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By J. W. Jensen

EXTENSIVE research and development was performed on the manganese-copper vibration-damping alloys to determine the relationship between the properties of the alloys and variations in composition, fabrication, Mid heat treatment. Mn-Cu alloys with unusually high specific damping capacity, 20 to 25 percent at a stress of 5,000 psi, have also the following useful properties: Tensile strength, 90,000 to 110,000 psi; yield strong, 60,000 to psi; elongation, 20 to 25 percent; hardness, 90 Rockwell B; and fatigue limit at, 28,000 to 30,000 psi. Both standard and special methods of testing were employed to obtain data on strength, modulus, hardness, resistivity, dilatation, micro-structure, crystal lattice, and damping capacity. The extensive tabular and graphical data on these properties are presented for alloys containing 50 to 85 percent as quenched d solution) and after various aging treatments. Expansion coefficients for all Mn-Cu solid solutions are graphed and a dilatometer study of contraction during aging is reported. Although high damping capacity is associated with aging to precipitate a-Mn from solid solution, with a cubic-tetragonal transformation and with the occurrence of antiferromagnetic ordering in Mn-Cu alloys, a tenable theory of the damping mechanism has not been reached.

Jan 1, 1965

Experience, it is said, is the best teacher. Some experiences, however, should be shared so that no one else will ever have to live through them again. The fire at the Sunshine Mine is one such experience. ?Hard-rock mines don?t burn.? The Sunshine Mine near Kellogg, ID, was the nation?s premier silver producer for many years. In 1972, the mine was nearly 6,000 feet deep, contained hundreds of miles of worked-out areas, and employed nearly 500 people. Because of its depth and the type of host rock for the silver (unburnable quartzite), the general thinking of the day was that fires in mines such as the Sunshine were impossible, because ?hard-rock mines don?t burn.? What wasn?t really considered was that timber supports, foam insulation, and mining equipment do burn and that the carbon monoxide gas produced by burning is far more deadly than fire itself. Thus, no one was prepared when, on May 2, 1972, a fire of un-known origin broke out below the 3100 level of the mine. Before long, 173 miners on the day shift were trapped by thick, black smoke. By the time the fire was out, 91 miners had died, and the Sunshine Mine Fire became known as one of the worst mine disasters of the 20th century. It became the catalyst for passage of the Metal/Nonmetal Health and Safety Act of 1977, which applied the same federal safety standards to hard-rock mines as those regulating coal. Mandated safety training, mine inspections, and equipment standards were brought into force.

Aug 1, 2002

By Robert A. Miller

This computer program determines the price per ton of coal needed to obtain a profit of 12 percent discounted cash flow. From a predetermined equipment and manning list, the program calculates all costs and prints seven tables, Including the equipment and manning tables and the discount cash flow table. Forty-four of the input variables may be readily changed to study their effects upon the final price per ton of coal or upon individual cost items. The method is adaptable for any type of mining and with additions, for beneficiation processes. This program was written in Fortran IV for use on the IBM 11302 and with few modifications can be used on other computers.

Jan 1, 1971

By S. A. Ferguson

Purpose: Marras et al. developed a technique to evaluate sincerity of effort during dynamic trunk motion performance. The validity and reliability of the technique have not been evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to first determine whether or not a sincerity of effort measure correctly identified those giving a sincere effort in a blinded randomized control trial and second to quantify inter-rater and test-retest reliability. Methods: This article reports the findings of a two phase study. In phase one, the blinded evaluation, participants were randomly assigned to either a sincere or insincere performance condition. An examiner tested participants without knowledge of the participant's group membership. In the second phase, two examiners evaluated each participant twice to quantify inter-rater and test-retest reliability. Results: In the blinded phase the specificity was 100% and sensitivity was 90% for identifying sincere and insincere effort, respectively. Phase two results showed no significant difference in probability of sincere effort between raters or between testing sessions. Conclusion: A performance criterion that accurately identifies sincere vs insincere group membership during functional evaluations was identified. There were no significant differences between raters or between testing sessions. These findings indicate that this test is reliable and possesses good predictive validity in assessing sincerity of effort.

Jan 1, 2003

By A. T. Iannacchione

Underground stone mining represents an emerging sector for the U.S. mining industry. As this expansion takes mines under deeper cover and as more efficient mining methods are utilized, adequate stone pillar design methods will become more important. It is the purpose of this paper to examine current design practices and to discuss issues for safe mine layouts so that a rational first approach towards balancing the demands for increased production can be weighed against increased risk to worker safety from rib instabilities and pillar failures. Seventy-two stone mine pillar designs were examined. Pillars with width-to- height ratios below 1.5 and subjected to excessive stress levels appear more likely to fail. When width-to- height ratios fall below 1 .O, defects in the pillars, such as through-going discontinuities, can have a significant influence on stability. Discontinuity persistence, dip, material properties, and orientation are important factors controlling pillar strength. The influence of discontinuity dip, a characteristic easily identified in the field, was examined so that its presence could be accounted for in developing generalized guidelines for pillar design.

By A. V. Petty

In accordance with its objective to maximize minerals recovery from secondary domestic resources, Bureau of Mines conducted research on recycling chrome refractory wastes. Since 20 pct of the U.S. demand for imported chromite is used in the production of refractories, primarily for the steel, copper, and glass industries, samples of used chrome-containing refractories from copper converter and reverberatory furnaces were investigated to determine their potential for recycling. The samples were beneficiated using a combination of wet magnetic separation, flotation, and leaching techniques, and the concentrates were reformed into briquets for refractory evaluation. Small refractory test specimens produced from the beneficiated concentrates gave modulus of rupture values at 1,350° C comparable to those of commercial mag-chrome brick of similar composition; however, grinding the waste refractories to at least minus 65-mesh was required in order to liberate the metallic copper. Most of the copper was easily recovered using conventional beneficiation techniques, but the finely ground chrome concentrate would require briquetting, calcining, and crushing to produce a coarse grain suitable for recycling into secondary mag-chrome refractories.

Jan 1, 1981

Develop a curved ray geotomographic program with constraints to counteract non-uniqueness in order to improve the reliability of seismic tomographic imaging of geological structure in mining regions. Background Seismic tomography provides a two-dimensional image (tomographic reconstruction) of the distribution of the seismic velocity in geologic structures using measured travel times of seismic waves crossing the area. It can provide a more complete representation of features be¬tween boreholes than other crosshole processing methods that measure only average properties or borehole logging methods that measure properties only near each borehole. Seismic tomography has many mining applications. They include locating geologic structures of contrasting seismic velocity, detecting fractured regions where the seismic velocity is low, and monitoring solution injected above the water table where the increase in saturation increases the seismic velocity. Thus, tomographic imaging techniques show great promise for detecting and locating geologic hazards that affect the productivity, safety, and environment of mining operations.

Jan 1, 1992

By C. P. Hood

"The amount of ash in anthracite coal interests every buyer, and occasionally produces caustic comment, but there is a lack of authentic figures that will take the subject out of the realm of opinion and agitated fancy and. give a true picture of the quality of coal actually delivered. What per cent ash is to be expected when the coal is good, and when have we a right to make serious complaint?During the past summer the Bureau of Mines took 127 samples of 1000 pounds each, representing nearly 30,000 tons of anthracite is dealers' yards in seventeen cities in the State of Massachusetts. There were three objects in view, to discover the average and the variation in amount of ash in anthracite in some easily described area; to demonstrate standard sampling methods, and to learn something about the feasibility of itinerant coal sampling. Massachusetts was selected because its principal cities could be visited in a single season. There also appeared need for demonstration of standard sampling of coal, since a coal quality law had been passed in the State, to be administered by those unfamiliar with coal sampling."

Feb 1, 1924

By Jasinder S. Jaspal

Most of the underground coal in the United States is mined via room-and-pillar mining methods with continuous miners. These machines operate intermittently because they have to wait for shuttle cars to interchange positions. To overcome this discontinuity in shuttle car haulage and to realize the full production potential of continuous miners, the U.S. Bureau of Mines developed a multiple-unit continuous haulage (MUCH) system through a research contract with Jeffrey Mining Machinery Div. (JMMD). The MUCH system consists of 12 rubber-tired vehicles and a bridge conveyor. The rubber-tired vehicles are connected by a unique mechanical linkage system to form a 250-ft train. The mechanical linkage permits the vehicles to track-retrack the preceding vehicle in both inby and outby directions. The cut coal cascades from one vehicle to another until it is discharged on the section conveyor belt. The MUCH system provides continuous haulage to the continuous miner. The MUCH system was initially surface tested by JMMD. Subsequent extensive testing was conducted by the Bureau at its test facilities at Bruceton, P A. Deficiencies found during testing were corrected. This report summarizes initial tests by JMMD and subsequent extensive tests and evaluation by the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1989

By Howard M. Stainer

Jan 1, 1963

By John C. Hartley

Three systems that monitor ventilating fans are described. These electronic monitoring systems automatically perform most of the operations required to conform with the provisions of the Federal Mine Safety Code in the event of fan failure or slowdown.

Jan 1, 1964

By B. W. Madsen

The Bureau of Mines conducted a large-scale (6.4 t), long-term (2,165 days) test to gain a better understanding of the leaching characteristics of chalcopyritic ores. An ore sample containing 0.77 pct Cu was leached in a fiberglass column by downward percolation of acidified ferric sulfate solutions. Three sets of leaching conditions were investigated: (1) ambient temperature leaching, (2) elevated temperature (50° to 60° C) leaching, and (3) elevated temperature leaching after inoculation with thermophilic bacteria. Leaching at ambient temperature resulted in a copper extraction rate of 0.44 pct per 100 days. Increasing the temperature to 50° to 60° C resulted in decreased activity of natural mesophilic bacteria, and the leaching rate decreased to 0.22 pct per 100 days. The pH was lowered from 2.0 to 1.6, and nutrient solutions that contained thermophilic bacteria were added. This procedure resulted in an increase in the ferric-to-ferrous iron ratio and an increase in the copper leaching rate. However, the increased leaching rate was not sustained, and 120 days after inoculation the bacterial activity declined, the ferrous iron content increased, and the copper leaching rate decreased.

Jan 1, 1983

By D. R. Tesarik, R. W. McKibbin, J. B. Seymour

Displacement and stress changes in cemented backfill and ore pillars at the Buick Mine, near Boss, MO, were monitored by engineers from the U.S. Bureau of Mines and The Doe Run Co., St Louis, MO. A test area in this room-and-pillar mine was backfilled to provide support when remnant ore pillars were mined. Objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of backfill on mine stability, observe backfill conditions during pillar removal, and calibrate a numeric model to be used to design other areas of the mine. Relative vertical displacements in the backfill were measured with embedment strain gauges and vertical extensometers. Other types of instruments used were earth pressure cells (to identify loading trends in the backfill), borehole extensometers (to measure relative displacement changes in the mine roof and support pillars),and biaxial stress meters (to measure stress changes in several support pillars and abutments). Two- and three-dimensional numeric codes were used to model the study area. With information from these codes and the installed instruments, two failed pillars were identified and rock mass properties were estimated.

Jan 1, 1995

By G. W. Birge

Fifteen coal samples, representing the Winifrede, Chilton, Alma, No. 2 Gas, Powellton, Eagle, Douglas, Sewell, Beckley, Pocahontas No.4, and Pocahontas No.3 beds in Wyoming County, and five samples, representing the Fire Creek, Pocahontas No.6, and Pocahontas No.3 beds in Mercer County, W. Va., were carbonized at 9000 C by the Bureau of Mines-American Gas Association (BM-AGA) method, and yields of products and physical properties of cokes were determined. Expansion characteristics of the majority of samples were determined in the Bureau of Mines sole-heated oven. Chemical analyses and agglutinating values were determined for all coals. The coals were mostly strongly coking and low in ash and sulfur content. Dry, mineral-matter-free fixed-carbon content of the Wyoming County coals ranged from 63.0 to 83.4 percent. The Mercer County samples were all low volatile in rank. Yields of carbonization products were generally in accord with yields from similar rank coals of the Appalachian region. Because of their expanding tendencies, most of the medium-and low-volatile coals would require blending with lower rank coal for normal coke production.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. Blickensderfer

An impact wear testing machine was devised by the Bureau of Mines that simulates the repeated impact conditions encountered in large milling and grinding operations where breakage and spalling are problems. The apparatus provides data on materials that may help in the design of alloys with improved resistance to deformation, spalling, and breakage. The test blocks are 2 in thick by 6 in by 8 in. Impacts are produced by dropping 3-in-diam balls weighing 4 lb from a height of 10 ft. Tests were run until breakage occurred or to a total of 100,000 impacts. Four types of failures of the test block were observed: (1) cold flow of the bulk material by plastic deformation, (2) flaking of the surface in the impact region, (3) spalling of the block to form a crater in the region of impact, and (4) breakage of the test block into two or more major pieces. The effects of composition, heat treatment, microstructure, and hardness on types of failure are discussed.

Jan 1, 1983

By K. A. Fowler, L. W. Higley

The effect of uranium on the transformation kinetics and the hardenability of a low- alloy steel was evaluated . Isothermal transformation curves were developed from metallographic studies , and hardenability was determined by standard Jominy end- quench tests . For the steels investigated , the addition of 0.15 weight- percent uranium was found to produce a significant shift in the isothermal transformation curve and caused a related increase in hardenability . These effects diminished rapidly when the uranium content was increased above 0.2 weight - percent .

Jan 1, 1964

By R. L. King, J. Cervik, A. A. Campoli

The Bureau of Mines performed laboratory experiments to evaluate the triboelectric effect of particulate-laden gas streams on polyethylene pipe at various velocity, humidity, dust-size, and dust-load conditions. Charges in excess of 10 kV were produced on the outside and inside surfaces of laboratory pipe samples, when exposed to 40 pct relative humidity (RH) gas stream containing coal dust. However, no charges were produced in laboratory tests that duplicated the over 75 pct RH and dust-free gas streams found in working underground pipelines. Bare cop- per wire, which is wound around the polyethylene pipe in a 1-ft (31-cm) spacing and grounded, eliminated the charge on the outside surface of the pipe, but not on the inside of the pipe surface,

Jan 1, 1986

By Oliver Bowles

"The town of Monson in Piscutaquis County, Maine is the, center of an important site industry. Monson slate has a nation-wide reputation, particularly for electrical switch boards, and the deposits have been worked for the manufacture of such products for many years. Open-pit quarrying is the method most commonly employed in obtaining slate. Underground methods have been used in the Peaon Bottom district near Delta, Pennsylvania, but the quarries that were thus operated are now abandoned. Underground methods have been used more extensively in foreign countries, the most famous example being the slate mines at Angers in France, where an over-head stoping method has been employed successfully for many it is only under special conditions that underground methods can be successfully used. If the deposit is wide and relatively thin, or if the material is too unsound to constitute a safe roof, open-pit methods must be used, for slate is too low-priced a commodity to justify the heavy expense of any timbering methods. It is only where the deposit is relatively narrow, of great depth, and sufficiently sound to afford a strong roof that ordinary mining may be employed.The best slate beds in two of the three quarries operated at Monson are no worked by underground methods. The chief bed worked by the Portland Monson Slate Co. is 10 feet thick, stands vertical and strikes N. 63º F. The slaty cleavage is vertical and crosses the strike of the beds at an angle of 5 to 10°. The grain or second direction of splitting is vertical and perpendicular to the cleavage. In addition to the 10-foot bed, to 2-foot beds and one 5-foot bed are available but are not now utilized. In the Monson Maine Slate Co. quarry (the old Pond quarry),a greater number of beds available, but at present quarrying is confined to a single bed about 9 feet thick which dips 30º S.E. and strikes N. 47ºF. The slaty cleavage is vertical and strides N. 45º F., while the grain strikes N. 45-50º W. and is also vertical."

Nov 1, 1920

By M. R. Geer

This report presents the results of washability examinations of seven coals from the principal coal-producing fields of Montana. A complete performance test of the Baum-type jig operated at one of the mines is included, as are the results of cleaning tests made on two of the coals in a dense-medium pilot plant. The coals examined from the Red Lodge, Bull Mountain, and Forsyth fields are comparatively easy to clean. Ash contents of 5 to 10 percent can be obtained at yields of washed coal ranging from 90 to 95 percent. The coal from the Great Falls field, however, could not be cleaned readily to less than 14 percent ash, and the rejection of impurity would amount to over 25 percent. The two coals treated in the dense-medium pilot plant were characterized by sharp separation of impurity, high recovery efficiency, and satisfactory reduction in ash content.

Jan 1, 1955

By G. L. Oldright, John D. Sullivan

"The present article is the second of a series of papers dealing with the dissolution of copper minerals in various reagents. Work done on the problem has been carried out at the Southwest Experiment Station of the United States Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Department of Mining and Metallurgy, University of Arizona. The first paper4 dealt with the dissolution of azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, and tenorite. Preceding articles5 have also dealt with other factors involved in the leaching of copper ores.Cuprite (Cu20) is usually considered as a mineral which is not adaptable to sulphuric acid leaching. Hofman,6 in describing leaching by sulphuric acid, states: ""Cuprite is decomposed into CuO and Cu; and ore carrying cuprite has to be oxidized (weathering, roasting) before treatment."" Greenawalt7 says: ""When acted upon by dilute sulphuric acid, it is partly reduced to metallic copper and partly oxidized into copper sulphate. When heated with strong acid it is entirely oxidized to sulphate."" Work to be described in this article was undertaken to ascertain the conditions whereby all the copper in cuprite could be converted into the soluble sulphate."

Dec 1, 1929