a generalized regional trend of increasing risk from west to east across the basin. Mapping of individual geologic variables and mapping of hazard risk can be done at any scale. The accuracy of the mapping is primarily dependent on the density of the drill core records. Geologic feature maps and the hazard risk map contained in this report are reduced (1 :500,000 scale) versions of the larger scale (1 :62,500) maps prepared for the Bureau of Mines as map folios.

Jan 1, 1979

By H. B. Carroll

This Bureau of Mines report evaluates the performance of commercially available portable instrumentation for the detection of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane at conditions simulating an industrial work atmosphere. Portable instrumentation included in the study was gas-detection tubes (length-of-stain and color intensity), catalytic detector, liquid absorption detectors, paramagnetic oxygen detector, galvanic detector, and pelement or hot-wire methane detectors. Evaluation of the instruments was in atmospheres with 50 and 80 percent relative humidities at 75° F and containing test gas concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the thresh-old limit value. Correlation of the results from the portable gao analyzer with measurement from the standard instruments was made by calculating and plotting an estimated line of regression, prediction, and confidence limits and the correlation coefficient for each detector system. Relative humidity in the 50-to 80-percent range did not appear to contribute to instrumental uncertainties in either performance or operation. Considerable deviation in detection precision between the portable gas-detection systems and the standard systems was established, especially at the lower gas concentration levels. The main difference or inconsistency in toxic gas concentrations determined with length-of-stain tubes resulted from the observer's interpretation of the results rather than difference in the tubes themselves.

Jan 1, 1973

By D. A. Paice

Under the first phase of this contract as reported in the Phase I report it was determined that certain types of commercially available molded case breakers are capable of interrupting mine dc power supplies of nominally 300 volts or 600 volts rating. These circuit breakers incorporate conventional overcurrent trip units but also can be operated by means of low power signals fed to a shunt trip coil. Further development in the Phase I program produced a means whereby a discriminating circuit breaker detector unit could sense the presence of illegitimate loads on the dc electrical system and cause the circuit breaker to trip. The detector unit operated by detecting the presence of 3000 Hz currents which were generated in the illegitimate loads by means of a 12 volt, 3000 Hz signal applied to the dc system. Further development of the program has continued in Phase II with the aim of verifying the practicability of the complete discriminating circuit breaker concept and developing other types of equipments required to implement a system. These other equipments include electronic means for raising the apparent impedance of high power legitimate loads and static filters for smaller loads. The results of laboratory work and limited underground tests have been successful. This report describes the system and the tests that have been conducted on the various equipments that comprise the complete Discriminating Circuit Breaker Concept.

Jan 1, 2012

By D. J. Dollhopf

This research was part of an effort to investigate means of reestablishing non¬polluted hydrological systems in areas where surface mining directly impacts shallow ground-water resources. Chemically undesirable overburden material was selectively backfilled with the intent that it would be below the future root zone, be above the reestablished aquifer, and would not be leached as a result of deep percolation. After 2 years the buried material remains above the spoil aquifer and below the maximum rooting depth. Unsaturated water flow from the land surface to the buried material occurred during wet climatological periods. No significant leaching of buried material was observed, however. Overburden sample contamination from drill stem joint grease with Pb, Zn, and Cu additives caused substantial error regarding DTPA extractable trace metals. A grease with teflon and talc additives was recommended for use in future sampling programs. DTPA extractable trace elements in overburden material had no statistical relationship to post-mine ground-water quality. Overburden columns leached with water produced leachates comparable to overburden and spoil ground-water trace metal quality. A depositional model described the Rosebud Coal overburden as a fluvial system with distinct units of sand, silt, and clay, with distinct chemical properties. Physical and chemical characteristics of the model were comparable to the in situ geochemical system, a relationship which may aid in locating overburden materials unsuitable for reclamation.

Jan 1, 1979

This work presents: 1.) the results obtained from measurements of temperature profiles in pillars and at working faces of three coal mines located in Colorado and New Mexico, 2) a comparison of the experimental results with theoretical predictors based on linear heat flow models, and 3) temperature profile predictions based on a two dimensional coal mine model with an inclined crack located in the roof or wall of the opening. The thermal properties of the coal and shale samples taken from the mines were used as input data for the computer model. Good agreement was found between the measured profiles and the theoretical values obtained with the one dimensional model. The two dimensional model results show that a visible crack (0.01-0.07-ft thick) in a coal roof causes a surface temperature difference from 0.2 to 1°F at the edge of the crack for rock exposed to air from 1 hr to 288 hrs and with the air to rock temperature differences from 2°-6°F. A temperature difference of 0.3 °F was found between solid and broken rock in a shale roof with a 0.03-ft thick crack inclined 45° to the horizontal after a ventilating time of 48 hrs and the air to rock temperature difference of 2.1°F.

Jan 1, 1972

By Robert C. Bates

This Bureau of Mines report converts published data on the cost of ventilating uranium mines to a common price base and analyzes these data to determine the cost per ton of uranium ore at various levels of radiation exposure control. There appears to be an exponential increase of cost as the radiation level is lowered. The 1967 base costs are extrapolated to present dollars, and some cost comparisons are given for other radiation control measures.

Jan 1, 1981

By Earl L. Phillips

The Bureau of Mines conducted laboratory tests on samples of pozzolaniccement concrete to develop a low- strength backfill . Results show that support costs can be lowered by replacing a portion of the portland cement in mine backfill with pozzolan ( fly ash ) and lime . Unconfined compression tests on various ratios of fly ash to cement in 84 samples produced compressivestrength curves that can be used to estimate the best backfill mix for any mine .

Jan 1, 1964

This report summarizes the work performed by the Bureau of Mines on the development of analytical procedures for determining metallic and interstitial impurities in high-purity tungsten. Fourteen published methods and seven unpublished methods are briefly described. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, in microgram to higher quantity levels, can be determined by several methods. Trace levels of 29 metallic impurity elements can be determined by optical spectrography, X-ray spectrography, and other instrumental methods.

Jan 1, 1968

By C. R. Kuzell

This paper, describing the concentrator practice of the United Verde Copper Co., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of HISTORY The United Verde concentrator was constructed in accordance with recommendations based on certain novel reasons which were quite different from those usually justifying the expenditure of such an amount. Concentrator operations started in March, 1927, although the metallurgical staff had considered for several years the eventual addition of a concentrator department.

Jan 1, 1930

By Lulie H. Crump

Salient historical data on consumption of fuels and energy have been summarized by State and census district for the years 1960 through 1972. This Information Circular covers States east of the Mississippi, and Information Circular 8705 covers States west of the Mississippi. These data replace previously published compilations of energy consumption statistics by States and districts. Future annual studies are planned using the same Btu conversion factors applied in these two. Information Circulars.

Jan 1, 1976

By Albert W. Deurbrouck

This report describes the preparation characteristics of the significant coalbeds in Russell County , Va . Almost 2 million tons of coal was mined in 1961 ; 75 percent of the coal was cleaned mechanically in preparation plants in the county . The coal of Russell County is ranked as medium- to high- volatile bituminous , contains small amounts of sulfur , and generally requires some cleaning to reduce the ash content to limits acceptable for metallurgical purposes .

Jan 1, 1963

By O. C. Blade

Sales of diesel fuel in the United States exceeded 150,000,000 barrels during 1953 and 140,000,000 barrels during 1952. Following are some figures on the distribution of this fuel computed from data issued by the Bureau of Mines. 2/ [ ] Deliveries of diesel type fuel from refineries totaled 91,170,000 barrels during the first six months of 1954, 3/ a corresponding figure for 1953 was 86,284,000 barrels.

Jan 1, 1954

By W. C. Holliman

This report on the characteristics of commercial aviation gasolines presents compilations of inspection test data furnished on their products by manufacturers of commercial grades of aviation gasoline, and special data obtained in Bureau of Mines laboratories on samples of these gasolines. Data and physical samples for the survey were submitted by 15 manufacturers on 18 grade 80, 21 grade 91/98, 22 grade 100/130, and 10 grade 115/145 aviation fuels.

Jan 1, 1948

By D. S. Burgess

A commercially available Halon 1301 extinguisher has been evaluated as part of an explosion-suppression system for use in coal mines. Studies were made both of the dispersion pattern of the Halon 1301 at an initial pressure of 280 psig, and of the efficacy of this suppressant against 9.5 percent methane-air flames. These flames were quenched successfully only when the suppressant was applied before the fireball diameter exceeded 18 inches.

Jan 1, 1971

By Lulie H. Crump

Salient historical data on consumption of fuels and energy have been summarized by State and census district for the years 1960 through 1972. This Information Circular covers States west of the Mississippi, and Information Circular 8704 covers States east of the Mississippi. These data replace previously published compilations of energy consumption statistics by States and districts. Future annual studies are planned using the same Btu conversion factors applied in these two Information Circulars.

Jan 1, 1976

By L. B. Pankratzt

The heat content above 298.15° K of ferroelectric lithium columbate (LiCbO3) was measured to 1,770° K. The Curie temperature was determined to be 1,450° K, the melting point 1,540° K, and the heat of fusion 16.94 kcal/mole. Heat content and entropy increments have been tabulated for the temperature range from i98.15° to 1,800° K. Heat contents are also given in equation form.

Jan 1, 1966

By G. S. Scott

[The Duretiu of Kinen, as :) pr<r"Yof its :;encr:rL propan clealini: with the causes, behavior, n.ncl tor-trol of o1:t1?;.?cite-mine fires, hns investic:&apos;lte3 I varionr. Te:.nr, for Je tec tin:: iccj.r)ic:~ t he;, tint; :,:.zqdergro-.:rid and of <~e termining the trend of the hen tir..: once -I i&apos;i re j 7 knnm tr, he nrcsc~t.]

Jan 1, 1938