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Coal is found in the northeast comer of Georgia, in Dade, Chattooga, Walker, and Floyd Counties. Five seams, which underlie all of Lookout, Sand, and Pigeon Mountains, have produced most of the coal mined in the state. Representative analyses of Georgia coals show that they are typically low sulfur (less than one to one percent), low-to-medium volatile, bituminous deposits. Although there is no active mining in the state, reclamation continues on several permitted areas. In 1983 the State of Georgia relinquished primacy to the Office of Surface Mining. Since that time permits have been issued and mining completed. All the sites are presently in the process of bond release.

Jan 1, 1992

By Victor J. Lynch

The Andover-Sulphur Hill mines are 12 miles northeast of Andover and 5 miles southeast of Newton, in Sussex County, N.J. The property is situated on the Lehigh Valley and Hudson River Railroad and half a mile east of U.S. Highway 206. It is connected with the main highway by a hard-surfaced county road. (See fig. 1.) Howard J. Hewitt of Lafayette, N.J., has under lease the Sulphur Hill tract, consisting of 28 acres, and has an option on the Tar Hill tract of 106 acres. The Tar Hill property adjoins the Sulphur Hill on the northeast. (See fig. 2.) The Andover-Sulphur Hill property is owned by the Lenape Corp. of Andover, N.J., while the Tar Hill tract is owned by the Crane Iron Co. of Phillipsburg, N.J. These mines produced iron ore during a period of about 100 years but have not been operated since 1880. Zinc and lead sulfides occur mixed with iron ores in the lower workings of the old mines. A diamond-drilling program was recommended to determine the extent of the sulfide mineralization in depth and also to explore further the iron-ore deposits on the property. The project was started October 6, 1942, and finished November 25, 1942.

Dec 1, 1947

The Crow Indian Reservation is located in the southeastern part of Montana, stretching from near Billings, in the center of the state, to the Wyoming border in the south. The Office of Surface Mining's Casper, Wyoming, Field Office is responsible for regulating mining and reclamation on Crow tribal land. Federal legislation enacted July 11, 1987, authorized the Indian tribes to implement approved Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Programs. In early 1988 the Crow elected to develop an Abandoned Mine Land Program under the Title IV provisions of SMCRA. The tribe's plan received final approval on January 4, 1989.

Jan 1, 1992

By S. B. Levin

"INTRODUCTION An exposure of large beryl crystals in pegmatite on Beryl Mountain, in Sullivan County, N. H., was the basis for investigation by the Bureau of Mines to determine the extent of the beryl mineralization and to expose other parts of the same zone that were favorable for additional beryl-rich shoots. Testing by surface cuts, trenching, and tunneling was conducted by the Bureau of Mines from August to December 1943.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to the national security and economy. The Mining Division, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigative work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Division, O. C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and makes beneficiation tests. The field work was supervised by Paul M. Tyler, regional engineer, and John D. Bardill, district engineer. S. B, Levin was in direct charge of the project.LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITYThe deposit is on the northeast slope of Beryl Mountain, 1 mile south of the village of South Acworth. The village, on State Highways 101 and 123a, is 12 miles northeast of Bellows Falls, Vt. The deposit is reached from South Acworth over a gravel-surfaced road and about 1,000 feet of good truck trail (fig. 1).The nearest railroad siding is at Cold River, on the Boston & Maine Railroad, where there is also a fairly modern, but now idle, feldspar mill."

Mar 1, 1948

By A. J. Farstad, R. F. Kehrman

Characteristics of metal/non metal mines were evaluated to determine the suitability of applying the U.S. Bureau of Mines electromagnetic location system to the problem of locating trapped driers in metal/non metal mines. Statistical distributions of mine depths and overburden conductivities show that the existing USBM EM system is inadequate for most metal/non metal mines. Alternate approaches to trapped miner location in deep mines were identified and subsequent field tests were conducted at six (6) mines to evaluate their feasibility. The approach considered to be the most promising is one which utilizes the existing manpack transmitting system, modified slightly for a dual frequency output, in conjunction with a sophisticated signal processing receiver on the surface. The main advantage of staying with a "through the earth" approach is that the underground equipment can be kept simple, easily maintained, light- weight and inexpensive.

Jan 1, 1979

By Ivette E. Torres

For a study such as this, which summarizes and amalgamates much information collected, compiled, and utilized by the numerous U.S. Bureau of Mines country specialists and branch chiefs for inclusion in their country and regional reports that comprise the five other sections of 1992 Minerals Yearbook-International Review, it is clearly impossible to cite all sources of information used in its presentation, but some recognition is due. Generally speaking, this study and its related detailed studies on countries and areas would be much more difficult, if not impossible to complete, without the efforts of the personnel of our counterpart national mining and geological agencies throughout the world. Information that they collect, compile, and then publish, either in their own volumes or those of central statistical agencies in their countries, are the foundations on which this work rests. Thus, our appreciation is expressed to the multitude of persons employed by these agencies for their contributions.

Jan 1, 1994

The compliance sampling method for coal mine dust in the United States has not changed appreciably in the last 30 years. A call for more frequent sampling with immediately available results is leading to new instruments that may supplement or replace the existing sampler. This report discusses two such instruments that provide immediate results of dust levels. The first, called the Respirable Dust Dosimeter (RDD), is designed to supplement the existing U. S. cyclone compliance sampling method. It uses the pressure drop across a filter to provide an inexpensive screening type of measurement. The RDD has been tested in the laboratory and a limited number of coal mines. Side by side testing has compared the RDD performance with personal coal mine samplers in triplicate area sample measurements. Results show that the differential pressure of specific filtration media can be an effective surrogate for respirable mass. Data show that there is a dependence on coal type and an effect of relative humidity. There also appear to be two distinct responses related to coal type. For specific coals the coefficients of determination, R2, are better than 0.9. For general use the detector tube, using laboratory generated calibration curves, can be used to estimate respirable dust levels. However, a calibration to a specific coal type may substantially improve the accuracy. Another sampler in development is called the Personal Dust Monitor (PDM). Designed to give compliance quality accuracy, the PDM uses the frequency change of a vibrating element to measure dust and give immediate feedback of results. Results of laboratory comparison of the prototype PDM sampler to personal gravimetric samplers indicate R2 values of better than 0.99 for three different coal types. Work is in progress to package the components into a person-wearable unit combined with a cap lamp system with a total projected weight of less than 1.4 kg (3 lbs).

By Thomas V. Falkie, R. Venkataramani

The purpose of this work was to Investigate the rate at which coal is delivered from the underground working face by gathering arm type loaders as employed on continuous mining machines, to identify the factors - geometrical , geological, mechanical, or procedural - which affect the delivery rate, and to develop quantitative rate-descriptive equations for the loading function. The mathematical techniques employed were factor analysis and multiple linear regression. It was determined that the coal-cutting function of the continuous mining machine is the factor that primarily Influences the loading function The geometrical factors -the dimensions of the work area In relation to the dimensions of the mining machine -were the factors of secondary influence. Fifty-five percent of the experimental variation in the loading function was explained in terms of the six most prominent Independent variables. It is expected that this work will be useful In operations-research studies as applied to underground coal mining, and with refinement will enable mine planners to select equipment based on the operating characteristics of the equipment and the mining conditions.

Sep 1, 1972

By By Staff

"These proceedings consist of papers presented at a Bureau of Mines Technology Transfer Seminar on postdisaster survival and rescue research. Several seminars are held each year to bring the latest results of Bureau research to the attention of the mining industry as quickly as possible.INTRODUCTIONThe postdisaster research program is directed toward research and development of technology and equipment that increases the chances of a miner surviving or being rescued after an underground mine disaster. A disaster is an accident of major proportions, and it may result in the entrapment of miners whose normal egress from the mine is cut off. This often necessitates a rescue operation and a means of keeping the trapped miners alive while they await rescue. The Bureau is currently pursuing research to develop the technology that will enhance the ability of miners to survive such an occurrence. The research is divided into two basic problem areas, survival and rescue. Both areas are concerned with the inability of miners and rescue teams to cope with the postaisaster environment, such as toxic gases, unstable roof conditions, water flooding, and lack of oxygen. In addition, research is also conducted to find ways of locating and quickly reaching trapped miners. Most of the research conducted by the Bureau has been directed toward the postdisaster problems associated with coal mines. However, most of the research results are also applicable to noncoal mines as well.The papers presented in these proceedings address some of the recent research conducted by the Bureau of Mines that has been directed toward the postdisaster problems outlined above. The topics covered range from an overview of the technology developed for oxygen selfrescuers to training programs for mine rescue. Any questions or comments pertaining to this research are encouraged and appreciated. Open file report (OFR) references in the proceedings listed as available from NTIS may be obtained from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22161, and are also available for reference at Bureau of Mines facilities in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn., l3ruceton and Pittsburgh, Pa., and Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Energy facility in Morgantown, W. Va.; the National Mine Health and Safety Academy, Beckley, W. Va., and the National Library of Natural Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C."

Jan 1, 1982

By M. D. Schlesinger

Experimental data for coal hydrogenation are presented to show that when a vehicle oil produced from coal is present, coal is hydrogenated to the same high conversion whether molybdenum catalyst is impregnated on the coal or intimately mixed with the slurry. Differences in product distribution could be related to the severity of operating conditions. No minimum mixing time was established, but 2 hours was sufficient. Longer periods of mixing, to 14.75 hours, had no effect on the results. The hydrogenation conditions were in the pressure range of 8,500 to 10,000 p,s,i. at 400° to 500° C. Most of the experiments were made in duplicate. The results were obtained with molybdenum concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 percent. Al the mentioned pressure range and a time at temperature of 15 to 60 minutes, coal conversions higher than 98 percent were obtained.

Jan 1, 1962

By M. J. Brevoort

Research work in the Bureau of Mines cryogenic laboratory requires the use of high-sensitivity galvanometers of the d'Arsonval type in a building that is subject to unusually severe vibrations. A modified form of the galvanometer suspension described by Julius3 has damped the vibrations so successfully that a short note concerning it is thought to be desirable, The laboratory is on the site of the Amarillo helium plant near a building that houses gas engines of from 180 to 250 hp., driving compressors and electric generators. The distances from the galvanometers to the individual engines range from about 80 to 180 feet. The subsoil, consisting of black clay loam, transmits the impulses without much damping. The usual methods of protecting galvanometers from vibration were tried and proved fruitless. A Julius suspension purchased on the market was carefully installed in the hope that it would overcome the difficulty, but the conditions were too severe even for this elaborate arrangement. Several mudifications of the original Julius suspension, which were then introduced, resulted in almost complete elimination of all vibrational effects.

Jan 1, 1931

By D. I. Bleiwas

The Bureau of Mines determined demonstrated tin resources and costs associated with tin production in order to evaluate the potential for tin production from 18 market economy countries (MEC's). Data were collected from tin producers, in most cases during on-site visits. The analyses evaluated the relative economic and resource position of 146 mines, deposits, or regions in January 1984 dollars. The demonstrated resource of recoverable tin within the nations studied is approximately 2.8 million metric tons (mt). Of this total, over 73 pct is recoverable from the Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, which in 1983 accounted for almost 60 pct of the world's tin production. Brazil has joined the Southeast Asian countries as a major low-cost, high-volume supplier of tin and is likely to continue to expand its production. Given the 1984 market structure, over 60 pct of the tin in demonstrated resources was economically recoverable. Historically, the International Tin Council (ITC) has helped maintain relatively stable tin prices through a buffer stock and sales quotas. In late 1985, exhaustion of buffer stock funds led to suspension of tin trading on the world's major tin metal exchanges.

Jan 1, 1986

By Edward A. Barrett, Roberta A. Calhoun

Introduction This Instructor’s Copy contains most of the materials trainers will need in order to use Drill Rig Incident (DRI). It includes suggestions for using the exercise, performance objectives for the training, master answer sheets, a scoring key, and a set of discussion notes that provides additional subject information. Four appendices are also included. Appendix A is the complete exercise problem booklet. It may be reproduced so that every person in the training class has one. Appendix B contains answer sheet blanks. The blanks are furnished if you choose to have the invisible ink answers that appear in appendix C printed on them at your location.3 Answer sheets are consumable. One is needed for each group of three to five persons who work the exercise together. An alternative is for each individual trainee to have his/her own answer sheet. Appendix D contains the 24-question pretest / posttest that was used in the field evaluation of the DRI exercise. Acknowledgment The authors thank Linda J. McWilliams, Statistician, NIOSH Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, for her assistance in analyzing the experimental data in this document.

Jan 2, 2005

By H. H. Lowry

Abstracts of papers on low-temperature tar published since 1942 are included in this selected bibliography. Abstract journals -including Chemical Abstracts, Fuel Abstracts, and B.C.U.R.A. Monthly -have been consulted through 1957. Abstracts of papers on low-temperature carbonization are not included unless information is given on composition, economics, processing, or utilization of the tar; thus, papers reporting only yields of tar from assay tests, pilot plants, and commercial operations are excluded. Listing in the bibliography is alphabetical by authors; arrangement under each individual is chronological. Secondary authors are cross-indexed to the main entry. The subject index uses the main entries: Composition, economics, processing, and utilization with appropriate subheadings. A code letter following the abstract number indicates the country where the paper originated.

Jan 1, 1959

Increase the safety of underground mine workers by minimizing hazards associated with rerailing mine cars after derailment. Background and Approach A serious operational problem in underground mines is the task of rerailing mine cars. Current rerailing practices are not only hazardous but are inefficient as well. Most methods involve pulling the derailed car back onto the track with a locomotive. This causes damage to the road bed and is not effective on curves or in situations where the car's wheels are too far from the rails. Jacks, wooden props, and pry bars are also used to raise or lower cars back onto their tracks but methods involving these tools require much strenous manual effort by mine workers, thus posing possible serious injuries. The problem is further compounded by the cramped, narrow confines of the underground mine environment which allows no space to permit use of cranes or other surface railroad rerailing techniques. The Bureau of Mines, aware of these problems, investigated improvements in current underground rerailing methods. Through a cooperative effort with Hoesch MFD, a system was designed and modified that can be easily carried into the mine by workers and quickly assembled at the derailment site. The system is hydraulically and pneumatically powered rather than reliant upon manual operation.

Jan 1, 1986

By John R. Bartels, Dean H. Ambrose, Richard C. Wang

This paper presents the results of a study to verify and validate a computer model that represents and analyzes motions and hazardous events in a simulated three dimensional workplace. The purpose of the computer model is to support research that is investigating the safe speed range for the vertical movement of roof bolter boom arms to reduce worker injuries in underground coal mines. The information obtained for this paper is based upon a project that is investigating means to reduce workers risks of injury from exposure to mining machinery. The methodology being employed by the project includes human factors design considerations, anthropometric modeling and simulation tools, laboratory validation, engineering interventions, and collaboration with industry and an equipment manufacturer. The results of this study were used to (1) determine the input parameters that are unique to the mining environment and needed to develop a credible, computer-based, human-machine interactive model, (2) develop test methods to measure the required parameters, and (3) to refine the human-machine interactive computer model.

By D. Montagna

The Kroll-Betterton process for debismuthizing lead is based on adding calcium and magnesium to impure molten bullion to form solid Ca-Mg-Bi inter-metallic compounds that float on the surface as drosses. Present practice in industry is to hand-skim off these drosses, often followed by hydraulic pressing to squeeze out some of the entrapped liquid lead. In an effort to develop an improved technique, the use of an argon-shrouded dipping centrifuge to perform the required phase separation was investigated. Centrifugation experiments demonstrated that the bismuth content of an impure bullion could be lowered from an initial 0.5 percent down to 0.03 percent with a lead recovery of 90 percent, which is comparable to lead recovery after hand skimming of drosses in commercial lead-debismuthizing operations. Centrifugation provides better control in removing drosses, faster operation with less oxidation and relatively little fuming, and recovery of a lead bullion that approaches commercial specifications.

Jan 1, 1972

To enhance safety and efficiency when moving large mining equipment under energized trolley lines, and to assist in compliance with Section 75.1003.2, 30 CFR. Approach A system was designed, using established technology, that permits a remotely located circuit breaker to be controlled from the cab of a mine locomotive moving large mining equipment under energized trolley lines. This control consists of setting the desired trip current, automatic or manual tripping, resetting, and voice communications between the locomotive and a remote Circuit breaker location. How It Works According to 75.1003.2, 30 CFR, whenever a piece of off-track equipment (such as a longwall chock or a continuous miner) is moved by rail under energized trolley or feeder lines, power for the locomotive that is moving the equipment must come from only one' circuit breaker. This circuit breaker must be adjusted to permit no more than one-half its rated short-circuit current to flow. The intent is to lessen the danger if an accident should occur, and if the equipment contacts the trolley line. Even so, the danger is great. This half setting can still represent many hundreds or even thousands of amperes, enough to endanger personnel, the equipment, or the mine. The Remote Control System reduces this danger substantially by giving the personnel associated with the move total control over the associated circuit breaker. The system as designed, is intended to be used with portable circuit breakers that are pulled on a small flat car by a mine jeep, and either precede or follow the equipment, depending on the direction of the power. This portable circuit breaker is equipped with a commercially available solid state overcurrent relay and associated shunt. This circuit breaker is connected via heavy duty clamps around an open trolley line tie breaker such that the current through the shunt is also the current in the trolley line. A receiver, interfaced with the overcurrent relay and shunt, completes the remote system.

Jan 1, 1981

By J. F. Barkley

"A knowledge of the carbon dioxide (002) content of the products of combustion, particularly from the boiler furnace, is very valuable. An instantaneous indication of the CO2 can be used as a useful guide to efficient burning. A permanent record over a. period of time gives a story to the management which tends to keep the operators more alert. Many instruments that indicate and record CO2 have appeared within the last fifteen years. More are about to appear. Although simple principles involving chemical, physical, or electrical qualities, are being used, there is at present a general feeling of uncertainty about such instruments in the boiler room any instruments are bought, run awhile, then lie idle indefinitely.Inquiries as to CO2 machines continually come to the Bureau of Mines from the general public, as well as from other branches of the Government. Some ten years ago a series of tests was made on certain instruments at that time on the market. The following test was made quite recently on four of the newer types, including one using an electrical principle. The four instruments were installed on one boiler each, according to the instructions of the makers, and the recommended routine attention was given them. The test was of a service nature duplicating the conditions under which the instruments ordinarily serve. The boiler that was available for this purpose was practically banked for some hours of the night. This caused the average CO2 for the entire twenty-four hours to be rather low, although it reached the higher ranges of the instruments during the day.Each day the charts were averaged and the results plotted to form the accompanying curve. The record of each instrument is shown by its particular mark, the dot, circle, cross and square being used in addition there is plotted for each day a rectangular area representing 1 % CO2 in height. The proper positions of this area was determined by means of the Crsat. Where the plotted point for an instrument falls within the rectangel its accuracy is within 1/2% CO2, which is considered satisfactory. Where it falls outside the rectangle, inaccuracy is indicated."

Mar 1, 1925

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

A. 4 Illustrative Simulations The capabilities of the program are demonstrated by simulating various evacuation cases in different situations for a particular mine. The mine selected for the illustrative simulations is the mine I C' , as described in Section 2, chosen particularly because of availability of mine characteristic data and mine evacuation results for test drills. These evacuation results can be used to verify validity of the predictions made by the program A.4 1 Mine Characteristics A schematic diagram of the mine is shown in Figure 19. The figure shows all the major shafts, drifts, raises and stopes of the mine in the form of a network. There are four hoists, Hoist No. 1 and Hoist No. 2 are assumed to be single drum hoists and Hoists Nos. 3 and 4 form part of a double drum hoist, with Hoist No. 4 being the main hoist (master hoist) The positions of the 133 miners, typically working in a day shift of the mine, are also shown in the figure. The miners are identified by a miner number, and their total number on each level is chosen from the data on the fire drill simulated as Case No. 1 in the illustrative simulations.

Jan 1, 1976