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By T. J. Ballard

"The Hog Creek mine, in lot 92 of the 17th district in Towns County, Georgia, was examined in 1890 by F. P. King, who reported the existence there of a 4-foot vein of corundum. The mine is about 2 miles west of Hiawassee, on the southern side of Ramey Mountain. Ed Burch, of Hog Creek, holds the surface rights, and the mineral rights appear to be vested in the heirs of William R. McConnell, who formerly owned and prospected the property.Examination by the Bureau of Mines showed the workings to be caved, but it was thought advisable to open the mine and uncover the reported vein. The Bureau's work consisted, of trenching and cleaning out the pits and shaft.William R. McConnell, the former owner, prospected the property in about 1890. At some tine during that operation, the prospect was visited by Francis P. Kings a geologist with the Georgia Geological Survey.3/King reported that a 4-foot vein of corundum was exposed g feet below the surface in the main cut and was opened for 20 feet along the strike. He also reported that the so-called ""Georgia rubies"" were taken from this mine.The main mine is about 2,000 feet- north of Hoc Creek on a timbered southern slope of Ramey Mountain. It lies at an altitude of about 2,100 feet, approximately 100 feet above the high-water level of the Catuga reservoir, which floods Hog Creek to a quarter of a mile above its confluence with the Hiawassee River. The nearest water is a small branch about 1,000 feet to the west.Chlorite schist is the principal host rock. It has been intruded by irregular masses of a very herd periodtite rock possibly troctolite. The schist near the surface is extremely weathered, presenting white and red laminations parallel to the schistosity. At a depth of 40 feet in the cross-cut it appears as a fine-grained green-chlorite schist. The schist strikes about N. 350 E. and dips 800 to the southeast.No corundum vein was found, and if any existed it must have been mined out after King's visit. In the pit, about 15 feet west of the shaft, approximately 150 pounds of zoisite and an occasiona1 small crystal of corundum were found imbedded in schist about 18 feet below the surface, near hard, dense troctolite."

Mar 1, 1946

By Frank E. Cash

Since ventilation adequate in quantity as well as quality is of paramount importance to the health and safety of men working underground in coal mines, mining officials, employees, and State inspection departments should give it the closest possible attention. MINING LAW OF ALABAMA The law governing, and regulating the operation of coal mines in Alabama was enacted in 1911 and amended or revised in 1923, 1925, 1930, and 1935. The original law and subsequent revisions were progressive steps in safeguarding the health and safety of underground employees.

Jan 1, 1939

By Lloyd A. Morley

A guide to the development and use of an APL computer program for the analysis of load-flow problems is presented. The program is designed to provide an interactive method of load-flow study to improve underground coal mine electrical system design and safety. The theoretical basis for load-flow analysis is discussed, along with per-unit calculations which facilitate computation. Specific input/output, execution and network modification procedures are presented for using the APL program. In addition, typical results are given for examples taken from power system analysis literature.

Jan 1, 1977

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

Appendix B - Mine Evacuation Simulation Program - User's Manual B 1 Introduction Appendix B documents information necessary to use the emergency escape simulation program and to make modifications if necessary. For a user interested in using the program as it exists, Sections B 2, B 5 and B 6 are particularly useful. The program listing (B.6) can be used to prepare a card deck and the data cards can be punched from the directions given in Section B. 2. Typical input data and output printout summarized in B 5 provides guidelines for the program use. Sections B 3 (Program Nomenclature) and B 4 (Subroutine Description) describe, in detail, the inner workings of the program and are particularly useful for a user interested in modifying the program.

Jan 1, 1976

By A. R. Rule

Research was conducted by the Bureau of Mines to develop a process for utilization of Idaho kyanite. A continuous gravity-flotation separation process was applied successfully to recover kyanite-group minerals from an Idaho ore containing about 21 percent combined kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite. Dry magnetic separation of the concentrate resulted in a product containing about 90 percent kyanite at a recovery of 63 percent of the kyanite-group minerals in the ore, Alumina and silica analyses were within the range generally accepted for conversion to mullite, and the finished products had a pyrometric cone equivalent of more than 38. A recovered garnet coproduct may be of commercial value.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. J. Forbes

"The central rescue station maintained jointly by several mining com¬panies in a district, is gaining in popularity in a large number of mining districts throughout the country. A very efficient first-aid and mine rescue association, with rescue station, is in operation in 'the Globe-Miami, Arizona, district. This association, known as the ""Globe-Miami District Mine Rescue and First-Aid Association""; was organized on January 1, 1918. Due to the effective work of this organization, several incipient mine fires have been extinguished before the fire got under headway and before any severe damage was done.The mine rescue station, which is situated on the highway between the towns of Globe and Miami, Arizona, is centrally located with respect to the various mines in the district. The station was completed, and a full craw em-ployed for conducting it work on January 1, 1920.The directors and other officers of the association are selected from the mine officials whose properties are served by it. It includes seven large metal mining and metallurgical companies in the Globe-Miami district. The names of the companies, together with the number of men employed by each follows.A director is in charge of the station; he performs the executive work, and, is the managing head of all training in first aid and mine rescue. The director is assisted by three station attendants, one of whom takes the morning shift, another, the evening shift, and the third, the night shift. They exchange shifts every two weeks. As three shifts are maintained, an attendant is on duty at all times. He answers emergency calls in case of fires or accidents, assists with the first-aid and mine rescue training, the inspection of the first-aid boxes and supply bases that are located at the various mines, and attends to miscellaneous duties in connection with the operation and maintenance of the station."

Dec 1, 1920

By VAN. H. MANNING

During the nine years that have elapsed since the Bureau of Mines was established in 1910, the work of the bureau has included many investigations that have proved of high value to the Nation. Eleven mining experiment stations established by act of Congress have greatly increased the bureau's usefulness; being situated in the mining fields, these stations are closely in touch with industrial needs, and the results of their research and educational work are more directly available to those engaged in the mining, metallurgical, and mineral industries. In the United States mining is second in importance to agriculture only. The Federal Government annually appropriates large sums in the interest of agriculture, whereas the appropriations for mining are relatively small. But the nation-wide popularity of Government assistance to agriculture should not overshadow the need of Federal assistance to the mineral industry. With scientific management farms can be made to produce indefinitely without any depletion of the potential resources of the soil, but the mineral wealth of a country is a fixed quantity, and every year's production brings nearer its ulti- mate exhaustion. As the deposits of the richer or more readily available ores, espe- cially those in the West, have been depleted, development of methods for mining and treating the leaner or more inaccessible ores has lagged, so that meeting the increasing demands for certain metals is becoming more and more difficult. In some branches of mining the small inde- pendent operator is greatly handicapped. He has to rely on custom mills and smelters for the profit or loss of his product, and because of relatively inefficient methods of milling or smelting he may receive no return for much of the ore he mines. Even though the small operator thinks he knows of improved methods of obtaining the metals from the ores, he can not afford to install the necessary machinery or to carry on experiments that may or may not prove successful. In view of the increasing need of metals and the impossibility of renewing the ore supplies, efforts should be directed toward developing the most economical and efficient methods in mining and metal- lurgy. The great mining companies carry on independent research work, some of them on a large scale; but as such work is usually undertaken for gainful purposes, these companies do not feel under any obligation to give the results of their investigations to the world. Clearly the solution of the difficulty is to place in the mining districts trained mining and metallurgical engineers who will investigate and solve the problems for the benefit of the whole industry. It is with this purpose in view that experiment stations of the Bureau of Mines have been established to investigate economy, efficiency, and safety in mining, and to make public the results of the investigations. The Federal Government can be of most help in developing the mineral resources of the country when its forces are brought in direct contact with these resources. Mining is as old as civilization, but only within a generation has this country busied itself with any other problem of mining than the amount of mineral products that could be put upon the market. Little concern was felt if much of the metal in an ore was wasted, if the miner lived in unsanitary surround- ings and died of preventable disease, or if accidents occurred fre- quently and from causes that could easily be controlled. Now we realize that the waste of any resource is inexcusable. The mineral wealth of the country can be mined but once. The task before the Nation is to recover as much metal as possible from the ore in the ground, and to do this in the most economical way without waste of human life. This task is of such magnitude as to warrant aid from the Government through experiment stations. In its efforts to make the work of these stations of most benefit to the mineral industry the Bureau of Mines seeks the cooperation of State authorities, of mine operators, of miners' organizations, and of every person interested. These experiment stations also serve an educational purpose. Gen- erally speaking, mining is not a preferred occupation. The miner should have reason to take greater interest in his work; he should feel that the experiments the Government is making affect him vitally by enabling him to increase his production and by making his work safer. The mine operator should realize that the Government stands ready to aid him, and he should know that he can bring his own problems to a Government organization that is trained and equipped to solve them. The surest method of accomplishing these results is to carry the work of the Bureau of Mines into the mining regions through the establishment of experiment stations easily accessible both to the mine operator and to the miner. Many miners in this country do not read English, but they can understand motion pictures of mining methods; they can learn how lives can be saved in case of accident; and they can appreciate the larger results gained by modern methods and equipment. In every

Jan 1, 1919

By Sumner M. Anderson

THE importance of the mineral industries of the Latin American area in 1964 may be evaluated in respect to a number of points of reference, a few of which are measurable and appropriate for examination. With regard to the region's contribution to total world production, it accounted for total 1964 world output of natural nitrates (from Chile), and about 97 percent of the optical and electrical grades of quartz crystal (from Brazil). The region supplied over 20 percent of world output of 7 other mineral commodities and accounted for 4 percent or more of world output of 19 other mineral products. Among major commodities, the area, occupying 15 percent of the earth's land surface, supplied within 3 percent of that proportion of the world's output of copper, lead, tin, zinc, barite, and crude petroleum. Incomplete compilation of production data, particularly that of nonmetallic minerals, precludes production estimates on some items for the area ass whole, and therefore the importance of Latin America as a world producer of some additional commodities may not be clearly assessed. For example, most of the countries of the area collect only incomplete data or no data at all on the production of clays and other ceramic materials, sand and gravel, dimension and crushed stone, lime, ornamental and precious stones, perlite, vermiculite, carbon black, coal tar products, and petrochemicals. In the case of many countries of the area, the value of production of one or more of these commodities greatly exceeded that of other mineral industry products that are carefully reported.

Jan 1, 1966

By A. W. Khair, S. J. Jung

"A fundamental study of fragment size distribution and characteristics of fracture pattern is presented for the dynamic penetration of a conical bit into coal block. In this paper, damaged zones during crater formation and fragment size distribution were studied. Bit with a sharper tip angle and a smooth body configuration performed better penetration. Results suggest that in coal cutting the trend should be toward the face cleat direction using a sharper angled tip bits which consumes less energy for an optimum range of penetration depths, thus attaining maximum cutting efficiency and reducing fine fragments.1. INTRODUCTIONMuch research in the past has been done on energy requirements and mechanism of energy dissipation for ideal rock fragmentation in cutting process. However the mechanisms of energy dissipation or failure criteria for rocks in cutting process in order to evaluate the efficiency of energy requirements in specific rock fragmentation is not well understood. The formation of a crater in rock under the impact blow of a bit has been observed experimentally (Hartman, 1959). It is known that directly beneath the edge of the bit the rock is crushed into fine powder, toward the sides of the crater it chips out into relatively large fragments. (Sikarskie & Cheatham, 1973). Singh et al. (1967) investigated the cratering process under the two different conditions of static and dynamic loading. They found that the amount of energy consumed per unit volume of crater is unequal for the two different loading conditions. A complex network of fractures often extends downward and laterally into the rock below the bit. The surface of the specimens showed that the dynamic loading damaged larger area then the static loading."

Jan 1, 1989

By W. H. Young

THE BITUMINOUS coal and lignite industry declined slightly in 1961, compared with the 1960 figures. All of the major items, production, consumption, average value, exports, and employment, declined. Even the steady upward trend in mechanization failed to materialize; the percentages of total tonnages mechanically loaded and cleaned remained the same as in the preceding year. However, tonnage per man per day increased from 12.83 tons in 1960 to 13.87 tons in 1961, owing partly to the increased tonnage produced by continuous mining machines. Also, the percentage of total production mined by stripping and by augers increased slightly. Production.-The output of bituminous coal and lignite in the United States in 1961-403 million tons-was 3 percent less than the 416 million tons produced in 1960. Production was retarded in 1961, owing largely to the business recession and reduced exports.

Jan 1, 1962

1. Data from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) indicate that a total of 44,015 employees worked in underground mining locations in 2003, corresponding to 44,778 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers. • Ninety percent of underground employees (n = 39,735) were mine operator employees. • Contractors comprised 10% of all underground mining employees (n = 4,280) and comprised only 5.8% of all underground FTEs. • The majority of underground employees worked for coal operators (73.0%; n = 32,130).

Feb 1, 2005

By Spencee L. Willett

A sand and gravel deposit exists in the Wildrose Canyon Wilderness Study Area (WSA), Out it is limited to local use because of the distance from major markets and resulting high transportation costs. The WSA has no identified metallic minerals, oil, gas or other energy related deposits. INTRODUCTION The WSA encompasses 17,366 acres (7,028 ha) in the Panamint Range, Inyo County, California. Access to the area is by State Route 190, approximately 45 miles (72.4 km) east of Lone Pine, California and 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Stovepipe Wells, California (fig. 1).

Jan 1, 1983

By E. P. Youngman

The law now in effect (January 30, 1931) in the Netherlands with respect to the prospecting for and the developing of minerals is regulated by , or based upon , the French Act of April 21 , 1810 , "Concernant les mines , les minières et les carrières ( Bulletin des Lois No. 285) . " A second edition of a compilation ( by Drs . Ccuvee and Ritter ) of the mining legislation of Holland , including this act with other legal requirements , was published in 1928 under the title of "De Nederlandsche Mijnwetgeving , " by H. T. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon , Haarlem. In this abstract reference is made to the Act of 1810 , the Royal Decree of September 18, 1818 , the Mining Act of 1903 , and the Act of June 20 , 1924 .

Aug 1, 1931

By Franxis Church Lincoln

"INTRODUCTION During September 1944, the Bureau of Mines undertook a program of investigation and limited exploratory drilling at the Last Chance mine, near the village of Arthur in Grant County, Wisconsin, as part of a general investigation of the zinc-producing area of southwestern Wisconsin when every effort was being made to increase the production of metals important to the Nation's war program.The Bureau's attention was directed, to the Last Chance mine when the operators discovered high percentages of zinc in an exploratory churn drill hole a short distance southeast of the mine. The ore was found in the Trenton Limestone, which underlies the ore horizon then being mined. To determine whether this discovery was important, and to demonstrate the possible extension of the ore the Bureau of Mines drilled five additional holes in the vicinity of the discovery.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Nines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report."

Mar 1, 1947

By C. F. Swab

A relatively innocuous halocarbon was investigated as a substitute for the highly toxic carbon tetrachloride in the approval testing of chemical cartridges. The vapor effluent of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane from chemical cartridges is continuously monitored by a nondispersive infrared analyzer. Breakthrough times for the cartridges, using the halocarbon, can be equated to those of carbon tetrachloride, if multiplied by the factor, 1.49.

Jan 1, 1970

By W. M. Traver, A. M. Evans

"INTRODUCTION The Bureau of Mines undertook exploration in the Torlingua district, Texas, during June 1943, at a time when the demand for mercury for war industries was considerably more than the anticipated domestic production. In view of the impressive past production of the mines and the favorable geologic conditions in several underdeveloped areas in the district, the investigation was considered of immediate importance.Prior to initiation of the exploratory program, a preliminary examination of the district was made in August 1942 by A. B. Needham, an engineer of the Bureau of Mines. This examination was followed by a comprehensive geological study by the Federal Geological Survey 3/ and further investigation the Bureau of Mines."

Jan 1, 1947

By S. J. Page, J. A. Organiscak

Airborne respirable dust surveys were conducted at six surface coal mines to investigate the effectiveness of dust control methods used on rotary rock drills and bulldozers. Dust controls commonly used on drills include a dry dust collection system, exhausting from a shrouded area around the collared hole, and an enclosed drill operator cab, filtering airborne dust from the cab. Bulldozers are also typically equipped with an enclosed operator cab as a dust control measure. Airborne respirable dust sampling was conducted near each equipment's source of generation and inside its enclosed cab. Silica analysis was performed on the dust samples to determine the percent silica content in the dust generated at the six mining operations. An additional eight- month follow-up of dust sampling was also conducted in the enclosed operator cabs of several rock drills and bulldozers. Data were analyzed for long-term variability of accepted control methods to abate dust and silica levels. The highwall rock drill was the major and most variable dust source as compared to the bulldozer, generating dust levels, on average, one order of magnitude higher than dust levels of the bulldozer. Four of the six drills surveyed had dust containment and capture problems at the shrouded drill table above the lple. Repairs or modifications to three of the drill dust collection systems were shown to reduce dust levels by more that 50% next to the shrouded drill table. The enclosed operator cabs provided more than 90% and more than 40% lower dust levels than at the dust source for the drill and bulldozer, respectively. Long-term sampling of several of these highwall drills and bulldozers showed that the dust levels in the drill cabs were frequently higher than 0.2 mg/m3 and more variable than in the bulldozers. The bulldozer dust levels were frequently below 0.2 mg/m). Future research should focus on improving some of the deficiencies present in the drill's primary dust collection system, and developing quality control methods to ensure the integrity of enclosed cab protection for equipment operators.

Provide longwall operators with an alternative strategy for placement of gob gas ventholes to improve gas production.

Jan 1, 1995

By Terry J. Close

The Anaconda Pintlar Wilderness has a significant mineral resource potential. Five deposits have resources totaling about 180,300 tons (163,600 t) containing silver, copper, lead, gold, and zinc. Another 11, not sufficiently exposed to allow resource estimates, may have additional mineral potential. No placer deposits are indicated. There is little potential for the production of sand, gravel, or stone; alternate sources are closer to markets. No oil, gas, uranium, or geothermal energy sources are known to be present.

Jan 1, 1982

By Thomas O. Glover

The mining industry of Cameroon continued to be dominated by crude petroleum. Crude petroleum production has become the most important facet of Cameroon's economic development. Oil production was estimated to be 6.3 million tons in 1983 compared with 5.2 million tons in 1982 and 4.3 million tons in 1981. Over two-thirds of its export income was attributed to crude oil. The country's only refinery, dedicated in 1981, has a production capacity of 2 million tons. Cameroon has become self- sufficient in petroleum products since commissioning the refinery. The oil sector contributed approximately 13.5% to Cameroon's gross domestic product in 1982-83. Oil production was expected to rise from 125,000 barrels per day in 1983 to 156,000 barrels per day in 1985 when output peaks. Cameroon's ultimate recoverable reserves have been calculated at 100 million tons, or 750 million barrels of oil.

Jan 1, 1985