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By William N. Hale

This Bureau of Mines report gives a detailed study of water usage in the Montana mineral industries, along with projections for the future. The mineral industry of Montana in 1963 used 36.5 billion gallons of new water, and reused or recirculated an additional 53.5 billion gallons for a total water requirement or usage of 90 billion gallons. The petroleum industry was the major water user, followed by the copper and zinc industries. Many mineral industry operators provide their own water, and new water is withdrawn largely from surface sources. At present, sufficient water is available in rivers, streams, and reservoirs in Montana; however, shortages do exist locally near mineral industry operations using large quantities of water. Some is supplied from sources up to 44 miles distant. New water withdrawn by the State of Montana mineral industry is expected to increase from 36.5 billion gallons in 1963 to 51.1 billion gallons by the year 2000. The total-water requirement is expected to more than double, or reach 182 billion gallons by the year 2000.

Jan 1, 1966

The value of processed materials of mineral origin was estimated to have exceeded $310 billion in 1990. U.S. raw nonfuel minerals mine production in 1990 was estimated at $33 billion, a 3.1 % increase over that of 1989. The value of minerals production increased in all but 3 of the last 30 years. The metals component of production value has fluctuated much more than the industrial minerals component. This reflects the greater volatility of metal prices. In 1990, total employment in metal mining continued the increase that began in 1987. This growth was partially offset by a slight decline in employment in industrial mineral mining, resulting in an overall in-crease of 1.1 % to 179,100 in 1990. Continuing high (by historical standards) metal prices led to expansions at some mines, as well as opening or reopening of additional mines, resulting in increased employment.

Jan 1, 1991

By Amitava Ghosh

A new analytical formula for predicting ground vibrations induced by blasting is proposed. One factor accounts for geometrical spreading. One factor corresponds to inelastic attenuation. The geometrical spreading function is based on likely source geometries, idealized as either square-root, cube-root or site-specific scaling, and on the propagation characteristics of predominant wave types. The inelastic attenuation is approximated by an exponential function. The empirical constants in these functions are backcalculated from field measurements. Regression analysis has been performed on twenty-three sets of measured data in order to determine the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method. In many cases, the proposed method gives better correlation than the conventional method. In most of the remaining cases, there was no difference between the two methods. Best-fit lines given by the proposed method fit the data trend very well, especially at large scaled distances. At large distances the proposed method gives a prediction much closer to the actual values than the conventional methods. The statistical analysis shows not much difference between square-root, cube-root or site-specific scalings.

Jan 1, 1983

This summary of State laws on explosives wag compiled primarily to ascertain what subjects relating to their control have been acted upon by each State legislature and, in general, how they have been treated. It does not Include any legislation passed after 1942, or any proclamations, regulations, or administrative orders. It does not purport or attempt to be authoritative. If any problem arises involving interpretation of the statutes of any particular State, the original source must be consulted for the exact words used by the legislature. This summary, however, will be useful in determining whether relevant statutes exist, and in locating them quickly, with a minimum of effort. It will be of value also in comparing statutes in other States to determine what construction has been placed upon them by the courts of these jurisdictions or to contrast the varying provisions of many States upon a similar subject. To make these comparisons easier, the statutory provisions for each State have been grouped under several major topics in outline form. Although this sometimes has resulted in disruption of the continuity of individual acts, the increased general clarity and availability of comparable sections have more than justified the procedure followed.

Jan 1, 1943

By Boyd Wise

A jet pump injector was developed and successfully tested, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of a jet injector for introducing coarse coal into an operating slurry face haulage system: In Phase I a variety of injection concepts were evaluated, and the jet pump was identified as best, due to its simplicity, compactness and performance potential. In Phase IIA subscale jet pump injector tests were conducted, and a computer model of a jet pump injector was developed whose performance predictions correlated well with subscale test results. In Phase IIB various system configurations were defined for integrating a jet pump injector into a fully operational underground coarse slurry face haulage system, further highlighting the feasibility and practicality of such a system. In Phase III a full-scale mobile haulage vehicle embodying a jet pump injector and coal sizing equipment was detail designed into a practical vehicle with attractive performance characteristics. More importantly, fully operational full scale jet pump injector -and feeder/breaker subassemblies were tested and proven successful in their ability to down-size coal to 3" in all 3 dimensions and to consistantly provide slurry of 4217 weight concentration at 6.4 TPM throughput under a wide range of operating conditions including zero to maximum feed rate within 5 seconds.

Jan 1, 1985

By Richard A. Winters

In 1987, at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied the 334-acre Mountain Lakes Wilderness Study Area (OR-011-001) in order to evaluate its identified mineral resources. The study area is located in Klamath County about 15 miles northwest of Klamath Falls, Oregon, and is adjacent to the Mountain Lakes Wilderness. The area is underlain by Pliocene-age basaltic andesite. No mining districts are in the study area nor were any claims recorded or found. There are no oil and gas lease applications. There are no identified mineral resources in the study area. INTRODUCTION This report describes the USBM (U.S. Bureau of Mines) portion of a cooperative study with the USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) to evaluate mineral resources and potential of the Mountain Lakes WSA (Wilderness Study Area), at the request of the BLM (U.S. Bureau of Land Management). The USBM examines individual mines, prospects, claims, and mineralized zones, and evaluates identified mineral and energy resources. The USGS evaluates potential for undiscovered resources based on areal geological, geochemical, and geophysical surveys. Results of the investigations will be used to help determine the suitability of the WSA for inclusion into the National Wilderness Preservation System. Although the immediate goal of this and other USBM mineral surveys is to provide data for the President, Congress, government agencies, and the public for land-use decisions, the long-term objective is to ensure the Nation has an adequate and dependable supply of minerals at reasonable cost.

Jan 1, 1988

By Ronald B. Stotelmeyer

This report summarizes studies of 28 National Forest roadless areas in Montana completed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) in the period 1974-1993. It also briefly describes 20 areas for which field studies have not been conducted. All 48 of these roadless areas have been recommended for addition to the National Wilderness Preservation System or proposed as special management areas by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) or the Montana congressional delegation. The Bureau studies indicate which parts of the roadless areas have a high likelihood for mineral-resource development. They also show where mineral production has occurred in the past and where abandoned mine workings (possible hazards) would be encountered. The number of mine and prospect workings found are a measure not only of surface disturbance, but of areas not wilderness in character. For the purposes of this report, mine refers to a property which produced (or is currently producing) a mineral commodity, a prospect is a property which has been explored but has no record of production.

Jan 1, 1994

By Mary S. Esfandiary

U.S. scientists attempting to maintain continuous surveillance of scientific information are confronted with two acute problems: The steady, even spectacular; increase in the volume of such information and the fact that much of it is published in unfamiliar foreign languages, According to the National Science Foundation, almost one-third of the world's scientific literature is published in languages that are read by less than 5 percent of U.S. scientists. Most scientists in the United States must rely on abstract journals and translations to obtain information on developments in research and investigations conducted in the non-English-speaking countries. However, there are problems involved in procuring suitable abstracts and translations and in obtaining such information as cheaply and rapidly as possible.

Jan 1, 1961

By Arthur L. Murray

"Oil-shale camps are peculiarly favored, in that before they are established it can be ascertained with a,of certainty, that the life of the project is not limited. Unlike camps at metal mines, where the metal content of a given area is frequently an unknown quantity until after years of development, oil-shale camps should, from the outset, be planned and built as permanent types of camps. Where this procedure is followed camps will be established which better serve the needs of the industry and the cost of their general care and upkeep will be less.Selection of camp or townsite.The site of the camp or town, whether on company property or not, should be selected with care. It should be separate if possible from the location of the plants of the company so as to be free from noise and fumes and so as to provide a change of environment for employees in going from their work to their homes.The principal features governing the site to be selected are as follows:Drainage. The general contour of the surrounding country should be such that drainage is away from the site. The camp or town should, if practical, be situated on higher ground than that in its immediate vicinity.Soil. The nature of the soil on which the camp or town is located may bear a decided relation to health. A porous, well under drained top soil of at least four feet in depth insures dryness and facilities the placing of foundations and the laying of water mains and sewer pipes. Such a soil also is an advantage in growing trees, shrubs and grass plots, which are a decided adjunct to making the community attractive."

Jun 1, 1921

By Michael J. Friedel

The permeability and flow capacity in unsaturated media are investigated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for application to in situ copper leach mining. Moisture retention properties are derived and combined with scanning electron microprobe data to characterize the mineralogy, texture, pore size, distribution, and permeability of the host rock. Finite-element modeling is used to derive a saturated permeability, ambient degree of saturation, and assess various injection-recovery schemes. Recommended design modifications for optimization of solution distribution and maximum recovery from the rock matrix requires either (1) the injection pressures on the order of 1,500 psi and recovery wells operating in a suction mode, or (2) performing permeability enhancement, through in situ rubbling. Injection pressures can be reduced to 500 psi with improved recovery and containment of solutions.

Jan 1, 2010

By Michael A. Anuta

This report describes the potential for utilization of satellite observations for remote sensing of mine waste disposal areas. Four study sites consisting of metal and nonmetal mining areas in different climatic and physiographic regions of contigous United States were used in this investigation. The mine waste disposal sites consisted of mining of phosphates in Florida, copper in Arizona, silver in Idaho, and coal in West Virginia. Landsat satellite multispectral scanner observations were used together with aerial photographs, ground surveys, U.S. Geological Survey maps, and other ancillary information. Landsat digital data were categorized using automated supervised classification algorithms and an image analysis system. Detailed description of automated classification techniques employed and the accuracy attained is provided together with the results of manual interpretations. The inventory of areas distrubed for phosphate mining and a change detection investigation for-Polk County Florida were also undertaken during this study.

Jan 1, 1982

The mineral Industry, following the economy as a whole, experienced little growth in 1992. However, with modernized plants, efficient workforces, and lower operating costs, the industry is well positioned to take advantage of possible improvement in the national economy during 1993. In addition to the significant 1992 events highlighted below, important events, trends, and issues within individual mineral industries are addressed in the commodity sections that follow. The value of processed materials of mineral origin is estimated to have been about $310 billion in 1992. The value of U.S. raw nonfuel minerals production in 1992 is estimated at approximately $32 billion, a 3% increase over 1991. The value of domestic minerals production has increased in all but 4 of the last 32 years.

Jan 1, 1993

By E. B. Nelson, B. W. Gandrud, B. M. Bird

"The Lewisburg No. 2 mine of the Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Company is located in Jefferson County, Alabama, about 7 miles due north of Birmingham. At this point the coal from the Mary Lee seam when coked in by-product ovens yields an excellent quality of metallurgical coke suitable for use in the iron blast furnace; it is also an excellent steam coal. In mining, all three benches are worked. Coarse impurities are largely gobbed by the miners underground.In addition to giving the data obtained from screen-sizing and float-and-sink tests of a representative sample of the raw coal, this report presents the results of slotted-screen tests to show the proportions of flaky particles in selected sizes, and the results of tests to show how much coal is liberated from impurities by crushing the coarsest sizes. These data have been obtained in connection with an extensive study of coal-washing now being conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the University of Alabama, with U. cooperation of the different operators of Alabama. As the work progresses other reports will follow containing furtner data on the washability both of the Mary Lee seam and of other seams in Alabama and giving the results obtained in preparing these coals by various methods.Although a great amount of investigative work on the preparation of the Mary Lee scam was previously carried on by the various coal companies of the district, comparatively little of this information has been published. In governmental publications three references have been found. Forbes5 gives a number of sections with proximate and ultimate analyses of face samples taken in the mines. Gandrud and Britton'' show sections of this seam at Flat Creek and New Castle; they also give the specific gravity and ash contents of the partings of coal and impurities. In their paper Yancey and Fraser7 include washability studies and washing data from the Sayreton mine of the Republic Iron & Steel Co."

Jun 1, 1930

By Laurence A. Dahners

As part of the strategic minerals program, the Bureau of Mines conducted a diamond-drilling project on three barite properties in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina during the summer and fall of 1944. These properties, the Moccasin Gap prospect and the Krebs property in Cocke County, Tenn., and the Sandy Bottom mine of the Stackhouse group in Madison County, N. C. (fig. 1), are known to have produced some barite. The Bureau of' Mines project was planned to prospect for extensions of the ore bodies. A total of 3,169 feet of diamond drilling was done in 15 holes on the three properties. Tabulations of sample analyses and drill-hole logs are presented in this report. Two other mines of interest in the area are the McCoy and the Williams in Cocke County, Tenn. The Williams adjoins the Krebs. No drilling was done by the bureau in either of these properties.

Jan 1, 1949

By Kevin Malone

Mercury, or quicksilver as it is often called, has many applications in modern technology. Used principally in electrical apparatus, industrial contol instruments, insecticides and fungicides, electrolytic preparation of chlorine and caustic soda, chemical processes, pharmaceuticals, and dental preparations, the liquid metal has unusual properties that make it a preferred material for many industrial uses. United States consumption of mercury during the past 40 years shows a rising trend. In all except 4 years, U.S. production has been less than the domestic requirement, and imports, principally from Spain, Italy, and Mexico, have supplied most of the deficit. After World War II, domestic output decreased rapidly until 1950, when it was the lowest in the 100 years covered by production records. Higher mercury prices since 1950 have reversed the decline in domestic output and reduced the gap between U.S. production and consumption. Domestic output in 1958 was the highest in peacetime since 1883; however, the nation still imported 28 percent of its mercury requirements from 1950 to 1960 the price of mercury was high as a result of industrial applications of the mercury cell, the impact of the cold war and the Korean war, and the Government stockpiling program. The stockpiling program, in effect, put a floor under mercury prices even though only 9,428 flasks of domestic mercury went into the stockpile under the original program which ran from July 1954 to December 31, 1957. Under an extension of the program, an additional 17,463 flasks was purchased.

Jan 1, 1962

By R. G. O'MEARA, Alexander M. Gow, W. T. SCHRENK

Lime is used extensively in the various industries. The National Lime Association in an excellent and recent bulletin lists 23 important in- dustries in which lime plays a vital role; and it thereby justifies the statement that "Lime is one of the most versatile and widely used reagents in the chemical and industrial world." There is, however, one application of this "universal" reagent which has not been mentioned. It is the use of lime in the flotation of ores. An appreciable percentage of the lime produc- tion is consumed by ore-dressing plants. The uses of lime throughout all the industries are more or less re- lated, but "lime" is a broad term; the varieties of lime are more mumerous than the limestones from which it is made, and its use involves a complicated technique. The interrelated application and growing importance of lime in flotation warrant this additional publication on the various "limes," with emphasis on those uses related to the function of lime in flotation. ཁྐྲ་ Lime in water treatment, cyaniding, and amalgamating will be men- tioned, after which its use in flotation will be taken up. This compendium was prepared by the Mississippi Valley Experiment Station of the United States Bureau of Mines and the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo.

Apr 1, 1931

By Rena I. Geroyan

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report presents an evaluation of the coal mining industry's impact on the economy of Pike County, KY. A software package called IMPLAN was used to perform the analysis. The results of this study show that coal mining was the primary income producing industry in Pike County in 1990, accounting for about 46% of the county's Total Industry Output, and 21% of the total employment.. Coal production in that year amounted to 29.6 M mt (32.6 M st). Two alternate economic scenarios were developed to study the potential effects of changing coal market conditions on the county. Scenario A assumes market changes result in a coal production increase of 4.5 M mt/yr (5.0 M st/yr), and scenario B assumes a decrease of 4.5 M mt/yr (5.0 M st/yr). Scenario A would result in a 15.3% rise in the value of Pike County's Total Industry Output, adding a total of 1,663 jobs (+6.1%) in all sectors in the county. Scenario B would have the opposite effect, decreasing the Total Industry Output and employment by identical amounts. Such knowledge would allow local and regional officials to anticipate the economic and social impacts of shifts in coal production, and plan accordingly to mitigate impending changes.

Jan 1, 1994

By Daniel S. Witkowsky

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 provides few specifics to assist the non-fuel mining and mineral processing industries of the United States in achieving pollution prevention (P2) compliance. The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) recognizes the absence of specific information to reduce pollution impacts from mining and mineral processing of hardrock and industrial minerals. Therefore, the USBM has prepared this publication to help reduce or eliminate environmental pollution and to assure the viability of these segments of the domestic mining industry. This report includes worksheets designed to help operators of mining and milling facilities to establish a P2 program. The report can also be used by citizen and environmental groups, State and local governments, and academia to gain an understanding of P2 as it relates to mining and mineral processing.

Jan 1, 1995

By Lorraine B. Burgin

This study by the Bureau of Mines documents the leadtime required for preliminary and detailed exploration, development of the mine, and construction of beneficiation and support facilities for selected copper deposits in Arizona. The time for major exploration ranged from 1 to 15 years, time for open pit development (or construction) was 1 to 4 years, and time for under- ground development was 4 to 8 years; one underground mine presently being developed may require 12 years to achieve production. Construction of the beneficiation plants required 8 months to just over 2 years. The data are supported by historical facts for each deposit during the leadtime stages from location of claims through exploration, construction, expansion, and leaching. The sequence of development and factors contributing to differences in the time spans are discussed. Histories are detailed for the Miami, Castle Dome, Copper Cities, San Manuel-Kalamazoo, and Twin Buttes properties; briefly summarized are the Pinto Valley, Miami East, Esperanza-Sierrita, Pima, and Mineral Park Properties. Each mining operation had its own pattern of development, and together they present a source of planning information for the development of other properties.

Jan 1, 1976

By G. S. Scott. R. L. Grant

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), a white crystalline chemical compound composed of 35 percent nitrogen, 60 percent oxygen, and 5 percent hydrogen, has again attracted attention, due largely to the recent catastrophe on April 16 and 17, 1947, at Texas City, Tex. The fire and subsequent explosion on the steamship Ocean Liberty, outside the harbor of Brest, France, on July 28, 1947, has fur- ther increased the interest in the properties of ammonium nitrate. As a result of the Texas City disaster, several laboratories have undertaken research to determine more certainly what causes ammonium nitrate to detonate and under what circumstances. This is not the first time that ammonium nitrate has been involved in a disaster, and its properties reviewed from the standpoint of safety. The disaster at Oppau, Germany, in 1921, which involved an equimolec- ular mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, prompted an intensive study in Europe and in America. In the United States the properties of am- monium nitrate are now of especial concern because very large quantites are being manufactured and shipped in interstate commerce and abroad. Many an- monium nitrate factories, which were built during the war, will manufacture increasing amounts of this compound for use as a fertilizer. It is the purpose of this report to present a brief summary and biblio- graphy of the published experimental facts about the properties and behavior of ammonium nitrate. The reader is referred to original publications for greater details of the investigative work, and for theoretical discussions. This report also includes a survey of ammonium nitrate fertilizer of the type involved in the Texas City explosions. In the past, authorities have not always agreed on the degree of hazard involved in the manufacture and handling of ammonium nitrate, as the following quotations from the literature indicate: Munroe (82) quoted the following from Turner's Chemistry (a book pub- lished in 1835): "When this salt is exposed to fire, it liquefies, emits aqueous vapor, dries and detonates." Berthelot (14) in his book, Explosives and Their Power, 1983, wrote: "Ammonium nitrate from the point of view of its volatility, and cn account of many considerations, may be regarded as a typical explosive substance."

Jun 1, 1948