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By Eleanor Abshire

THIS PUBLICATION is the third to be prepared as a result of a cooperative project by the Bureau of Ships and the Bureau of Mines for accumulating literature published on zirconium and hafnium. The undertaking also resulted in the establishment of an information center on zirconium and hafnium at the Bureau of Mines station at Albany, Oreg., for the use of research organizations and others. The present bibliography consists of references (with abstracts) to pertinent literature on zirconium. The first publication in this series was Information Circular 7771, Bibliography of Zirconium, published in April 1957. It consists of 969 abstracted reports and 645 U.S. and foreign patents. The second publication, called a supplement to Information Circular 7771, is numbered Information Circular 7830 and consists of 844 abstracted reports and 62 U.S. and foreign patents. It was published in October 1958.

Jan 1, 1962

By Sara Jane Boles

In recent years the demand for products of greater refractoriness has placed an ever-increasing emphasis on ceramic materials, including the metallic oxides. Magnesia (MgO) is one of the most important of these oxides, exhibiting, as it does, high electrical resistivity, high slag resistance, and a melting point of 2,800° C. However, magnesia has a tendency to hydrate in the presence of water and to volatilize above 1,500° C. in certain kiln atmospheres and has a comparatively low resistance to thermal shock. Because of these disadvantages, the previously listed advantages inherent in this material have been largely overlooked, and research on magnesia has lagged behind that on oxides such as alumina and zirconia. This bibliography has been prepared in an effort to present to Government and industry a comprehensive picture of the prospects for greater utilization of magnesia as a refractory material in future research. To provide as selective and accurate a collection as possible, the references included cover magnesia in a pure state, not as an additive or in combination with other materials. However, several references discuss the effect of minor impurities (less than 5 percent of the total) on the properties of magnesia, as these papers are considered to be of special importance. A few references to articles on forming techniques are also included, as they are valuable additions to the overall treatment of the subject. The processes used in obtaining and refining the raw materials are adequately covered in earlier publications and are excluded. A number of references are omitted as being of questionable value in enhancing the cumulative study of pure magnesia as an ultra-high-temperature refractory material.

Jan 1, 1962

By J. W. Paul

The United States Bureau of Mines has made a study of roof control in 68 mines operating in the Pittsburgh coal bed in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. In making these studies, much information was also obtained on various exact methods of development and pillar extraction as practiced by this large group of mines. It is proposed in this paper to describe these methods, by which this group of mines in 1931, a year of reduced industrial activity, produced 28,123,000 tons of bituminous coal - 7.4 percent of the national production for the same year and an amount equal to the combined production of the coal mired in the States of Alabama, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. The results of these studies, insofar as they pertain to the prevention of injuries from falls of roof, have been published by the Bureau of Mines. In this paper only a few mines typical of each system will be described; however, should the reader be interested in other details with respect to these mines, he may refer to the following publications: T.P. 522, 1932, 43 pp. Falls of roof and coal in mines operating in the Pittsburgh coal bed in Marion and Monongalia Counties, W. Va., by J. W. Paul and J. N. Geyer.- A study of nine mines in these two counties of northern West Virginia.

Jan 1, 1935

By M. M. Tilman

The Bureau of Mines conducted research to determine the feasibility of strengthening experimental magnesium-base sheet alloys by strain softening induced by controlled cold rolling followed by selective heat treatment. Relatively small alloying additions having potential for producing strain softening were selected from metals that are readily avail-able. Tensile properties comparable to minimum properties of the most commonly used magnesium-base sheet alloy AZ31B, in the H24 condition (strain-hardened and partially annealed), were obtained in an Mg-IMM (mischmetal)-O.5Mn alloy after strain-softening rolling followed by heat treatment. Tensile properties of the experimental alloys in certain conditions are also compared with minimum tensile properties of other standard magnesium sheet alloys. Incidental to the principal objectives, apparent superplastic behavior was observed in three experimental magnesium-base alloys containing MM, MM plus manganese, and MM plus zirconium.

Jan 1, 1985

By R. W. Lewis

Spectrochemical procedures were developed using dc arc excitation for the determination, in parts per million, of 18 impurity elements in electrorefined beryllium and high-purity beryllium oxide. The metal samples were dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, evaporated to dryness, and converted to the oxide in a muffle furnace at 900° C. Germanium oxide was added as an internal standard for the determination of 15 of the elements, copper oxide for boron and molybdenum, and neodymium oxide for calcium. The average coefficient of variation was 11 percent with the exception of copper, which averaged about 43 percent.

Jan 1, 1962

By G. A. Bole

"This paper presents a review of the literature and is an epitome of work acne and articles published by Schurecht, Robson and Andrews', in the investigation of the feasibility of making basic refractories from dolomite, was carried on successively by these men, at the Ceramic experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines, Columbus, Ohio.Scope of the work.The dolomite refractories investigation of the Ceramic Station includes a study of the many fluxes which could be used to aid in the dead-burning of dolomite and also a complete survey of the iron oxide-alumina-silica field as fluxes. The temperature of calcination and the resulting properties have been carefully investigated, and the most desirable calcines chosen for further investigation in the making of dolamite bricks. Many binders and the several methods in common use of fabricating bricks commercially were tried, and a thorough study was made of the properties of the most successful ware,Previous Investigators.Even before the World War, considerable work was done on dolomite this war greatly accelerated the efforts of the many Investigators."

Jul 1, 1924

By Richard W. Lewis, Lloyd Carpenter

The objective of the investigation was to determine spectrochemically 19 elements in the general range of 0.5 to 1,000 ppm in high - purity hafnium and its compounds . Samples were converted thermally to hafnium dioxide , mixed with buffer - carrier - internal standards , and excited by a dc arc . Spectra were recorded on photographic plates . Transmittance values were recorded densitometrically and converted to relative - intensity ratios . Four groups of standards were used to establish analytical curves from which the concentrations of impurities were obtained . Average precision of the method was 14.2 percent relative standard deviation , and relative error was 4.2 percent .

Jan 1, 1964

By R. E. Green

The Bureau of Mines undertook a bench-scale study of three different types of oxidized taconites3 from the Lake Superior district to improve the dispersion-selective flocculation-desliming process for beneficiating these materials. The response-surface contours of the effects of dissolved ionic species in the water and of three dispersion systems on the selective flocculation process were studied. Results of metallurgical data and chemical analyses of the aqueous phase showed that the water quality affects the performance of the selective flocculation process.

Jan 1, 1984

By M. A. Schellhardt

In recent years development of instruments and equipment for determining subsurface pressures and temperatures in. gas and oil wells has made it feasible to obtain information that eras not available in the past on many gas-production problems. The material presented in this report illustrates particularly the value of subsurface-temperature data in the study of subsurface leakage from gas wells. An abnormal decline in the shut-in pressure of the Lone Star Gasoline Co. A. Jones No. 1 gas well in the southern part of the Buffalo (Tex.) field was observed during an interval when a negligible volume of gas bras being withdrawn from the reservoir. Wellhead-pressure readings indicated that the shut-in pressure of the well declined from 2,295 pounds per square inch gage on February 3, 1937, to. 1,445 on February 12, 1935. Tests conducted by engineers of the Lone Star Gas Co. suggested that the subnormal pressure gaged on February 12, 1938, probably was not caused by a head of liquid in the well.

Jan 1, 1940

By Alex C. Smith

This report describes laboratory studies conducted by the Bureau of Mines on the spontaneous combustion of U.S. coals. Approximately 11 pet of U.S. underground coal mine fires are attributed to spontaneous combustion. The relative self-heating tendencies of 24 coal samples were evaluated in an adiabatic heating oven. Minimum self-heating temperatures (SHT's) in the oven ranged from 350 C for a lignite and high-volatile C bituminous (hvCb) coal, to 1350 C for two low-volatile bituminous (lvb) coals. An empirical expression was determined predicting a bituminous coal's minimum SHT in the adiabatic oven based on the coal's dry ash-free oxygen content. Several factors that can affect the self-heating process were also evaluated. The self-~eating tendency of a coal increased when the coal was dried and exposed to humidified air, and was dependent on the particle size and oxygen concentration of the air. A new moderate-scale apparatus is described, in which the self-heating tendencies of larger coal samples, 3 kg, can be evaluated. The minimum SHT's of two coals were determined and the results were in good agreement with those found in the adiabatic oven. Finally, results of a test in the moderate-scale apparatus indicated a strong dependence of the self-heating rate of a low rank coal on the moisture content of the air.

Jan 1, 1987

By E. J. Gleim

[THE ORGANIC act under which Federal Bureau of Mines was established provided for the investigation of the safe use of electricity in mines. Each Congress appropriates funds for conducting this investigation. As part of this investigation, electrical apparatus used in mines is studied to determine if its operation and use might introduce a hazard. From this study, certain safety standards have been developed. These standards, established with the aid of both the manufacturer and user of such apparatus, are published in schedules, and apparatus that complies with the requirements set forth these schedules is classified as "permissible." This term is defined to designate apparatus as "completely assembled and conforming in every respect with the design formally approved by the Bureau of Mines." In the judgment of the Bureau, the manufacturers of such apparatus have adhered to certain minimum standards of safety in supplying a product that when properly used and maintained is safe for operation in mines where flammable gas or coal dust may accumulate. This work of the Bureau of Mines for increasing safety does not make it obligatory for manufacturers of mine equipment to produce only that of permissible classification. Before the effective date of the Federal Mine Safety Code,5 the Bureau sought to promote safety by recommending that mine operators install permissible equipment in gassy mines as a preventive measure against gas and dust explosions initiated by electrical equipment. For some years, the mining laws of several States have prescribed the conditions under which permissible equipment must be used. The Federal Mine Safety Code requires that ?all new electric face equipment and replacements of equipment purchased for mines where nonpermissible equipment is now being used shall be of a permissible type approved by the United States Bureau of Mines,]

Jan 1, 1955

By Sidney Katell

This report covers the period January 1962 through December 1962; it is a continuation of the series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. Also, it is the fourth in a series of reports prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Mines and the American Association of Cost Engineers. The agreement provides for the publication of an annual cost bibliography with the work load evolved in the preparation shared equally. Tile abstracted articles, concerned with all facets of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects, are from tile following sources:

Jan 1, 1963

By Sidney Katell

This report covers the period January 1962 through December 1962; it is a continuation of the series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7510 in October 1949. Also, it is the fourth in a series of reports prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Mines and the American Association of Cost Engineers. The agreement provides for the publication of an annual cost bibliography with the work load evolved in the preparation shared equally. The abstracted articles, concerned with all facets of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects, are from tile following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering. 5. Chemical Engineering Progress. 6. Chemical Week. 7. Coal Age. 8. Coal Utilization. 9. Cost Engineering. 10. Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refiner. 11. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 12. Nucleonics. 13. Oil and Gas Journal. 14. Petroleum Management. 15. World Oil.

Jan 1, 1963

By A. R. T. Denues

"INTRODUCTION The orienting phases of the current investigation of cushioned blasting in the Explosives Division of the Bureau of Mines were indicated in a previous publication (5) 3/. Pertinent literature reviewed therein indicated a highly controversial field. This emphasized the need for experimental studies of many factors that affect the health and safety of miners and the efficiency of mining operations. Results of some orienting tests showed marked effects on practical hazards. Further, they emphasized the necessity and importance of the contemplated investigation. The scope and general plan of these practical inquiries into the safety of cushioned blasting were indicated.This investigation of cushioned blasting relates to the various means employed to reduce the intensity of application of energy from explosive actions in boreholes. It has been suggested (from p. 19 of reference that the divisions of this work would correspond to the salient hazards affected by cushioned blasting. These include the ignition hazard, hazards from poisonous gases, and other practical hazards in the blasting technique. The ignition hazard was resolved into two components of approximately equal weight. These include studies of effects upon (1) the incendivity of blown-out shots and upon (2) the occurrence of such shots. Experimental studies of effects on the incendivity of blown-out shots were first undertaken. Questions of the best procedure for making these evaluations have been adduced, and the interpre-tation and utilization of the results of gallery testing seemed to require detailed attention; some preliminary general considerations of such testing were therefore necessary."

Jan 1, 1943

By Jr. Koch

Statistical methods applied at the Bureau of Mines Denver Mining Research Center to data from metallic ore bodies were used to evaluate lignite reserves from core data and to predict the extent of lignite horizons in some Texas lignite beds. Six lignite seam units were studied using data from 361 drill holes. The data indicate a total of 214.2 million tons of lignite in the area examined, and probable reserves of 113 million tons in an area 2,000 feet beyond the limits established by the drill holes. It was demonstrated that lignite reserves present in lenticular beds could be reliably determined by statistical techniques, and that core drilling could be optimized to maximum information with minimum drill holes. The technique described is applicable to other coal beds.

Jan 1, 1966

By Seth T. Reese

THE INJURY DATA and experience at coal mines in the United States for 1951 are presented in this bulletin under the following general heads: (A) General injury experience: Tables 1 to 18: Contain current data on number of fatalities and nonfatal injuries, frequency and severity rates, average severity, major and detailed injury agencies, and distribution of injuries by part of body and days of disability. (B) Selected injury data: Tables 19 to 43: Contain current data on various selected factors of operating and physical conditions that contributed to the occurrence of injuries at bituminous-coal, lignite, and anthracite mines. These factors include extent of hand and machine loading, size of mine by employment and production groups, thickness of bed or vein, duration and number of work shifts, rating of mine as gassy or nongassy, types of cap lamps, explosives, and combination of factors that influence mine safety. (C) Injury experience by States: Tables 44 to 50: Contain current data on number of fatalities and nonfatal injuries, frequency and severity rates, average severity, major causes and principal agencies, injury records of all coal-producing States, and the relative standing by States according to injury-frequency rates. (D) Major disasters: Table 51: Lists the coal-mine disasters that occurred during 1951, giving location, source, and cause. A major disaster in coal mining is defined as a single accident in which or as a result of which five or more men lost their lives. (E) Historical coal-mine injury experience: Tables 52 to 86: Contain data on injuries, injury-frequency rates, employment, and production at bituminous-coal, lignite, and anthracite mines from the earliest records through 1951.

Jan 1, 1955

By R. L. de Beauchamp

A preliminary investigation was made of the extraction of chromium from ferrochromium by low-temperature chlorination in the 3400 to 5250 C range. The objective was to devise a method for separating chromium from iron in high-carbon ferrochromium produced from domestic chromite concentrates. The majority of iron was removed as a volatile chloride; chromium was contained in the residue as a nonvolatile chloride, which was separated from carbon and unattacked ferrochromium by dissolution. A small rotary chlorination apparatus was designed, built, and used for the chlorination tests, and samples of commercial-grade high-and low-carbon ferrochromiums were chlorinated for comparison of chlorination characteristics. Low-temperature chlorination of three types of ferrochromium resulted in the removal of 81.9 to 91.6 percent of the iron content as sublimed FeC13. Recovery of chromium in a leach solution of the reactor product varied from 82.4 to 93.1 percent.

Jan 1, 1968

By Joseph A. Conway

This paper is one of a series dealing with the mining and crushing methods and costs of the nonmetallic industries, prepared under the sponsorship of and in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines,. The quarrying methods described in this paper are those used at the Monocacy trap rock quarry which annually produces from 450,000 to 500,000 tons of crushed stone. This property is located 3 miles east of Birdsboro at Monacacy, Pa., and is one of the three quarries operated by the John T. Dyer Quarry Co. Throughout the paper an effort is made to explain the various methods used and the cost of operation.

Jan 1, 1931

By A. J. Williams, R. B. Corbett

"INTRODUCTION This investigation was undertaken to obtain information concerning the effects of boron in steel and its method of addition, so that boron, which is readily obtainable domestically, may be used to relieve the great demand for those scarce, strategic, alloying elements that hitherto have been considered necessary for the successful manufacture of quality steel.Previous Work Guillet 4/ seems to have been the first to predict that boron-bearing steel might have a possible industrial use when, in 1907, he published results of an investigation into the properties of steel containing 0.21 to 1.51 percent boron.Possibly Walter 2/ was the first to appreciate the fact that extremely small percentages of boron are effective in improving the properties of a steel. His patent, issued in 1924 claimed steels containing boron within the limits of 0.001 to 0.100 percent; furthermore, the specifications disclosed that boron increased the hardenability of steel and refined its grain structure. In 1937, Naton and Piwowarsky 6/ otherwise observed that boron increased the hardenablity of steel."

Jun 1, 1945

By Joseph W. Horne

This report presents the results of an investigation by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the State of Colorado, on the yields and properties of oils produced from oil shale, lignite and subbituminous coal using the standard assay method developed by the Bureau for oil-shale testing,. The purpose of this work, which is part of the general study of oil shales being conducted by the Bureau of Mines and cooperating agencies, was to obtain information on the amount and character of the yield of crude oil or tar from different typical oil shales, the yield of light oil or naptha that might be suitable for use in motor fuels, and other products of shale oil. As the west has large resources both of oil shale and low-grade non-coking coals, it is of interest to know the relative yields of tars, light oils, and combustible gases that can be produced from these coals when retorted under conditions similar to those suited for oil-shale retorting. Source of Samples The coal samples were obtained from deposits on or adjacent to the public lands in the States of the Rocky Mountain region. Many of the mines sampled are operating under Government leases or permits. The number of coal samples secured from the various states are: Colorado, 6; Montana, 9; north Dakota, 6; New Mexico. 1; South Dakota, 1; Wyoming, 9. Of these samples, 14 were lignite coal, 16 subbituminous coal, and a bituminous coal. The standard channel method of the Bureau of Mines was used for sampling. Coal samples received at the Boulder Office weighed about twelve pounds each, and duplicate samples were sent to the Pittsburgh Station for proximate and ultimate analyses. The origin of the samples and description of the deposits are given in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1927