Search Documents

By C. A. Young

In-situ Fourier transform infrared/internal reflection spectroscopy (FT ?IR/IRS) has been extended to study oleate adsorption at a calcite surface. The birefringent and transmission limitations of calcite were overcome by using an appropriately designed optical setup and a near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. An adsorption isotherm was determined at pH 9.2 and room temperature. Comparison with the fluorite/oleate adsorption isotherm determined by the same technique indicates that oleate abstraction by calcite can be as much as one order of magnitude larger than that by fluorite. Nevertheless, the hydrophobicity of the fluorite/oleate surface is greater for equivalent adsorption densities as indicated by contact angle measurements and flotation results. The monolayer region has been confirmed to be chemisorbed oleate at both calcite and fluorite surfaces. Furthermore, multichannel laser Raman spectroscopy (MLRS) showed that chemisorbed oleate at the fluorite surface undergoes a double-bond reaction with oxygen to form an epoxide/polyether complex. Such a reaction, however, could not be detected at the calcite surface. These phenomena are discussed in terms of the intrinsic surface properties of the mineral systems as well as the adsorption density and the cross-linking/polymerization reaction of the adsorbed oleate film.

Jan 1, 1993

By Clifford J. Lewis

The control of sulfur dioxide and fly ash in the emissions from coal-fired boilers is a significant segment of the national environ- mental protection program. Developing technologies to accomplish this objective presently emphasize aqueous scrubbing techniques. Should circumstances require aqueous scrubbing for fly ash control only, provision must nevertheless be made to counteract the presence of sulfur dioxide which can create an acidic and potentially corrosive environment. Major technologies for sulfur dioxide control by aqueous scrubbing include, l), recovery processes yielding sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur and 2), throw-away processes which produce a sludge consisting essentially of calcium sulfite or varying amounts of calcium sulfate.1/ Recovery processes are more sophisticated and best suited for locations where there are markets for sulfuric acid or sulfur, or where sludge disposal is an overriding consideration. Throw-away processes are generally less sophisticated but have a problem in that gas scrubbing systems may not operate for practical time periods without failures due to corrosion and to plugging by particulates and precipitates. To overcome this difficulty, some throw-away systems employ an aqueous solution of caustic in the gas scrubbing device to assure maximum water solubility of sulfur compounds, followed by the addition of lime to the scrubbing medium in a system external to the scrubber to produce the throw-away sludge and regenerate the caustic for recycle. Such systems are referred to as double alkali systems.2/

Jan 1, 1975

By R. Poulin, R. Pakalnis, D. Peterson

Introduction A comprehensive project has been completed at the University of British Columbia that focused on the development of a commercially competitive composite cable bolt. Laboratory evaluation consisted of pull tests, preliminary shear tests, grout column testing and scanning electron microscope evaluation of the composite cable bolt. Field implementation at five underground mines throughout Canada were completed for technical and overall performance evaluation of the new product. The project began in 1989 under the sponsorship of HDRK Ltd., a consortium of mining companies including Inco, Noranda and Falconbridge Ltd. The objective was to develop a cuttable cable bolt that would serve as support for a continuous miner within a hardrock environment (Mah, 1994). The bolt was required to be cuttable by a continuous roadheader without adverse effects to equipment, personnel and the milling process. From the beginning, the focus was to employ existing cable bolt installation technology (Goris et al., 1994) whereby the cable bolts are grouted within a 4.8-cm-diam (1.08-in.diam) or larger employing a portland cement grout having a water: cement ratio between 0.35:1 to 0.4:1. The prototype, developed from Phase I, was technically comparable to that of conventional steel cable bolts. However, high cost and limited accessibility hindered its commercial acceptance. The second phase of the project was sponsored by the British Columbia Science Council and Pacific Pultrusions Ltd. of British Columbia to locally develop a glass fiber cable bolt. This phase of the project has resulted in the DAPPAM cable bolt (Pakalnis et al., 1994). DAPPAM Cable bolts are the second most used support method in Canadian underground mines after mechanical rock bolts. It is projected that 870,000 m (2.9 million ft) of cable bolts are installed annually in Canada (Poulin et al, 1994). The objective of the research program was to develop a glass fiber cable bolt with similar pullout strengths to the conventional steel cable bolts (267 kN - 60,000 lbf). More than 200 laboratory pull tests were conducted employing standard cable bolt test procedures, as outlined by the US Bureau of Mines (Goris, 1994), to assess optimum rod and surface composition, geometry, number required, pullout and shear characteristics, among others. This resulted in the DAPPAM cable bolt (Fig. 1). It consists of 10 individual 0.6cm-diam (0.25-in.-diam) rods enveloping a 2.2-cm (0.8-in.) outside diameter, high-density polyvinyl grout tube. The composite used in the construction of the rods is comprised of about 65% glass fiber within a 35% polyester resin matrix (by volume). Through pultrusion (a continuous fabrication technique), the fibers and resin are combined into a composite material. The strength of the overall composite is largely governed by the material properties, the alignment [ ] of the fibers relative to the applied load and the density and interaction of the overall components within the composite. A further modification to the composite was the addition of a sand grit to the surface of the individual rod. This increased the overall bond strength between the rod and the cement-based grout, used to solidify the cable bolt to the rock mass. The grout tube has an inside diameter of 1.9 cm (0.75 in.) and is rated at a pressure of 1.72 MPa (250 psi). During installation, the grout is pumped through the annulus of the grout tube thereby filling the hole from toe to collar. Laboratory and field trials concluded that a minimum drill hole diameter of 4.8 cm (1.08 in.) be used to ensure optimum grout coverage. Table 1 compares the design strengths (as tested) for DAPPAM vs. the ultimate strengths for a conventional 1.6cm (0.6-in.) steel cable bolt. The characteristics for the steel cable have been derived directly or indirectly by Goris et al. (1994). A design tensile strength of 289 kN (65,000 lbf) was proposed for the composite developed. However, recent tests have indicated maximum breaking strengths of more than 400 kN (90,000 lbf) (Fig. 2). Figure 2 shows the load vs. displacement pull out curves for steel and DAPPAM cable bolts. The methods of testing were standardized so as to be able to compare the results directly. The shear strength of the fiberglass cable is largely a function of the surface area sheared. Shear strengths of 89 kN (20,045 lbf) were obtained for the configuration shown in Fig. 1 when sheared normal to the axis of the cable. The testing procedure was similar to the shear tests performed on steel by Goris (1993). It is important to reinforce the implication that critical bond strength has on the success of an overall support system.

Jan 1, 1995

By William Gleason

During the past five years, mining operations have had access to press technology for piping and joint fittings that can save owners a significant amount of time when installing or replacing pipes by eliminating the need for welding or threading. Viega, with North American headquarters in Wichita, KA, entered the mining sector in 2009, adding to its already expanding industrial sector. Since then, the company?s global engineering department has paid considerable attention to its industrial division, bringing its expertise in plumbing solutions for residential and commercial buildings to the mining and mineral extraction industry. ?We have a lot of applications in the mining industry.?We have a lot of applications in the mining industry throughout the United States, Canada and Mexico and continue to expand in the mining industry,? Tom Shields, Viega?s director for industrial accounts explained. ?Since we made the decision to increase our presence in the industrial markets, we have been aggressive and more than 240 applications have been approved by our engineering department in Germany.? Getting approval from Viega?s engineering department is no small feat. During a tour of the manufacturing facilities in Ennest and Großheringen, Germany, Mining Engineering, as well as a select few other publications and clients, were shown Viega?s manufacturing process. At the Ennest facility, hundreds of millions of fittings are produced, and each one is inspected mechanically and with a laser at the end of the production line. With four production facilities in Germany and one in the United States, Viega is able to ship to anywhere in the world. The company distributes everything from fittings to stainless steel pipe.

By Pratama Mochamad Rizki, Andika Satya

High-risk area in open-pit mining should always be monitored by the operational supervisor because of its nature. One of this type is the soft soil dump area. Due to the unstable bearing capacity of the soil, it’s highly possible for us to find cracks in the area. This paper aims to build computer vision which able to detect truck’s distance from safe limit allowed during dumping activity. The system will warn the truck’s driver if the truck has crossed that predetermined safe limit.

Jun 25, 2023

By Hamid Mazouz, Mohammed Hakkar, Rim Jouraiphy, Fatima Ezzahra Arhouni, Ahmed Mahrou, Aziz Boukhair, Mohammed Fahad

The wet process is the most commonly used worldwide for phosphoric acid (PA) production, in which phosphate rock (PR) is reacted with strong acid mainly sulfuric acid. This work aims on studying the rare earth elements (REEs) distribution during the production of phosphoric acid using different qualities of phosphate through various industrial technologies. At the onset of this work, the process started with 12 samples of PR, PA, and phosphogypsum (PG) being taken simultaneously from two different Moroccan basins (Ouled Abdoun mine represented by K09 and Gantour mine depicted by G10, G20, BG) and various production lines at two processing platforms (Jorf Lasfar and Safi). Afterward, collected samples were prepared and analyzed for REE characterization using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Based on the analysis results, a transfer factor ( TFX) was introduced with the aim of gauging the REE distribution between PA and PG. The results showed that the total concentration of REEs in different phosphate qualities ranged from 411 to 631 ppm; the major part of this concentration was attributed to the four elements: Y, La, Ce, and Nd which constitute more than 77%. The REE distribution between PA and PG depends on neither the phosphate quality nor the industrial technology used since that the distribution results showed that 55 up to 66% of the initial REEs in phosphate rock ended up in the PG. The behavior of each REE was common except for the element scandium, which transferred mainly to the phosphoric acid.

Nov 3, 2021

By D. L. Leach

This report covers laboratory experiments simulating in situ copper recovery from primary sulfide ores in sulfuric acid systems pressurized with oxygen. Copper extraction and acid consumption data are correlated with temperature in the range 50-150°C and quenched pH in the range 0.25-2. Adverse changes in the chemical composition of the leach solution and the formation of gangue-mineral alteration products and secondary sulfides can severely limit the extraction of copper above 90°C. Keeping the pH below the self-buffered value of about 2 and the temperature below about 110°C produces the maximum extraction rates. Forcing the pH too low not only results in excessively high acid consumption but may also limit the extraction of copper at temperatures above 100°C.

Jan 1, 1975

By Dale E. Hirschfeld

The clays in Eastern Washington occur in a variety of forms and are extracted for uses in Face Brick, paper coatings, and aggregates. Not in large volumes in comparison to other areas, not even from impressive large mines. However, mans utilization of these clays has progressed from historical clay tablets to the present technically oriented manufactured products of today. White Face Brick, perhaps the whitest produced anywhere is the unique product produced by INTERPACE CORPORATION's Mica Plant from these unusual clays. It is this basic characteristic feature of the clay's in the Mica area that differentiate them from the other clay's in this belt. ORIGIN The significant properties of clay's used in Face Brick are plasticity, fired color, fired strength, dry and fired shrinkage, the PCE or Pyrometeric Cone Equivalent, and extrudability. Testing clay's for these properties is standard laboratory procedure. No two clays are alike, and seldom can one clay be substituted for another. Mica White Clays respond favorable to all these properties, but more especially, the Mica Clays fire to a brilliant white color, from almost the natural state. The geologic history of Eastern Washington is largely conjectural because of the absence of rocks representing segments of geologic time. The oldest rocks in this area are the argillaceous and arenaceous sedimentary rocks which have been slightly metamorphosed. These rocks have been correlated with the Belt Series of the Pre-Cambrian age, although some may be older. These rocks were subsequently intruded by granadiorites and related rocks that are considered to

Jan 1, 1971

By W. G. Stevenson

The centennial celebration of the AIME provides an opportunity to review some aspects of developments in mineral exploration since 1871 and to reflect on the changes that have occurred. During this period seven Factors have fundamentally altered the procedures, techniques and philosophy of mineral exploration. Although most of these developed gradually, and unheralded, they have drastically altered the art of exploration and discovery. 1. ADVANCES IN MINING AND MILLING The development of huge shovels, draglines, trucks and track-mounted drills, to replace the wheelbarrow and single Jack has drastically expanded the rate of production for both underground and surface mining. The development of selective flotation has had a far-reaching affect on mineral exploration and has made it possible to extract metals from the metallurgically complex deposits discovered years before. These developments have reduced the costs of mining and treatment, and have transformed material into ore that was considered waste one hundred years ago. These advances have permitted exploration for progressively lower grade and larger mineral deposits.

Jan 1, 1971

By John L. Halls

Modern business practice dictates that in order to ensure the economic optimization of investment, the size of any investment venture must be such that every increment of capital invested in such a venture yields at least a corporate minimum acceptable rate of return. This practice is based on the premise that alternative investment opportunities capable of yielding the minimum corporate return are immediately available. If a mining corporation is to make the maximum use of its investment funds, any capital investment in a mining property must comply with the above practice. The most important parameter in estimating ore reserves is the cut-off grade which is used to separate material into ore or waste. The cut-off grade is calculated on the basis that material of cut-off grade produces sufficient revenue to cover the estimated costs of mining and processing through to sales, including depreciation and produce a pre-determined profit. Ore reserves so estimated are adequate for determining the magnitude of an orebody but do not provide a sound basis for determining plant size and therefore capital investment in a new property or for expansion consideration on an existing property. From a financial analysis of this one ore reserve it is impossible to ascertain whether each increment of capital investment is providing the minimum acceptable rate of return, Other difficulties associated with the calculation of a cut-off grade including the determination of depreciation and the amount of pre-determined profit to be included in the cut-off grade calculation are outlined in the text. The proposed solution to determine optimum ore reserves and plant size for new properties avoids the complication of calculating a cut-off grade by computing a series of ore inventories using arbitrarily selected cut-off grades. A comparison of the cash flows generated by production from such ore inventories using incremental financial analysis clearly indicates the ore reserve and plant size which will best serve the corporation's investment and metal production goals. Incremental financial analysis of a corporation's operating mines and prospects assists management in assessing the comparative expansion and investment possibilities of each property for increasing or maintaining metal production on a long term basis.

Jan 1, 1969

By K. L. Ludeke

For many reasons it appears that deep-rooted, perennial shrubs offer potential for improved stabilization and provide maintenance-free vegetative cover to harsh sites where perennial grasses have not been successful. The very fact that a drought-adapted shrub has a massive root system that can use moisture from a greater volume of mineral waste soil materials suggests that long-range arid environment resource development may be greatly enhanced by utilization of desirable forage shrubs. An effort is underway to assemble information and plant materials of promising species from many arid regions of the world. Surprisingly, many of the better plants for arid sites are quite high in protein content, and with proper management, breeding, and selection may prove to be very desirable livestock feed. Advancements in arid-land solid waste stabilization hold favorable promise for many industries that mine and mill in arid regions for effective reclamation of disturbed areas. Particularly exciting is the possibility of establishment of high density maintenance-free vegetative cover of climax vegetation that reclaims the disturbed area back to its original land use. Because of high shrub productivity, stabilization potential, nutritional quality, and reclamation success, greater use should be made of shrubs in disturbed land reclamation associated with mining and milling operations in harsh arid environments.

Jan 1, 1984

By Michelle Pienaar, Musa S. D. Manzi, Thabang Kgarume, Glen T. Nwaila, Raymond J. Durrheim, Abrie Oberholster, Hennie Grobler

The South African Mining, Extraction, Research, Development and Innovation (SAMERDI) strategy was launched in 2019 with the goal of modernizing the mining industry. It comprises three major research initiatives: improvement in the efficiency of extraction and health and safety in current mining operations, development of fully mechanized systems to mine narrow tabular ore bodies in hard rock, and development of extraction systems to break rock without using explosives. The crosscutting Advanced Orebody Knowledge (AOK) program seeks to develop and implement drilling and geophysical technologies that can characterize the rock mass ahead of mining and identify potentially hazardous geological features. This knowledge will be integrated with information derived from seismic monitoring. Mining methods, layouts and rock support systems will be adjusted accordingly to mitigate the risk of rockbursts. Boreholes are routinely drilled ahead of mine workings using diamond-impregnated bits. The drill core is logged to identify lithology and geological structures (especially dykes and faults that may be seismogenic), sample the ore body for grade control, and detect areas that may contain water and/or flammable gas. Methods and technology to improve the efficiency of drilling and maximize the information obtained from the drilling process, borehole core, and the borehole itself are being investigated. A range of geophysical technologies are being developed to map the rock mass from the skin of the excavation to a distance of several tens of meters. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is used to map the geometry of the excavation, including prominent joint, vein and fracture sets and the presence and performance of rock support elements and systems. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is used to penetrate deeper into the rock mass and image joints, fractures bedding planes that influence the stability of the hanging and side walls. Image processing techniques known as ‘seismic attributes’ are being applied to the radargrams to improve interpretation. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and various active and passive seismic techniques (e.g. Tunnel Seismic Profiling (TSP), ambient noise tomography) achieve even greater penetration into the rock mass. Finally, machine learning is used to improve the processing and interpretation of seismic and radar data.

Apr 26, 2022

By V. T. McLemore

The mining industry is at a crossroad. To sustain our technically based society, demands for commodities are increasing, and exploration for these commodities is a must. The debate is between sustainable development and the status quo and begins with exploration, where it is determined if a mineralized area contains enough potential ore to be mined economically. Mineral deposits are relatively rare and depend upon certain natural geologic conditions to form and may not always occur in locations that are most suitable to society. Exploration can be compatible with environmental protection and social responsibility, but difficult challenges face the industry to develop a property that is environmentally, economically, and socially responsible.

Jan 1, 2004

By John C. Harkey

The paper shares programs that presently use the CDC PLATO System to train individuals in industry. A short history of PLATO development; as a training system is presented with reflection on the major training trends being used to improve training effectiveness. A discussion is offered to describe the benefits of using a system for individualizing instruction. An introduction; is offered showing how one can recognize' individual differences, with an explanation of how the strengths of a computer are used to deliver and manage the training. Simulations of hazardous processes are shown to be one of the most effective uses of the computer for training.

Jan 1, 1979

By Ö. Y. Gulsoy, L. Ergün, I. B. Celik

"In this study, the studies to develop a flowsheet for a low grade chromite ore are presented. The existing concentrator had to be suspended due to the decreasing metal prices. The study commenced with mineralogy and liberation profile of the chromite. The valuable mineral is chromite and the major gangue mineral is forsterite together with small amount of brucite and calcite. Heavy liquid tests were performed on different size fractions without any acceptable success. The concentration tests were performed using teetered bed separator (TBS) +shaking table, spiral concentrator+TBS+shaking table for different grind size. Based on the test results, 100% finer than 0.4mm was found to be optimum for grind size. Comparison of alternative circuits showed that the performance of both alternatives would be similar. A flowsheet was designed and operated for as 25 tph trial circuit in the existing plant. The results showed that the performance of the plant predicted was very close to the actual plant data. The paper describes the methodology used, presents the experimental data and actual performance figures.INTRODUCTION Turkey is one of the largest chromite producers in the world. Since 1850, chromite mining found industrial applications and geographically spread along six different regions in Turkey. Although the reserves in these locations are not as rich as the big producers, they are regarded as very valuable due to Cr/Fe ratio in terms of chromite utilization standards (1, 2). In this period, significant portion of high grade (=35% Cr2O3), directly marketable ore deposits have already been produced. According to General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Turkey) data; 83% of the known chromite deposits of Turkey which makes 242 341 000 tons in total, is consisting from the deposits those have a Cr2O3 grade lower than 10%. Only 5% of the known deposits (13 087 000 tons) has a grade of directly saleable (2, 3). Gravity concentration methods are well-known processes for chromite beneficiation and there are plenty of plants in the world and Turkey using these methods. As different equipment combinations can be used for the same enrichment method, different methods can also be used in combination for plant designs (4). Beneficiation of low grade and problematic chromite ores may lead to use these method and equipment combinations (5, 6). Ore liberation, the grades of Al2O3, SiO2, FeO and Cr2O3 in the obtained concentrate, Cr/Fe ratio, some physical and chemical properties between gangue and minerals (i.e. specific gravity, magnetic property, color, etc.) designate the selection and combination of these methods and equipment (7)."

Jan 1, 2017

By R. W. Henn

Introduction Shotcrete, by the American Concrete Institute definition, is mortar or concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. The term gunite is still common in literature. It is a trade name established by Cement Gun Co. of Allentown, PA, around 1911 for a dry mix of fine aggregate material, hydrated at the nozzle, and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. This article will discuss shotcrete applications, ingredients, mix proportioning, batching and mixing, admixtures, testing, and steel fiber vs. conventional shotcrete. Applications Shotcrete is used primarily by the mining and underground construction industries to temporarily stabilize an excavated rock surface until a permanent cover can be installed. It may also be used as the permanent covering material. Other uses include refractory material, architectural finishes, slope stability, wearing surfaces, repairing existing concrete structures, fireproofing, and corrosion protection of steel. Wet Versus Dry Process In the wet process, all ingredients, including water but not accelerator, are mixed the same way as normal concrete before its placement by pneumatic projection. The accelerator is added in a liquid state through the nozzle at the point of placement. In the dry process, all ingredients, including acceleration in dry form but not water, are mixed just before placement by pneumatic projection. Water is added through the nozzle at the point of placement. Liquid accelerator may be added at the nozzle in the dry process. Ingredients Shotcrete consists basically of the same ingredients as concrete with some limitations. Type I, II, and III cements are used. However, Type II seems to be used most in underground applications. This can be attributed to ground water at most sites having slight to moderate concentrations of sulfates. Air-entraining cement or air-entraining admixtures are generally not used in dry mix shotcrete. It is generally agreed that it is impossible to entrain air due to the absence of the usual concrete mixing action, and the high velocity of impingement of the material on the application surface. Air-entraining cement or air-entraining admixtures are used in wet mix shotcrete. Their use, however, is not widespread due to the placement method and the fact that high velocity air drives off most of the entrained air. Test results are not conclusive in showing any durability increase of shotcrete to freezing and thawing by using entrained air. In spite of current practice, the trend is toward additional research, with more agencies and owners requiring the use of entrained air. The philosophy behind this is that some entrained air is better than no entrained air to increase durability to freezing and thawing. The aggregates used in shotcrete are the same as those used in concrete. However, the largest coarse aggregate presently used is 19 mm (0.75 in.). A typical gradation requirement is shown in Table 1. The water quality requirement for shotcrete is the same as that for concrete. Accelerators are by far the most important admixture in shotcrete.

Jan 6, 1984

By R. Marrill

Mining is a complex and intensive industry. Extracting raw material with different shapes, sizes, chemistry from the earth?s crust and transform them into a standardized and high quality final product is a big processing challenge - which involves energy and control on large scales. Not only is the physical work challenging, the mining industry today is facing unprecedented challenges: Decline of mineral grade and reserves, cost escalation for new developments and modernization, regulations, safety, lack of skilled people, and market uncertainty are the new constant. It is clear that process control and management of electrical power will be of increasing importance to the recovery rates the mine will achieve. The objective of this paper is to provide a quick vision about future trends and evolutions in technology related to these fields and their impact on Electrical Safety and Control of the mineral recovery. The paper will cover trends in safety, energy management and efficiency, communications of data, control room evolutions, plant integration, other control technologies, and we will examine how these technologies provide information and the benefits of aligned reporting systems to address current industry challenges. More than just the trends or breakthrough concepts, current technologies are available today that can be applied in the mineral recovery operations now to help overcome anticipated future challenges will be presented later in this document. Finally, a brief discussion to look at some real tools to help make real time changes to the process while maximizing recovery and optimizing cost.

Feb 27, 2013

By R. K. Young

Producing a sound plant design for a major project requires hundreds of engineers and many drawings. Economical accomplishment of this task is based upon careful and orderly organization of the design team so that at all times there is a complete and workable staff but at no time a surplus of costly talent. This paper will describe the various stages in the development of plant design which normally follow the laboratory and pilot plant investigations discussed in other papers today. An outline of the procedures used in the assembling of a project design group, within an established engineering organization will be presented. Actual procedures may vary according to the size and character of the plant, the special requirements of the owner, and the make-up of the engineering organization performing the design, but most of the points covered will be found to be basic to any plant design project.

Jan 1, 1960

By M. J. Shulman

An algorithm used by the US Coast Guard to find lost objects is utilized to optimally allocate exploration efforts during initial stages of an exploration program. Based on classical search theory, the algorithm assumes a target probability distribution function, a detection func¬tion, and a cost function. The three Junctions are analogous to delineating areas of possible mineralization, choice of exploration methods, and exploration budget. Application of the algorithm is shown for a hypothetical target distribution. Using the maximum number of field days available as the cost function, the optimal allocation of effort is shown for different exploration methods, e.g. electromagnetic survey and induced polarization. The adaption of the algorithm for the exploration process is discussed.

Jan 3, 1984

By J. S. Stachulak

Installation of a computerized mine monitoring and control system in two planned construction phases began in 1983. Phase one consisted of providing a central monitoring station located on surface for monitoring underground CO detection in Frood Mine's heated area. The implementation of this project annualized labour savings of $200,000. The cost of installation of an early fire warning system was $100,000. There are several CO sensor monitoring carbon monoxide trends through mine heated areas. To obtain an early warning, it is not good enough to know that a fire has started, but it is also necessary to know where the fire is located.

Jan 1, 1989