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By E. P. Ferrero

Analyses of 38 crude oil samples from 25 fields in Algeria, Libya, and Nigeria are presented in this report. The 38 crude oils are listed alphabetically by country and field. Also shown are the geographic and geologic sources of the samples analyzed, the companies that supplied the samples, the general characteristics and analytical and computed data, and the production for the fields from which the samples were obtained.

Jan 1, 1966

By E. P. Ferrero

Analyses of 38 crude oil samples from 25 fields in Algeria, Libya, and Nigeria are presented in this report. The 38 crude oils are listed alphabetically by country and field. Also shown are the geographic and geologic sources of the samples analyzed, the companies that supplied the samples, the general characteristics and analytical and computed data, and the production for the fields from which the samples were obtained.

Jan 1, 1966

By J. Owens

Advanced materials development ranks as one of the most important high-tech industries of the future in the United States. Recent breakthroughs can be attributed to advanced computer technology, powerful mathematical models, and more precise analytical tools that enable scientists to examine and control properties of materials as never before. Discoveries now being made are providing many industries with opportunities to improve product lines, fabrication techniques, product reliability, and so forth. More¬over, industries, such as space, medicine, and defense, which require stringent: design and perfomance specifications in highly competitive world markets, increasingly demand these new materials. The definition of advanced materials used here is one that has been adopted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines: Those materials which have been developed over the past 30 years or so, and which are being developed at present, that exhibit greater strength, higher strength-density ratios, greater hardness, and/or one or more superior thermal, electrical, optical, or chemical properties, when compared with traditional materials.

Jan 1, 1991

By E. H. Denny

Colorado coal-mine fatalities, which have gradually decreased since 1914, have shown a marked decline since 1924. Data on coal-mine fatalities in Colorado published by the U. S. Bureau of Mines5 indicate that the deaths per thousand 300-day workers have decreased from 9.13 in 114 to 6.14 in 1926, and that the deaths per million tons produced have decreased from 9.18 in 1914 to 4.98 in 1926. Table 1 gives fatality rates in Colorado and in the United States from 1914 to 1926 inclusive. [ ]

Jan 1, 1929

By W. W. Adams

[Sales of explosives - permissible explosives5/ other high explosives, and black blasting powder - in the United States during the calendar year 1937 reached a combined total that slightly exceeded the quantity sold in 1936. A larger output was reported for permissible and other high explosives but a smaller for black powder. Production of the three classes of explosives totaled 404,744,294 pounds, more than 3 percent over 1336. The total quantity produced included 49,579,441 pounds of permissible, 288,924,253 pounds of other high ex- plosives, 36,403,950 pounds of black powder in pellet form, and 23,836,550 pounds of black powder in granular form. Sales of granular black powder declined 26 percent compared with 1936 and of pellet black powder 12 percent; gales of permissible explosives increased nearly 4 percent and of other high explosives 10 percent]

Jan 1, 1938

By Earle S. Burnett

Rotating piston deadweight gages have been used for many years for measurement of pressure to several hundred atmospheres. They have been calibrated by comparison of fluid pressures produced by various loads bearing on the piston bases, as measured by corresponding heights of balancing columns of mercury. When expressed in appropriate units, these ratios of column heights to piston loads are called piston constants. Experimental arrangements and procedures for their determination are presented in this paper, followed by a discussion of their significance and of their subsequent applications.

Jan 1, 1966

By K. E. Stanfield

Oil-yield results are presented for 65 oil-shale sections in Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, sampled during the period 1957 through 1963. Including previously published data, oil-yield results for 203 sampled sections have now been released by the Bureau of Mines to aid in appraising the shale oil potential of the basin. Oil yields of core samples (135 sets) were regarded as reliable bases for appraising the Mahogany-zone interval, but only 5 sets of cores sampled the deeper, lower-zone oil shales. Drill cuttings (68 sets) sampled the lower-zone oil shales, but their oil yields are principally indicative and should be confirmed by analyses of cores. More complete core sampling of the lower-zone oil shales is needed.

Jan 1, 1967

By Forrest T. Moyer

Injury experience in the mineral mining and processing industries during 1968 was slightly improved in the nonfatal-injury record but worse in the fatality record. The resulting frequency rate of all injuries was slightly better, whereas the injury-severity rate retrogressed appreciably from the figure for 1967. Overall operating activity, as measured by man-hours of worktime, was slightly higher in 1968. However, there were several major segments of the mineral industries in which activity was lower owing to reduced demand for mineral products and to several major work stoppages. These statistics comprise the injury and work experience of all personnel engaged in production, exploration, development, maintenance, repair, and force-account construction work, including supervisory and technical personnel, and working partners and owners at mineral-producing and mineral-processing establishments in the United States. Data concerning officeworkers are excluded except for the oil and gas industry for which such information is not separable. All injury rates and totals are calculated from data before rounding. The data for 1968 are preliminary except for the anthracite, coke, petroleum and natural gas, native asphalt, peat, and slag industries, which are final. The figures represent full coverage for all industries except oil and gas for which coverage is not complete, particularly with respect to small companies.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. Lincoln

A surplus of vanadium has resulted from the tremendous output of uranium, of which vanadium is a byproduct. More knowledge of the properties and characteristics of vanadium as a pure metal has been needed so that industry can take advantage of its availability and use it according to the best principles of conservation. Besides the problem of utilization, there is the ever present need of finding new materials which will satisfy specific and demanding requirements of science and engineering; vanadium or one of its alloys may possess the latent potential for filling some of these needs. Thus this? research project was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines to determine and examine some of the physical and mechanical properties of pure vanadium. A corallary investigation was the determination of the effect of the interstitial contaminants, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, on unalloyed vanadium. The vanadium used for these determinations was principally the product of experimental production of the Bureau. The evaluation of this material, as small quantities became available, provided most of the data that have been obtained.

Jan 1, 1962

By Robert A. Bradburn

The Bureau of Mines has developed a miniature, portable two-level oxygen-deficiency alarm and produced three prototype models. Each operates from a 4.2-v dc power source, and the highest current drain of any model is 80 ma. An electrochemical cell, which produces an electrical output in proportion to the partial pressure of oxygen to which it is exposed, is used as an oxygen detector. The output of the cell is applied to an electronic circuit that detects two different levels of oxygen percentage below that of normal air, and produces distinct audible signals at these levels. The hazard alarm mode is activated when the oxygen percentage first drops below normal and produces a 500-cps "beep" tone with an intermittency of 1 cps. The danger mode produces a continuous 500-cps audible signal when the oxygen percentage drops still lower.

Jan 1, 1968

By M. I. Copeland

The investigation of the zirconium-gadolinium equilibrium diagram was part of a program to investigate rare:earth alloys for use as nuclear reactor control materials. Investigation of the zirconium-gadolinium equilibrium diagram revealed a eutectic system with limited terminal solubilities and one peritectoid reaction. The eutectic composition occurs at about 82 percent gadolinium, and the eutectic isotherm, which occurs at 1,220 ±5° C., extends from about 12 to 99+ percent gadolinium. A peritectoid isotherm occurs at 890 ±5° C. and extends from about 2 to 99+ percent gadolinium. The solubility of gadolinium in beta zirconium decreases from about 12 percent at 1,220 ±5° C. to about 2 percent at 890 ±5° C. The solubility of gadolinium in alpha zirconium decreases from approximately 5 percent at 890 ±5° C. to between 2 and 3 percent at 600° C. Vary little solubility of zirconium in gadolinium was indicated. An allotropic transformation of gadolinium was observed at 1,260 ±5° C. A change of the gadolinium transformation temperature on alloying with zirconium was not observed.

Jan 1, 1961

By L. Cheng, M. S. Seehra, P. S. Raghoottama

The four major IR bands of a-quartz at 1080, 797, 693 and 488 cm-1 are studied at room temperature by FTIR-Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Using Rosencwaig-Gersho theory, equations for the PAS signal q for the thermally thin and thermally thick cases are derived and it is shown how thin to thick transition occurs and leads to saturation as the sample mass is increased. For sample mass < 2 mg, q is proportional to sample mass thus defining the region for quantitative analysis. The dependence of q on the chopping frequency f is found to vary as q f-n with n ? 0.9 for quartz, in good agreement with the RG theory.

Jan 1, 1989

By Lewis C. Karrick, Martin J. Gavin

"Introduction.The theory of fractional ""education"" of oil from oil shale has been used by several inventors as the basis for the design of retorts for the production of oil from the oil shales of the United States. The term fractional ""education"" gives expression to the rather common belief that when an oil shales is heated it produces light, low-boiling oils as low temperatures, and increasingly heavier, higher-boiling oils as the temperature of retort¬ing rises. The theory evidently had its origin in the fact that crude petroleum may be fractionally distilled, yielding light oils at low distillation temperatures, and heavier oils as the distillation temperature increases is as, gasoline is produced from petroleum at relatively low temperatures, kerosene at higher temperature, and heavier products such as gas-oil and lubricating distillation at still higher temperatures.The writers have examined several oil-shale retorts designed to take advantage of the belief that crude, and in some cases refined, gasoline can be recovered from the shale at low temperatures; kerosene at higher temperat.res, and so on. Such retorts are usually designed to operate continuously and have several vapor-pipes lending from them at differing intervals and passing to separate condensers. Designers of such retorts repeat that the distillate from the low-temperature parts of the retort will be gasoline, and that as the shale passes to zones of increasingly higher temperatures, the vapor lines lending from these zones rill remove increasingly heavier products such as kerosene, gas-oil etc."

Mar 1, 1924

By E. K. Kleespies

The rate of the heterogeneous reaction between titanium-oxygen solid solutions and titanium trichloride in molten sodium chloride was determined at high temperatures. In the alpha phase, the reaction rate decreases uniformly with the increasing concentration of oxygen. The gamma crystalline form of titanium (above 33 atomic percent oxygen) was much less reactive than the alpha phase, and the reaction rate approached zero at 50 atomic percent oxygen. The activation energy for the reaction of titanium-oxygen solution containing 22.8 percent oxygen was 11.7 kcal/mole of TiCl3 as compared with 8.3 kcal/mole of TiCl3 for pure titanium.

Jan 1, 1967

By G. W. Birge

Carbonizing properties of the principal coal beds of Butler County, Pa., are described in this report by the Bureau of Mines. Eight samples, representing the Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Upper Kittanning, Middle Kittanning, Lower Kittanning, Clarion, and Brookville beds, were carbonized at 900° C. by the Bureau of Mines-American Gas Association (BM-AGA) method. Butler County coals rank as high-volatile A bituminous and are generally characterized by high sulfur content compared with Appalachian coals used for industrial coking. If cleaned, the Brookville and one sample of Upper Freeport coal would be acceptable as the major component of metallurgical coking blends. The other Butler County coals tested would be unsuitable for this purpose because of either excessive sulfur or poor coking properties.

Jan 1, 1962

By G. K. Derby

The Bureau of Mines studied the problems caused by airborne contaminants from welding exhaust in surface mining operations and investigated equipment designed to reduce existing hazards. Four commercially available welding-fume exhaust units were tested to determine their effectiveness. Results indicated that the four units had the capability of controlling airborne particulate concentrations and bringing them to within allowable exposure limits.

Jan 1, 1981

By R. V. Lundquist

Past reports by the Bureau of Mines have described the extraction of alumina from numerous aluminum silicate materials by the lime-soda sinter process. The results from pilot-plant investigations of six materials, with alumina-to-silica mole ratios from 0.3 to 8.7, indicated a relationship between the alumina-silica ratios and the processing characteristics of the sinter. A series of laboratory tests was conducted to define this relationship. Sinter and leach tests determined that an alumina-to-silica mole ratio of 0.90 or greater resulted in the best alumina and soda recoveries while leaving the leach slurries practically free from any tendency toward gelation. The widely different chemical and mineralogic properties of the various aluminous materials used in compounding the mixes had no perceptible effect on the leaching characteristics of the sinter. The blending of low-cost, high-alumina materials with aluminum silicate materials to give an alumina-to-silica mole ratio of 0.90 or greater would improve alumina and soda extraction and minimize operating problems in the lime-soda sinter process.

Jan 1, 1970

By V. A. Marple, K. L. Rubow, B. A. Olson

"A virtual impactor personal aerosol sampler (VIPAS) bas been developed for use in diesel-equipped mines to collect size-separated samples or diesel exhaust and mine dust particles in the respirable size range. This sampler consists or three stages: a 10-mm cyclone, a 0.8- µm cutpoint virtual impactor and two filter cassettes. The large non-respirable particles are removed in a 10-mm cyclone. The respirable particles from the cyclone pass through a 0.8- µm cutpoint virtual impactor with the particles larger than and smaller than 0.8 JI.ID (mine dust and diesel exhaust particles, respectively) collected on two 37-mm filter cassettes. The sampling How rate is 2 L/min so as to be compatible with the standard respirable dust sampler and personal sampling pumps. INTRODUCTIONThe mining industry has been increasing its use of diesel-powered equipment in underground mines, especially in coal mines. With this increased usage has come an increased concern regarding the health effects associated with inhaling diesel exhaust particles since they are in the respirable particulate size range. A Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) advisory committee directed MSHA to develop a sampling protocol for diesel exhaust particles to assess worker exposure (MSHA, 1988). In addition, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that ""whole diesel exhaust be regarded as a potential occupational carcinogen as defined in the Cancer Policy of Occupational Safety and Health Administration"" (NIOSH, 1988).Past work, with cascade impactors in both the laboratory and in underground coal mine studies, has shown that the diesel exhaust particles are primarily in the less than 0.8 µm aerodynamic diameter size range whereas the coal dust particles are primarily greater than 0.8 µm (Marple et al., 1986; Cantrell, 1987; Rubow and Marple, 1988; Rubow et al., 1990a, b; Cantrell and Rubow, 1991). This work has been jointly performed by the University of Minnesota and Bureau of Mines researchers over the last 8 years. Typical particle size distributions for a diesel-equipped coal mine and an all electric coal mine are shown in Figure l. Note that the particles in the < 0.8-µ.m mode are the diesel exhaust particles (seen only in diesel-powered mines) and the particles in the > 0.8-µ.m mode are coal particles (seen in both the electric-powered and diesel-powered coal mines). Chemical mass balance analysis was also performed on these two size fractions to determine the degree of particle cross-contamination in the two modes. This analysis showed less than 10% cross-contamination, i.e., in coal mines Jess than 10% of the diesel exhaust particulate was collected in the coarse fraction and Jess than 10% of the mine dust was collected in the fine fraction (Cantrell, 1987; Rubow et al., 1990a)."

Dec 1, 1996

By Peter Krause

This report provides an overview of the worldwide photographic industry and of the applications of photography. It also covers important technological and market trends, with special emphasis on those factors which may affect the consumption of silver in the future. The text is divided into the following eight sections: 1. Principal manufacturers of silver-based photographic products 2. Major product sectors 3. Structure of the international market for silver-based photographic products 4. Silver-bearing raw materials for the manufacture of photographic products 5. Processing of photographic products: recovery of silver and recycling 6. Methods for estimating the use of silver in photographic products 7. Basic function of silver in photography and alternate image capture and recording systems 8. Brief history of photography Silver- based photographic materials are made for many applications that require different photochemical and physical response characteristics and a wide variety of formats and sizes. All of these products are laminates consisting of a surface-treated support and bonded gelatin layers. Two basic types predominate - films and papers. Films have transparent or translucent plastic supports (mostly cellulose tri-acetate and polyester), while papers have mostly a paper core coated with polyethylene resin layers on both sides (RC type). The front layer contains white titanium dioxide to provide high reflectivity and the back layer a matting agent. However, a few so-called fiber base papers are still supplied. These have a high quality paper base coated with a baryta layer ; i.e. a gelatin layer containing white barium sulfate. The manufacture of photographic film and paper supports requires special procedures and equipment, because of the severe requirements for chemical purity, optical integrity and uniformity (see Table 1 on page 10 for a list of the principal makers of film and paper supports).

Jan 1, 1992

By D. H. Desy

The Bureau of Mines has conducted research on the ignition of methane-air mixtures by sparks caused by frictional impact of aluminum alloys on rusted steel at typical coal mine fan speeds. The objectives were to establish the incendivity of aluminum alloys under these conditions, to investigate differences between aluminum alloys, and to evaluate substitute materials for the aluminum-steel combination. With a specially designed apparatus, three commercial aluminum casting alloys and a number of experimental aluminum alloys were tested for incendivity of the frictional impact against rusted steel in flammable methane-air mixtures. All aluminum alloys tested produced some ignitions. Of the experimental alloys, the harder alloys and those containing silicon tended to be more incendive than the others. With the normal experimental conditions, constructional steel, stainless steel, brass, and plastic did not cause ignition of methane-air mixtures in frictional impact against rusted steel. Some ignitions occurred with constructional steel at high speed in more flammable gas mixtures enriched with oxygen. From these findings, it is suggested that constructional material combinations other than the aluminum-steel combustion would minimize this inc endive hazard. A detailed description is given of previous research, and comparison is made with present results where appropriate.

Jan 1, 1975