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By J. A. Ruppert, P. M. Sullivan

A process was developed on a laboratory scale in which iron contained in galvanizers ' zinc dross and aluminum contained in scrap zinc die - cast alloy were removed simultaneously . Melting both types of scrap together in the proper proportions resulted in formation of solid intermetallic Fe₂ Alg , which was readily removed from the melt by filtration and centrifugation . Recovery was 87 to 92 percent of the available zinc . Refined filtrate contained 0.02 percent iron and 0.20 percent aluminum. Aluminum content was further reduced to less than 0.01 percent by fluxing with zinc chloride . Low temperatures employed and inexpensive equipment requirements make the process commercially attractive .

Jan 1, 1964

By H. E. Powell

A laboratory investigation was conducted by the Bureau of Mines to study the magnetic characteristics and to measure the magnetic susceptibility of the mineral siderite. All susceptibility measurements were made by the method of Gouy on powdered samples and at room temperature. Specific susceptibilities of samples from 15 different locations, domestic and foreign, were determined. Values ranged from 66 to 103 (10-6) cgs electromagnetic units. The relation of susceptibility to mineral composition is discussed in this report. The specific susceptibilities of 76 minerals are tabulated in an appendix.

Jan 1, 1963

By J. L. Shultz

The Bureau of Mines extended its investigation of methanation catalysts. The noble metals (platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium) and rhenium), molybdenum, and tungsten were tested in hydrogenations of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at 21 atmospheres in a temperature range between 200° and 600° C. From the 8 metals studied) 25 catalysts represent 5 catalyst types were prepared and tested. The impregnated 0.5-percent-ruthenium catalyst proved to be the most active and versatile of all the catalysts produced. Tungsten and the noble metals other than ruthenium were low in activity and usually required temperatures above 500° C for appreciable production of hydrocarbons. Molybdenum was moderate in activity, but further improvement in molybdenum catalysts seems possible.

Jan 1, 1967

By Arthur Matzick

The oil shale from the Mahogany zone of the Green River formation in northwestern Colorado has the greatest potential in the United States for early utilization. A large reserve of adequately rich shale is available to support a sizable industry, and crushing of tremendous tonnages will be required if conventional processing methods are used. This report presents Bureau of Mines data on crushing experiments, physical properties, and related information for Colorado oil shale. Among the properties important to crushing are slab-forming tendency, resilience, slippery character of the richer grades, and heterogeneous nature of an average charge of Colorado oil shale.

Jan 1, 1960

By R. V. Lundquist

The compound 2Na2O?3CaO?5Al2O3 occurs as a minor phase in lime-soda sinters prepared for extracting aluminum from siliceous aluminum-bearing materials. About 99 percent extraction of sodium and aluminum from synthesized 2Na2O.3CaO.5Al2O3 was obtained in solutions of NaOH-Na2CO3 at leaching temperatures of 50° C and above. Extractions in water were low because insufficient NaOH was generated by hydrolysis. Extractions in NaOH solutions were limited to about 80 percent owing to the precipitation of hydrated calcium aluminates. Rapid extractions of 100 percent were obtainable in NaaC03 solutions, but the subsequent rapid precipitation of alumina trihydrate caused losses in alumina recovery.

Jan 1, 1965

By C. V. Davis

In the lnvestlg::ìt1on of mAthods for aSS8.7ing platin",. conducted by the Bureau ot MinAs, reoent experiments have d~velopad tha~ with ce..tain orei, especially when thr, quantity Of platinum 1s eonlidarablfl, nit'!le acid w111 not etfßct a iepard-Han of platinum and pa11adium. 'lhe following m;lthod has been found to be accurate and to reiu1 t in a complete S''lun''ation of' th~3:l metals. It is therefo 1" '!eeommei:ed that 1 t ba followed rath::r- than the method of separation with nitrio acid, givèn in Technical Pape'! 270.* At line 22, pagi 14, of that paper, bAglnnlng with ~tarm th,~ metals '.'ith dilute¡ nitrio acid," strikE out the rest of the paragraph, and substttutt~ the pro_t cedure g1 ven below. ?lunder and Thuringer.. have developed mnt¡iods for th"i sflparation of palladium from all the platinum metals exoept platinum bj m ,ans of dlmethy- 19lyoxlme. They state that the~ is no action for several hours if an excess of dimeth¡lglyoxime is added to an aqueous solution of ohloroplatinic acid in the cold, alio that only on boiling is the platinum pTecipi ated ¡~d than only PST't of the platinum i srenoved from the sUut1on. They found that palladium 1s p~ecipi tated quati tat! vely in the oold as (CaH 4N40 Pd) which is insoluble tn water, dilute hydroohlorio acid, dilute acetIc aofd or in 50~ ethyl alcbhol. All of their pT'90ipi tations we~p Carl". ied out ~hile the solutions were being heated. This caused a pal"tia~recipltation of the platinum along wi th the

May 1, 1922

By J. W. Town

The Bureau of Mines conducted petrographic classification and flotation studies to determine if acid-grade concentrates could be obtained from individual and composite samples from the Meade Peak member of the Phosphoria Formation, Idaho. The petrographic studies were made to determine the effect of compositional features on concentration of phosphates. The ore grade, ovule size, and clay content were the main features affecting grade and recovery of phosphate. Flotation results on roasted ore with a tall oil emulsion scheme showed that beds containing over 10 percent P2O5 could be beneficiated and composited with the two high-grade beds to produce a composite concentrate containing 31.9 percent 05 at 84.3 percent recovery. Treatment of these intermediate-grade phosphate beds by flotation increased ore reserves over 200 percent and increased the ore-to-waste ratio in the ore zone from 1:5.7 to 1:0.27.

Jan 1, 1966

By N. F. LeJeune

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Jan 1, 1924

By Jack Wasserman, Don Wasserman, Gretchen Hinton, Logan Mullinix, Shekar Khanal

Human testing has always been a needed way to provide information on the effects of vehicle vibration, however, the manner of testing has not reflected the real situations of driver’s hands on a steering wheel and a seat with back support and driving tasks. The typical system have used a standard sinusoidal excitation rather than the typical types of road – truck excitations The new truck driver training simulators provide the combination of road roughness, speed effects, cab environment and individual tasks. The system has a full six axis simulation potential. The simulators have the protection of the individual by a combination of two ways for the individual to stop the motion as well as an operator with visual capability who can stop the testing. The closed simulator, shown in Figure 1, has the potential for providing motion during the operation.

Jan 6, 2006

By M. C. Chapman, E. C. Westman, A. T. Iannacchione

Examination of seismic records during the time interval of the Sago Mine disaster in 2006 revealed a small amplitude signal possibly associated with an event in the mine. More needs to be understood about the seismicity from mine explosions in order to properly interpret critical seismic information. A seismic monitoring system located at NIOSH’s Lake Lynn Experimental Mine has monitored experimental gas and dust based explosions and impact tests. The seismic signatures from these different events were analyzed using standard waveform analysis procedures. The magnitude of seismic energy during a gas and dust explosion was found to be more dependent on mine entry geometry and seal behavior rather than on the amount of explosive fuel present. The results suggest a large explosion that’s not restricted can generate potentially the same magnitude as a small explosion that is restricted.

This chapter describes the adverse health effects associated with exposure to respirable coal mine dust. Epidemiological studies of underground and surface coal miners in the United States and other countries are discussed. Also discussed are animal studies that add to our understanding of particle deposition and retention in the lungs and associated disease responses. This chapter emphasizes studies that (1) were performed since the passage of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 [P.L. 91- 173], (2) used standardized methods of exposure monitoring and disease classification, and (3) investigated exposure-response relationships between respirable coal mine dust exposure and disease. Several published review articles contain further discussion of health effects studies of coal miners [Attfield and Wagner 1992b; Petsonk and Attfield 1994; Cotes and Steel 1987; Merchant et al. 1986; Morgan and Lapp 1976; Morgan 1975].

Jan 1, 1997

By Richard F. Link

The principal procedures for the statistical analysis of gold assay and other trace-element data depend on applying either the normal frequency distribution or the lognormal frequency distribution. The consequences of applying both methods are examined through reference to example data from United States and South African gold mines. It is concluded that for estimation of average grades, except for certain data with a very high coefficient of variation (ratio of standard deviation to mean), use of the lognormal distribution is ordinarily undesirable because bias may be introduced and little efficiency can be gained. However, if biased average grades can be tolerated, as in the examination of data from surveys in exploration geochemistry, use of the log-normal distribution may be desirable. Various statistical analyses are detailed, and the tables presented to implement the analyses are more complete than those previously published.

Jan 1, 1971

By J. D. Davis

"Introduction.Sixty years ago, M. Berthelot found that ethylene could be selectively absorbed from gaseous mixtures by concentrated sulphuric acid, and that the compound formed by the chemical union of the gas and acid was readily decomposed by heating with water, yielding ethyl alcohol. Only within the last few years has there been any attempt to make use of this discovery technically.Bury*, working in England at the Skinningrove Iron Works and on a commercial scale, developed a technical method for converting, the ethylene of coke-oven as into alcohol. With a gas containing less than 3 per cent of ethylene, he obtained a yield of 1.6 gallons of alcohol per ton of coal carbonized.De Loisy** perfected a technical method for treatment of coke-oven as for alcohol. Evidently this work was carried out on a semi-commercial scale. His method is based on the use of catalytic agents for hastening the absorption of ethylene by sulphuric acid. He uses part of the spent acid for drying the gases and pact for the manufacture of ammonium sulphate. Excess acid is reconcentrated by waste heat. Others have worked on the problem, but so far there has been no large recovery of ethylene from coke-oven gases. The chief difficulty seems to lie in the low efficiency (about 50% of methods and tae relatively low concentrations of ethylene in the gases treated. Gas from Trent amalgam*** contains much larger percantages of ethylene than does coke-oven gas, as Will presently be shown, and if it should ever prove practIcal to treat industrial ;as for alcohol, this gas would offer attractive possibilities,* Bury, Ernest, Ethylene as Alcohol from Coke-Oven Gas: Gas Journal' Vol. 148, D. 30, 1919, pp. 718.** DC Loisy, M.E., Sur un procede' industrial de fabrication syntlotique de l'alcool et de l'ether a partir des gaz de distillation de la houil Comp Rend, vol. 170, Jan. 1920, p. 50-3.*** A paste consisting of approximately part oil such as that obtained as for cleaning coal. See Perrott. in cleaning coal, Chem 3 parts finely pulvarized coal and 1 final product in the Trent, process StJ, and Kinney, S.P. The use of oil Vol. 35 August 3, 1921, p, 183.. & Met."

Nov 1, 1922

By George S. Rice

The following paper was presented at an International Conference on Mine Safety Research held at Dortmund, Germany, September 23-28, 1935, inclusive. This conference was attended by representatives of Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States ands by invitation, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Spain, and Russia. The first international conference of representatives of mine-safety, research stations was held the United States Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Experiment station in 1912 .4/

Jan 1, 1936

By J. R. Ross

The extraction and recovery of nitrate from waste solutions generated in the production of titanium were investigated using solvent extraction techniques. Laboratory studies and continuous tests in a small solvent-extraction system showed that up to 98 percent of the nitrate can be selectively extracted by a solution of tributyl phosphate in kerosine. The extracted nitrate can be recovered as nitric acid, at concentrations suitable for reuse, by stripping the loaded organic with water.

Jan 1, 1973

By Roy T. Sorensen

This Bureau of Mines report presents the results of a study to rank technologies for extraction of alumina from bottom ash and coal shale. The available literature on composition and availability of coal waste was reviewed, and papers pertinent to alumina extraction are referenced. Types of coal waste were categorized by method of waste generation, coal content (heating value), location, coal type (ash nomenclature), and alkaline earth content. The differences and similarities among the categories of coal waste are summarized as to factors that my affect aluminum extraction, especially factors concerning chemical composition, current production, storage problems, and accumulated tonnage. Data available on physical characteristics and mineralogy did not correlate well with the individual categories of coal waste, and discussion on these two aspects is limited to the differences between coal ash and coal shale.

Jan 1, 1983

By D. H. Chambers

The Bureau of Mines developed a process for producing high-purity zinc and tin by electrorefining from liquid amalgams. Commercial grade metals were dissolved in mercury to produce saturated amalgams at room temperature. Amalgams were also prepared by electrolytic transfer from soluble anodes of the metals to a mercury cathode. Amalgams formed by both methods were used as anodes in electrorefining cells to produce high-purity cathodes. Metal impurities, excluding mercury, were at levels of less than 5 ppm in zinc and 9 ppm in tin. Mercury content was about 2 to 10 ppm in zinc products, and this was effectively removed by heating the cathodes in a vacuum. Mercury was excluded from tin cathodes by pumping the tin electrolyte through tin turnings and controlling the cell temperature.

Jan 1, 1969

Design a high-production coal mining machine with inherent low dust generation and low frictional ignition potential. Approach Constant depth linear cutting (CDLC) provides a longterm solution to excessive dust generation from shearers and continuous mining machines through new design of the rotary drum culling system. Problems with rotary drum systems, which must be eliminated to control the dust generation at the source, include the effect of a con¬stantly varying depth of cut using fixed bit spacing, secondary fragmentation of already broken coal and, frictional heating of bits and entrainment of dust by fanning action due to high drum rotational speed, Each bit on a rotary drum enters the coal face at zero depth of cut, goes to some maximum depth at the horizontal centerline during sump, and exits at zero depth.

Jan 1, 1989

By P. L. Woolf

Oil was successfully injected into the tuyeres of the Bureau of Mines experimental blast furnace. Determinations were made for the minimum oil addition necessary to permit the maximum available blast temperature of 2,250° F. and the maximum oil rates at blast temperatures of 1,900°, 2,000°, and 2,100° F. From these tests, the upper and lower levels of high-temperature heat input, which limit the smoothly operating furnace, were established. Substantial coke saving was realized with maximum oil injection. Oil-to-coke replacement ratios have been calculated for various conditions, and oil is compared with natural gas and moisture in somewhat general terms. A study of the effect of variations in slag volume and basicity on the sulfur content of the metal at high sulfur loads was made.

Jan 1, 1963

By A. E. Prokop, J. P. Rider

Previous research on continuous mining operations has shown that significant interactions exist between dust control parameter application and the resulting respirable dust levels, but simply increasing the level of the controls does not guarantee a reduction in respirable dust levels. Full-scale laboratory tests are being conducted to provide information to longwall operators which would assist them in selecting control parameters that would reduce dust levels for mine-specific conditions. The interactions between face air velocity, shearer water quantity, drum water spray pressure, external water spray pressure, and spray system design were evaluated in a simulated 2.13. m (7-ft) coal seam for two cutting directions. Locations around and downwind of the shearer were monitored to evaluate relative changes in respirable dust levels as a function of each control parameter.