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By T. C. Marshall

A comparison between hydraulic and pneumatic rockdrills by T. C. Marshall, Pr.Eng. (Member) The greatly increased output of rockdrills has placed new demands on booms, carriers, and drill steels and bits. Limited scope for further improvement in pneumatic rockdrills has led to the development of hydraulic rockdrills, which compare favourably with their pneumatic counterparts: they are more efficient, more flexible in coping with variations in the working conditions, more economical in the consumption of drill steel, and less productive of noise and mist. Their disadvantages include a greater need for a reliable power supply, a greater vulnerability to dirt, greater complexity (requiring more skilful maintenance), and the liberation of heat into the working environment. They should be regarded as a complement to, and not as a substitute for, pneumatic rockdrills.

Jan 2, 1974

In their excellent paper, Milev and Spottiswoode have provided quantitative and definitive descriptions of an important phenomenon that hitherto has been largely the subject of conjecture. They convincingly show that ?site-response? can amplify the strong ground motions on the rock-wall of a stressed tunnel by a factor of 10 to 12 compared with the PPV in the solid rock mass (at the same distance from source). This knowledge gives us a firm foundation from which to begin to build an understanding of the mechanism of damage resulting from a rock burst. Regrettably this understanding is still far from adequate, in my opinion. The authors of this paper, however, have made some statements that are too reassuring and which tend to reinforce the sense of complacency that prevails among many members of the rock engineering community on the deep gold mines.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. J. U. T. Van Wijngaarden, R. J. Dippenaar, P. M. Van Den Heever

Some of the important properties of solid electrolytes that influence the performance of electrochemical oxygen probes are discussed in the first part of this paper. It is shown that accurate and reproducible measurements of oxygen in liquid steel are possible with commercial oxygen probes only if great care is exercised in the make-up of the chemical and phase composition, as well as the microstructure of the solid electrolytes used in these probes. To prove this premise, the second part of this study reports on the results of an experimental evaluation of new commercially available oxygen probe. An evaluation of the solid electrolytes used in this probe indicated that the consistency of the chemical composition, degree of stabilization, and microstructure of the electrolytes used are well controlled. The successful application of this particular oxygen probe under industrial conditions was confirmed. It was also found possible to make reliable and reproducible measurements, with acceptable uncertainty, by proper handling of the probe. Some recommendations are made as to the interpretation of the e.m.f. response curve and the use of the electronic processing unit supplied with the probe.

Jan 1, 1987

By T. Nyakudarika

The Unki Platinum Mines concentrator, employing an MF2 circuit configuration which includes fully-autogenous primary milling of run-of-mine (ROM) ore, was commissioned in November 2010. The project was Anglo American Platinum?s first PGM concentrator in Zimbabwe and would form a significant contribution to the group?s platinum production. The project financials demonstrated that the project was operating-cost sensitive. After reviewing the metallurgical testwork, mineralogical examinations, and the history of similar operations, it became apparent that the Unki ore characteristics rendered it amenable to autogenous milling. The primary ball mill, structurally designed for 30 per cent steel load, could be operated at the required initial phase throughput with fully-autogenous primary milling, realizing savings in both power requirements and grinding media consumption. The original mill sizing had been done with fully-autogenous milling in mind, but allowing for flexibility and mitigation in case of varied mining fragmentation. Since attaining steady state, target grinds have been achieved. This paper looks at the Unki ore characterization programme, design considerations, and the operational and control philosophy for a successful comminution circuit, and discusses the design to produce a flexible, low opex, mitigated comminution and overall MF2 flowsheet that is easily expanded in line with the potential for optimum exploitation of the orebody.

Jan 1, 2012

By K. Kasas, J Kermeci, S. Vujic, S. Secei, P. Kermeci

On the ‘Majdan III’ open pit mine, supplying with brick clays the production plants of the industry of building material ‘Potisje-Kanjiza’ from Kanjiza, a modern ECS (excavator-conveyor-spreader) complex was built, integrating four bucket excavators, six conveyors and one spreader into a whole. This complex connects the mineral-exploitation unit with the final brick-products plant of the company. Monitoring and management of the ECS complex is carried out by modern computer-supported information-management system (IMS) implementing most modern measuring-regulation, computer and GPS equipment. It was concluded that, for safety reasons, the functions of the IMS should be developed by a component of active visual monitoring of the ECS complex. For this purpose, the task of making a project on intelligent system for visual monitoring of the ECS complex was entrusted to the Department of Computer Application at the Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade. This paper gives a review of basic project solutions. Keywords: Automation, process management, information management technology, visual system, intelligent systems, TV monitoring, surface exploitation, clay, Majdan III, Potisje-Kanjiza.

Jan 1, 2003

By T. Gerritsen, A. Matyas, F. Stober, I. Candy

This paper describes developments in ferro-nickel furnace technology, specifically improvements to cooling methods, furnace controls, and high voltage furnace operating regime. The evolution of these technologies is briefly presented, as context for describing the current state of the art that has enabled ferro-nickel furnace operation at over 75 MW and specific energy consumption of less than 400 kWh/t dry ore. Examples from existing operations are used to illustrate present best practices, and potential future trends are discussed. The paper begins with an overview of the fundamental aspects of pyrometallurgical treatment of lateritic ores that drive ferro-nickel furnace design. Furnace wall cooling methods are related to the requirements resulting from specific furnace process conditions, including slag and metal compositions, as well as arc and bath power. The benefits of high productivity and low specific energy consumption resulting from high voltage (shielded-arc) operating practice are discussed, along with the furnace controls and electrical power train that enable such operation even with captive power generation.

Jan 1, 2004

This paper summarizes the results from a project aimed at adapting scroll centrifuges for application to the dewatering of flotation concentrates. The main impetus for the project was to reduce the high cost and footprint size of the technology currently used to dewater fine coal. The technical challenge was to enhance solids capture by incorporating a laser-cut screen into the design of the basket. The project has shown that a pilot-scale scroll centrifuge can be used to dewater froth concentrate. A number of different basket designs were tested, the best results being achieved with a basket comprising a laser-cut screen of aperture 70 µm. The best result on a sample of untreated flotation concentrate, which was taken from the open trough flotation cells at a coal preparation plant (CPP) in NSW was a solids recovery of 82 wt% at a product moisture of 24.3wt%. By comparison the best product achieved with a conventional wedge wire basket was a similar moisture content but solids recovery was only 64 wt%. This could only be achieved after the feed had been artificially thickened. Conditioning of the centrifuge feed with polymer flocculants led to an increase in recovery up to 88 wt% with a moisture content of ca 25 wt%. It is thought that optimizing additive selection and conditioning parameters, as well as screen aperture and open area, could improve performance still further. The results were obtained using centrifuging conditions (centrifugal force, feed solids, feed rate) in the pilot-scale machine which should be possible to translate into conventional designs of commercial scale machines, without downgrading solids throughputs. However only with full-scale trials will it be possible to establish this assertion with certainty.

Jan 1, 2001

By E. V. Lilford

Valuators of mineral properties are faced with a range of valuation methodologies, the most important of which are grouped under the headings of the market approach, the cost approach and the income approach. The way in which value is defined and the detail of the different valuation methodologies is examined here. This paper aims at documenting the variety of valuation procedures and applying each method to a variety of gold projects and comparing the outcomes. Any decision to apply a valuation technique will depend principally on the stage to which the project has been developed. The valuation approach to a greenfield project will be substantially different from that applied to a well-drilled, extensively explored mineral property. Furthermore, a valuation exercise may produce different outcomes for the same gold project depending on which method is applied. In order to investigate the variability in valuation methods and to explore the outcomes of different approaches, a series of five gold projects was analysed. The projects differ in regard to levels of capital application, infrastructural setting, depth below surface, in situ grade, and the stage of development, and were valued using the different methods. The most critical aspect of any valuation is the capacity of the valuer to identify the salient issues and ensure that they are incorporated into the valuation. The danger of simply applying ?black box? solutions to valuation problems without a full understanding of the parameters and the areas of uncertainty is emphasized. The importance of the valuator?s experience, insights into best practice and the ability to recognize and submit to the requirements of compliance within the minerals industry is among the most important characteristics of a valuer.

Jan 1, 2005

By R. M. Whyte

The complexities that exist in the nature of the basic feedstock to the metallurgical process call for a high degree of ingenuity from the extractive metallurgist in seeking the best possible treatment method for a particular ore. Drawing from personal experience the author presents four case studies that demonstrate the value of creative thinking in addressing the challenges typically encountered by the extraction metallurgist. It is concluded that creative expression most often occurs in response to a perceived strong need within an organization. By deliberately laying down meaningful challenges management can stimulate innovative thinking and achieve extraordinary results.

Jan 1, 2009

By A. S. Nhleko, P. R. Lobe, H. Mtegha

"Government’s equity role in the minerals sector is one of the nationalist measures implemented in order to ensure greater control and management of a country’s mineral resources. This paper evaluates the Tanzanian government’s equity participation in the minerals sector from 1996 to 2015. The research methodology included determination of the number of mineral rights, minimum allowable exploration expenditures in prospecting licences (PLs), and forms of equity role of the government. Data was collected and analysed for PLs, mining licences (MLs), and special mining licences (SMLs).The study revealed a number of challenges faced by the Tanzanian government as regards its equity strategy in the mineral sector. One of the major challenges was the secrecy surrounding agreements and contracts entered into between the government and private sector investors, which were concluded via various business ownership and mineral development projects. This secrecy resulted in non-transparency and lack ofaccountability in the mining industry.The financial benefits accruing to the government were inadequately realized, evident through inconsistent payments of corporate income tax and mining royalties by the mining companies. Furthermore, the government does not have solid mechanisms and frameworks for assessing non-financial benefits, thus it is difficult to measure the impact of these factors.It is recommended that the Tanzanian government review the Mining Act and Regulations of 2010 to include the provision of solid mechanisms and frameworks for all forms of government equity role.This paper is based on an MSc research study undertaken at the University of the Witwatersrand.IntroductionGovernments can grant private companies mining rights to extract mineral resources, or take a stake in the companies as well as establish state companies to oversee their interests in the minerals sector. The establishment of a state company to oversee government interests in the mining sector implies the direct participation of government by way of equity participation. Equity participation or role is defined as the holding of shares in an enterprise, company, or asset by individuals or a body corporate (Otto, n.d.; Brown, 2013; Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2015)."

Mar 1, 2019

By P. J. A. Beukes, C. C. La Grange

INTRODUCTION Some years ago the authors proposed a modified procedure1 for carrying out micum index determinations2. The modifications consisted of using a drum of 50 cm internal length, i.e. half the length of the standard micum drum (a modification also adopted by the B.S.J.3), and the use of a + 25 mm coke instead of + 60 mm coke for the test. The proposed modified test and formulae for converting results obtained from it to standard micum test results and vice versa were based on the results obtained during the investigation of about 200 test cokes made in ovens of the South African Steel Industrial Corporation Limited (Iscor), the Fuel Research Institute co-operating with the experiments. Extensive testing of cokes has since been done at the Fuel Research Institute using both the standard and the modified procedures. The numerous test results obtained during this trial period fully support and strengthen the confidence originally expressed by the authors in the modified testing procedure. The scope of the modified micum index determination has in the meantime been extended by applying the testing procedure also to test cokes made in the Institute's experimental coke ovens, and also in this case the modified procedure has proved its usefulness. A difficulty is that when comparing the characteristics of cokes made in the Institute's two experimental coke ovens with each other and with those of cokes made from similar blends in commercial coke ovens, for example those of Iscor, the index values obtained invariably do not check exactly due mainly to inherent differences between the different types of oven4. For instance, resistance to abrasion of a coke made in Iscor's ovens is always appreciably higher than that of a coke made from the same blend (and having a similar moisture content) in the experimental ovens. This makes direct comparisons and the prediction of quality to be expected from commercial products, based on experimental coke oven results, difficult. It may also be added that workers in Great Britain some years ago reported a similar experience5. In the authors' opinion the main reason for the discrepancy is the relatively low height of the experimental ovens resulting in a much lower static pressure on the charge during coking than that obtaining in a commercial oven. The difficulty was pointed out and briefly discussed in a publication4 which appeared at a time when the micum test for coke evaluation had only just been introduced at the Institute, so that only B.S. shatter and abrasion test results were available for discussion in the publication. Needless to say, the introduction of the micum test by no means solved nor even alleviated the problem. On numerous occasions during the past few years the Institute has had to conduct contract investigations in its experimental coke ovens on behalf of companies which invariably desired an indication of the quality of coke likely to be obtained from certain coals or blends when coked commercially, more particularly in Iscor's type of coke ovens. It was, therefore, essential to accumulate statistical data which would enabe the prediction to be readily made. Fortunately the compilation of comparative coke-quality index values for the three types of oven under consideration has become possible as a result of coking investigations conducted in co-operation with Iscor over a number of years. During this period Iscor, on numerous occasions, kindly made available to the Institute portions of coals and blends coked in the Corporation's coke ovens, thus enabling parallel coking tests to be carried out in the Institute's experimental ovens. In this way enough statistical data became available to establish relationships between coking results obtained in Iscor's ovens and results obtained on similar coal charges in the Institute's ovens. The most practical and acceptable method of overcoming the problems of finding a suitable and simple basis enabling direct comparison between the cokes of the different origins mentioned to be made, is the assignment of descriptive arbitrary quality ratings, as indicated below, to the cokes obtained, it being argued that the quality rating assigned to coke made from a given coal or blend in the different coke ovens under standardized conditions should be the same, irrespective of differences in the index values obtained when subjecting the cokes to the usual coke evaluation tests. The system, which should enable the sponsors of coking investigations in the Institute's experimental ovens to make their own interpretations of the results obtained, is explained below. ARBITRARY QUALITY CLASSIFICATION OF COKES The Ml0m index1 (percentage material smaller than 10 mm after the test) of a blast furnace coke is a measure of its tendency towards breeze formation during handling -a low value indicating a low tendency. This is generally of greater importance under ruling South African conditions, than the M'40 index1 (percentage material larger than 40 mm after the test), which can be regarded as a measure of resistance to shatter. In fact, if the M10m value of a coke as made in Iscor's ovens is higher than about 11, the tendency of the coke to form breeze during handling and in the blast furnace is relatively so high that hardly any notice need be taken of its M'40 value, even if this is comparatively high. For this reason, therefore, much more weight should normally be assigned to Ml0m indices in the quality evaluation of cokes made from South African coking coals and blends, as the coals

By M. H. Rogers

Coal has been at the forefront of mankind?s drive to improve his quality of life and also for sustainable development, from the Industrial Revolution onwards. The international coal industry today is large, with some 3,7 billion tons being produced and consumed in 1997. South Africa is an important participant in the coal industry, selling some 220 million tons in 1997 of which 64 million tons were exported. It is the second-largest thermal coal exporting country in the world. Despite the size of the world coal industry, it is not immune to change. The address examines growth projections for the industry and the change drivers that will impact on it in the future. Environmental pressures, the most important of which being the climate change debate, the Kyoto Protocol arising from this debate and the development of clean coal technologies, to reduce the impact of coal production and usage on the environment are considered. Other major change drivers considered are competition from other sources of energy and that between coal producers, the deregulation of the electric power industry, corporate restructuring and for the South African producer, legislative reform. The declining (real term) coal price, the consequent squeeze on margins and the need for producers to actively contain costs is covered. Technology has, in the past, been the driver behind the growth and change of the South African coal industry and its future role in ensuring that coal is the fuel of choice for continued improvement in standards of living and economic development is addressed.

Jan 1, 1999

By M. Grodner

Underground excavations exhibit different hangingwall conditions in response to varying geotechnical and mining situations. These differences need to be quantified so as to accurately determine the effectiveness of the mining and/or support strategies. A useful tool for the quantification of these differences is hangingwall profiling. Two methods of hangingwall profile measurement are described?termed irregular and periodic methods. Several data analysis techniques are reviewed for these methods and the suitable ones are discussed in detail. For irregular data the suitable techniques are the determination of the length, the average of the profile and the average absolute deviation from the mean of the profile. All of these techniques as well as determination of the moving average of the height and examination of the spectral image of the profile can be successfully applied to regular data. The effect of preconditioning on the hangingwall is discussed as an example and it is quantitatively shown that it results in improvements of conditions. The techniques described allow the engineer to quantitatively identify the appropriate support type or mining strategy and thus represent a valuable decision-making tool. It is suggested that these techniques should be employed on a routine basis by the rock engineers on the mines as part of their geotechnical classification, as well as support manufacturers to quantify the effectiveness of various support types.

Jan 1, 2000

By Kurt RP Petersen, Hendriena van der Walt

With the decline in fine diamond production from the Argyle mine in Australia, there is a greater emphasis on efficiently treating the finer size fractions through a DMS circuit. Although it is generally well understood that smaller diameter cyclones are more appropriate for this application, practical results do not necessarily meet this expectation. In this paper the operational performance of particular sized cyclones throughout the group was compared. Based on the results there is evidence that under certain practical operating conditions, small cyclones are not necessarily best for fine size particle treatment, particularly given the production pressures faced by all mines. However, there seems to be considerable merit in using larger sized cyclones, which tend to exhibit less performance variability, irrespective of operation conditions.

Jan 1, 2006

By I. Silin, H. Wotruba, A. Liono, I. Volobayev, Y. Rubinstein, D. Gürsel

Old, abandoned or in situ processed and storaged tailings can be a potential source of remained valuable metals and minerals. By reprocessing of tailings, it is possible not only to achieve economical profit from recovery of valuable metals, but also to reduce environmental damage caused by tailings such as generation of acid mine drainage from sulfide minerals, mobilization of heavy metals, soils and groundwater contamination. In addition, storage facilities can be successfully redesigned with modern geotechnical requirements and monitoring to avoid a dam collapse of abandoned tailings. In this case study, the processing of low grade abandoned tailings was investigated. Copper (0.15%), cobalt (0.032%) and gold (0.35 ppm) were determined as main valuable and recoverable metals. Cobalt occurs as cobaltite and cobaltiferrous pyrite, while chalcopyrite represents copper. The fine fraction of tailings below 32 μm is enriched with cobalt and copper. Preliminary test-works with initial tailings sample were aimed to recover copper, cobalt and gold. The previously tested magnetic and gravity separation could not recover the metals in a pre-concentration step. Flotation tests of the tailings sample had shown a suitability for flotation without previous regrinding of the tailings. The valuable minerals are first proposed to be recovered by collective flotation, followed by a selective circuit with production of a low grade copper concentrate and a cobalt bearing pyrite concentrate. Based on various tested collectors, amounts of sulfidisation agents and activators, a suitable reagents regime was determined and used for up-scaling by locked cycled test. Keywords: reprocessing, tailings, copper, cobalt, gold, flotation, cobaltite, cobaltiferrous pyrite

Jan 1, 2020

By R. P. Jensen

This is a sampling of the papers presented at the conference, the proceedings can be bought from the SAIMM Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) computational techniques allow treatment of gases, liquids and solids in the same simulation. ALE methods include the ability to treat shock waves in gases, liquids and solids and the interaction of shock waves with each other and with media from one of the other categories. ALE codes can also treat explosive detonation and the expansion of the explosive gases and their interaction with air and solids. ALEGRA is a 3-D ALE code that has been developed at Sandia National Laboratories over the past few years. ALEGRA has been applied to a 2-D simulation of presplitting using decoupled explosives in rock blasting with very interesting results. The detonation of the explosive at the bottom of the hole sends a shock wave up the borehole driven by the explosive gas expanding into air. The explosive gas compresses the air against the stemming column where it rebounds and recompresses at the bottom of the borehole. This type of ringing takes several cycles to damp out. The explosively induced expansion of the borehole is also treated by ALEGRA as well as the shock wave imparted to the rock. The presentation of this paper will include several computer animations to aid in understanding this complex phenomenon.

Jan 1, 2000

By K. Aoki, Y. Mito, S. Shirasagi

The authors developed the TBM Excavation Control System (the TBM Navigator), in order to realize the advanced observational construction. During the excavation using this system, the rock strength value is immediately calculated from the TBM driving data as an index of rock properties, and the drill energy coefficient is also calculated from the drill logging data that is carried out using the probe hole ahead of the tunnel face. In this study, a new, geostatistical simulation-based method is proposed for the automatic prediction of the rock properties ahead of the tunnel face with good precision, using both the drill logging data and the TBM driving data. The applicability of this method is validated through the prediction at the actual tunnel excavation that passes through the faults. Les auteurs ont mis au point un Système de Contrôle de forage avec la machine à pleine section (Navigateur de la machine à pleine section), en vue de réaliser un système de surveillance plus efficace. Avec ce système, la résistance de la roche est immédiatement calculée, au cours du forage, à partir des données de conduite de la machine, comme indice des propriétés de la roche, et le coefficient d'énergie de la foreuse est également calculé à partir des données de log de forage collectées dans un trou de sonde foré dans le front de taille. Dans cette étude, on propose une nouvelle méthode basée sur la simulation géostatistique qui permet de prévoir d’une manière automatique, des propriétés de roches se trouvant derrière le front de taille avec une précision satisfaisante, à l’aide des données de log de forage et celles de conduite de la machine à pleine section. Cette méthode s’est avérée suffisamment précise au cours du forage d’un tunnel réel qui traversait une zone de failles. Die Autoren entwickelten das TBM Ausschachtungssteuerungssystem (den TBM Navigator), um noch besser überwachte Bauarbeiten zu ermöglichen. Unter Einsatz dieses Systems wird die Gesteinsfestigkeit während der Ausschachtungsarbeiten unmittelbar aus den TBM Antriebsdaten als ein Index für die Gesteinseigenschaften berechnet. Gleichzeitig wird auch der Bohrenergiekoeffizient aus den Bohrlogdaten berechnet, die an Hand der Probebohrung am Stirnende des Tunnels erhalten wurden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein neuartiges, auf geostatistischen Methoden basierendes Verfahren für die automatische und angemessen genaue Vorhersage der Gesteinseigenschaften am Stirnende des Tunnels vorgeschlagen, für das sowohl die Bohrlogdaten als auch die TBM Antriebsdaten verwendet werden. Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Methode wird durch die Vorhersage bei einer tatsächlichen, durch Verwerfungen verlaufenden Tunnelausschachtung bewiesen.

Jan 1, 2003

By S. Krishnannair

Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) is an effective data-adaptive multimodal tool for monitoring chemical processes. However, monitoring multiscale signals using principal component analysis obtained from the multilevel decomposition of process signals using basic SSA assume the upper control limits of monitoring charts (" ) to have a Gaussian distribution. This assumption deteriorates the performance of basic SSA when applied to the monitoring of nonlinear processes. To address the issue in this paper, the kernel density estimation (KDE) was used to estimate upper control limits of monitoring charts for basic SSA based nonlinear process monitoring techniques. The monitoring performance of the resulting basic SSA-KDE approach was then compared with a basic SSA approach of which upper control limits of the monitoring charts were determined based on a Gaussian distribution. Application on nonlinear dynamic simulated process and base metal flotation plant chemical processes showed that the SSA-KDE approach provided better overall performance than the SSA approach with Gaussian assumption-based upper control limits for its monitoring charts. Keywords: Fault detection, singular value decomposition, singular spectrum analysis, kernel density estimation

Jan 1, 2020

Using the philosophy that 'change cannot be introduced through memos-you have to get people emotionallyinvolved', SRK's Environmental Group in South Africa is helping clients communicate their environmental management objectives more effectively through the powerful medium of interactive industrial theatre. Existing and pending environmental legislation, international pressures, and growing awareness of the environment have led South African industry to the point where responsible care, for both the environment and the health and safety of those affected by the activities of an industry, is now a focus of management policies.

Jan 1, 1995

By P. Ramphisa

In South Africa reprocessing used oil into industrial fuel is commercially attractive. The reprocessed product is sold as a substitute for heavy fuel oil that is derived from crude oil (Rose Foundation, 2008). The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the use of petroleum products such as oil, petrol and diesel in Driefontein Gold Mine. The recovery of oil through recycling has costs implications to the mine while the release of petroleum hydrocarbons due to the poor management of the use of petroleum products has potential to cause pollution and negatively affect soil and water. Environmental legislation such as the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28, 2002) requires that such negative impacts to the environment be rehabilitated. The rehabilitation cost of pollution caused by petroleum products to the environment increases operational costs in business. Field assessment is conducted to identify the main sources of petroleum product contamination such as leaks in piping, overfills and petroleum spills. The areas that require mitigation would be mapped in the study. Recommendations for mitigation measures will focus on using the best practicable environmental option (BPEO) as well as the best available technology not exceeding excessive cost (BATNEEC). The recovery of oil from the mining industry is generally low and very poor. In this study, the effect of proper management of petroleum products to the mine?s operational costs is investigated and compared to there mediation costs of the impacts caused due to poor management of these products. The study investigates the financial benefit that could be obtained from proper environmental practices and efficient usage of petroleum products in the mining.

Jan 1, 2009