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A large-diameter road tunnel will cross beneath the strait in Istanbul and expand the infrastructure bottleneck between Europe and Asia. The technical planning of the tunneling operations poses complex challenges. Therefore, the construction consortium ordered a specially adapted tunnel boring machine (TBM) from Herrenknecht. The 13.6-m (44.6-ft) machine, a Mixshield, was completed in early July 2013 in Schwanau, Germany. To get from the European to the Asian side of Istanbul, people and goods have to cross the Bosporus Straits. So far, two road bridges as well as ferries provide the only transport link between the two parts of the city and the two continents. The tense traffic situation for the nearly 14 million residents of the city and for international transit traffic should be improved considerably thanks to the construction of a new road tunnel under the Bosporus. ?The project is certainly one of the most challenging tunneling operations currently being addressed in the world,? said Herrenknecht project manager Georg Schleer. The route of the ?Istanbul Strait Road Tube Crossing Project? runs around 100 m (330 ft) below sea level at its deepest point. The interior diameter of the tunnel will be 12 m (40 ft) so that two lanes in each direction can be accommodated. They will extend one above the other on two levels. 3.34 km (2.1 miles) of the tunnel with a total length of 5.4 km (3.3 miles) are being created by a 13.6-m- (44.6-ft-) diameter Herrenknecht TBM that will begin its underground mission from a launch shaft on the Asian side.

Sep 1, 2013

By Patrick R. Taylor

This paper presents a fundamental study of the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of copper and iron on gold-cyanide leaching. It quantifies the solubilities of the impurities, complex formation, and kinetic effects. The necessity of solution recycle, to meet environmental standards, requires that fundamental information be generated to characterize behavior and allow the identification of treatment methods. Mathematical descriptions of both solubilities and kinetics will be presented

Jan 1, 1983

By Palmer C. Sweet

Kyanite. andalusite, and sillimanite are anhydrous aluminum silicate minerals, and they have the same chemical formula, Al2SiO3. Dumortierite and topaz are also classified as aluminum silicates although they contain boron and fluorine respectively. Mullite (a rare mineral named for its discovery site, the Scottish island of Mull) is produced when kyanite, andalusite, or sillimanite are heated. Synthetic mullite, also classified as an aluminum silicate, is formed by melting alumina and silica, bauxite, and kaolin or alumina, kaolin, and kyanite, depending on the type of synthetic mullite desired. These materials are either sintered in rotary, periodic, or tunnel kilns, or fused in an electric arc furnace. The world's largest producer of kyanite is the United States. Domestic kyanite is presently produced from one company at two sites in Virginia; Kyanite Mining Corporation mines kyanite from Willis Mountain and adjacent East Ridge in Buckingham County in the central Piedmont province of Virginia. Internationally, kymite is produced in Australia, Brazil, India, Kenya, Sweden, and Zimbabwe; the former USSR also produces kyanite (Fig. 1). Andalusite is produced by Piedmont Minerals Company, Inc. in the Piedmont province near Hillsborough, NC. Andalusite is also produced in France, India, the Republic of South Africa, and Spain (Fig. 1). Sillimanite is produced in Australia, Brazil, India, Spain, and the Republic of South Africa; the former USSR is also thought to be a major producer (Fig. 1). Some of the countries produce only for domestic use. Synthetic mullite, made by sintering and by electric arc fusion, is produced by Mulcoa (Mullite Company of America) in Andersonville, GA, and by Washington Mills Electro Minerals Corporation in Niagara Falls, NY. Annual world production of kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite, and synthetic mullite is approximately 672 727 tons (Potter, 1988). GEOLOGY Mineralogy Kyanite is a blue to light-green, triclinic mineral that occurs in long, thin-bladed crystals and crystalline aggregates in gneiss, schist, and pegmatites. The mineral has a hardness of 5 parallel to the long axis of the crystal and a hardness of 7 across the crystal. Andalusite is a yellow, brown, green, or red orthorhombic mineral that occurs in thick, almost square prisms in schist, gneiss, and hornfels. Gem quality andalusite exhibits a strong pleochroism; brownish-green in one direction and brownish-red perpendicular to it. Andalusite also occurs in placer concentrations where it has weathered out of rock. Sillimanite is a brown, pale-green, gray, or white orthorhombic mineral that occurs in long, slender, needlelike crystals in schist and gneiss. Chemical and Physical Properties Chemical and physical properties of kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite are noted in Table 1. Kyanite is the only mineral that irreversibly expands when heated (calcined to produce mullite) and may offset the shrinkage of most ceramic or refractory ingredients when heated.

Jan 1, 1994

By F. Brost

In 1976, a decision was made to install a conveying system to transport ore 10.3 km (6.4 miles) from the new Eisenhower Partnership Mine to Twin Buttes. The system, supplied and installed by Cable Belt Limited, of England, represents a radical departure from conventional conveyor systems. The driving tension is applied through two endless wire ropes while the belt acts only as the carrying medium. Features of the system are a single 2240 kw (3000 hp) drive and a 60° angle bend. Construction was completed in two years. Full production was attained after several months' operation.

Jan 1, 1979

By Michael W. Roper

McDermitt Mine is located in northern Humboldt County, Nevada, approximately 5 miles south of the Orgeon-Nevada line (Figure I), within the Opalite Mining District. The operation is a joint venture between Placer Amex Inc., San Francisco, and Mineral Exploration Company Ltd., a limited partnership. The McDermitt orebody possesses a discontinuous, gently dipping blanket-like form within 150 feet of the surface over an area 2200 by 2500 feet. The ore zone averages 20 feet in thickness. The ore minerals consist of cinnabar (HgS) and corderoite (Hg3S2C12) deposited parallel to bedding within argillized, Miocene age, tuffaceous lacustrine sediments. Exploration indicates reserves of approximately 3,000,000 tons ore at a grade of 10 pounds mercury per ton (0.5%) An open pit mining operation utilizing scrapers and bulldozers supplies a concentrator with 700 tons of ore per day. The milling operation consists of autogenous grinding, flotation concentration, concentrate dewatering, and tailing disposal, with a design capacity of 100 tons per hour. The furnace section consists of a concentrate filter, vertical six hearth furnace, mercury condensing system, and exhaust gas scrubbing systems. It has a design capacity of 1000 pounds of dry concentrate per hour. The McDermitt orebody is situated about 2000 feet north of the Cordero Mine which, with adjacent properties, produced over 115,000 flasks (76 pounds per flask) mercury from 1941 to 1972' Two other major mercury producers in the district have been the Bretz and Opalite Mines, located in southern Malheur County, Oregon, within 5 miles of the Oregon-Nevada line. Bretz and Opalite have produced about 14,800 and 12,370 flasks mercury respectively, from 1926 to 1965.1/

Jan 1, 1976

By RICKARD HANSEN

With vehicles frequently found in mines and tires being a major fuel item, the risk of tire fires will be severe underground. This study presents an analysis of tire fires on mining vehicles to increase the knowledge of the risk and mitigating measures, which would improve the fire safety underground. Data from fire experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were applied. It was found that the wheelhouse of a loader caused an increase in the flame tilt angle, decreasing the flame impingement and heat flux downstream. The flame temperature of a drilling rig tire was found to be higher than that of a loader tire, increasing the risk of igniting items. The construction of the wheelhouse/mudguard will contribute to a longer flame length by creating a fuel-rich environment. The CFD simulations predicted higher flame tilt angles for a drilling rig for higher flow velocities, indicating the influence of the wheelhouse/mudguard construction and tire geometry on the flame tilt angle. The construction of a loader resulted in flow behavior, where the short distance to the front mudguard/tire and the separation of flow directly downstream of the construction led to gases being steered past the front mudguard/tire. In a drilling rig case, the longer distance to the front mudguard/tire led to gases being directed toward the body of the vehicle after passing the area with flow separation.

By James T. Finley

Profit, product quality, speed of operations, reliability, operator confidence, safety and environmental improvements have all been enhanced as a result of the recently completed maintenance, renovation and construction program at Crown Central Petroleum Corporation?s (Crown?s) coke calcining unit at its Pasadena, Texas refinery. (Figure 1) BACKGROUND The calcining unit was built in 1969 - 1970 and has been operated continuously. Approximately 400 to 500 TPD of high quality metallurgical grade coke is manufactured, stored, and shipped to consumers. About 1/2 of the feed stock to the calciner is manufactured in Crown's coking unit and the remainder is received, via barges, from various sources. The green coke is off loaded from the barges with a conventional grab crane that discharges into a small travelling hopper over a conveyor belt that feeds a radial stacker, which forms a stockpile on the ground. The green coke, from the coking unit at the refinery, is moved to the calcining unit with front end loaders. Reclaiming from the stockpiles is also done with front end loaders. The coke is primarily handled by covered conveyor belts. The finished product is stored in steel silos and can be shipped via railroad cars, but the majority of it is shipped out in ocean going bulk carriers. Maintenance work in the calcining unit is performed by Crown's refinery maintenance department on an as needed, on call basis.

Jan 1, 1983

By Hill McDonald

Sand and gravel deposits may be explored by many different methods. The methods used by The Standard Slag Company are primarily two in nature. One is using an auger which is limited in depth by various soil conditions. The other is a heavy wall dry sampler and a heavy wall wet sampler. The heavy wall dry sampler takes continuous uncontaminated samples up to seven inches in diameter. The heavy wall wet sampler takes continuous uncontaminated samples up to six inches in diameter. For us, the maximum depth of the heavy wall samplers has been two hundred fifty feet of which one hundred feet was above the water table and one hundred fifty feet was below the water table.

Jan 1, 1972

By D. R. Babich, E. R. Bauer

Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) continues to be a problem in the mining industry. New noise standards (Part 62) promulgated by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) are aimed at reducing NIHL in the mining industry. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting a cross-sectional survey of noise sources and worker noise exposures to address NIHL in mining. Noise surveys, including full-shift worker noise exposure and equipment noise profiling, have been completed in several surface coal mines, with an emphasis on draglines. The results of these studies are reported, their implications concerning worker NIHL are addressed, and their application to administrative and engineering controls is discussed.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. Nelsen

Social License to Operate continues to emerge as a paradigm fundamental to sustainable mineral resources development. It relates to a set of concepts, values, tools, and best practices that represent the view of reality held by each participant (industry and stakeholders). It enables a forum for negotiation through which all parties involved are heard, understood and respected. The exploration phase of the mine life cycle is generally the initial contact with local communities and forms the cornerstone for effective communication and trust building. This paper presents the development of a mineral exploration template, based on field studies, aimed at assisting exploration personnel to establish effective communications and engagement with local communities within a process to build a Social License. The template aims to provide practical assistance in conducting situational analysis - a process of examining and mapping a situation, its elements and their relations - in order to acquire knowledge and understanding of a project, locale and region. Situational analysis is the ?full situation of inquiry?, going beyond just ?knowing the subject? to being fully situated. It forms the initial foundation for a planning process presented in the paper that prepares for a strategy of initial engagement and consultation.

Jan 1, 2007

By William Gleason

At 6,898 ft below surface, the historic No. 9 shaft at Resolution Copper near Superior, AZ is now the second deepest single lift mine shaft in the United States and connects to the deepest single lift mine shaft in the U.S., Resolution Copper’s No. 10 Shaft (6,989 feet). The shafts serve as ventilation and access for future underground development of what could one day become one of the most significant copper mines in the United States. It is from the base of No. 9 and No. 10 shafts that hundreds of employees of Resolution Copper, a joint venture of Rio Tinto and BHP, hope will soon be given the go ahead to begin driving lateral tunnels to reach a copper deposit that is estimated to contain 28 Mt or 40 billion pounds of copper. Copper was recently added to the U.S. Geological Survey’s (UGGS) critical minerals list, in large part because of increasing demand. A study by S&P Global Energy & Market Intelligence “Copper in the age of AI: Challenges of electrification” released on Jan. 8, 2025, “identifies a transformative trajectory for copper demand, projecting a surge from 28 Mt (31 million st) in 2025 to 42 Mt (46.3 million st) by 2040 – a 50 percent increase that underscores the metal's pivotal role in multiple technological and economic domains.” The surge in demand is driven in large part by the global energy transition, electrification of vehicles, growth of artificial intelligence and data centers, and most recently robotics. Meanwhile, geopolitical tensions have increased the focus on the need for the United States to secure more of its own mineral supply chain. S&P Global’s report is one of many warnings that while copper demand has accelerated rapidly, future supply is being held back. Resolution Copper stands out as one example of a known mineral deposit remaining locked in the United States’ complex and lengthy permitting slog.

Feb 1, 2026

By W. G. Pariseau

Equivalent elastic properties of discontinuously jointed rock masses are computed using a non-representative volume element(NRVE) approach within a three dimensional finite element program. Joint persistence, defined as the percentage of a joint plane that is actually occupied by joint material, is used in the NRVE computations as a step towards greater realism in stability analysis of mine openings. Persistence p is also the probability that a segment of a joint plane is occupied by joint material. Computations reveal a threshold phenomenon in jointed rock mass moduli similar to that observed in percolation theory. A rapid decrease in moduli occurs above a critical value pc(about 0.6). A detailed analysis of the well-known solution for stress about a circular opening in isotropic, elastic ground illustrates the effects of joint set orientation, spacing and persistence. Although stable “on average”, joint segment failures reveal a threat to stability and point towards rational design of reinforcement or support of discontinuously jointed rock masses.

Jan 1, 2003

By E. W. Bauman

The important role that mineral aggregates assume today in the construction and chemical industries is best attested to by the astronomical tonnage figures for the annual production of aggregates in the United States as reported by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in their "Minerals Yearbook." For 1965, latest publication available, the tabulation shows a total of 1,716,000,000 tons made up of 30,000,000 slag, 908,000,000 sand and gravel, and 778,000,000 crushed stone. A much more favorable statistical position for slag can be established by listing the world-wide tonnage. According to Dr. A, W. Lee, Director, British Slag Federation, in a paper presented before the 8th Annual conference of the British Institute of Works and Highway Superintendents, he estimates that the probable world consumption of slag is in the order of 100,000,000 tons showing--Great Britain with 10,000,000 tons, Germany, 15,000,000 tons, France, 1$000,000 tons and the United States with 30,000,000 tons. Thus it is seen that the United States accounts for almost one-third of the world's consumption of slag and the 3 west European powers another third.

Jan 1, 1967

By Bernie W. Martin, Jesus Schabib

The East Side Access (ESA) Project in New York will be the largest tunneling project ever undertaken by a US railroad. The objective of the ESA project is to connect the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) Main Line and Port Washington Line in Queens to Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan. The Project is divided into two distinctive segments: Manhattan and Queens. The Queens segment is subdivided into two major components; cut and cover tunnel construction and bored tunnels. The bored tunnels in Queens consist of five tunnels driven from a launch shaft and traverse a railway storage yard, Sunnyside Yard and terminate under the multitrack mainlines of Amtrak and LIRR at portals in the heart of Harold Interlocking where1200 trains pass every day. The soil consists of remnants of glacial till moraines and of outwash and till deposits of inter layered gravel and fines, with the occasional boulders and cobbles and with a high ground water table. It is anticipated that a Pressurized Face Machine, either slurry or Earth Pressure Balance equipped with roller disks to mine the boulders encountered as well as the mixed face, will be used to mine the tunnels. One pass reinforced concrete gasket bolted liner will be used. The cut and cover construction consists of an approximately 21.3 m (70 feet) deep excavation supported by slurry walls and jet grout columns. The slurry walls, in combination with overlapping jet grouted columns, are installed to top of rock forming a closed bathtub to control external groundwater drawdown. Maintaining the groundwater level near its original elevation is of paramount importance in order to prevent undesirable settlements and migration of groundwater that could be contaminated. Mitigation measures to prevent the migration of nearby plums are contemplated for all types of tunneling and excavation work in this site of the ESA project.

Jan 1, 2001

By E. F. Draskovich

In 1984 a high temperature heat recuperation system was installed in the pellet plant of the National Steel Pellet Company located in Keewatin, Minnesota. The system is similar to those of Cleveland Cliffs Empire and U.S. Steel's Minntac operations. It recovers hot process air from the cooler by induced flow, and directs it to an intermediate zone between the drying and preheat zones on the grate machine. This system recently underwent further modifications in April 1985, following initial operation in 1984. The M. A. Hanna Company, which manages the property, developed the design criteria and made the subsequent recommendations for modification through its research facility in Nashwauk, Minnesota.

Jan 1, 1986

By Stanley A. Bunk, Desmond J. Bruyns

The purpose of roasting gold ores is to release for extraction, typically by cyanidation, the small particles of gold which are surrounded by refractory stone. The roasting simply opens up passages for the penetration of solution into the interior of the ore particles. This is accomplished by the removal by volatilization or formation of volatile oxides of certain constituents such as sulfur, arsenic or antimony. Temperature is an important parameter. High temperatures tend to form a dense iron particle rather than a "spongy" calcine. The dense iron particles result in lower gold recoveries. High temperature can cause melting of some components which also results in gold encapsulation. Roasting of refractory gold ore concentrates has been practiced for decades. Multiple hearth, rotary kiln and muffle reactors were first used for roasting. Fluid bed roasting provided a low capital cost, low maintenance technology with better process control and soon became the favored technology. The first fluid bed concentrate roasters were commissioned in the late 1940's. Early fluid beds were "bubbling" type. Environmental considerations did not significantly impact on the design. Feedstocks were highly exothermic and reaction rates were relatively rapid. Roasting today must compete with other technologies for treatment of refractory ores. Ore bodies which are not

Jan 1, 1993

By Chee Theng

"What do you think are the most important topics in mineral processing today? It is a question that begs to be asked when more than 100 of some of the best and brightest in Colorado mineral processing and their invited guests are gathered in one room. They are there for the 66th Annual Colorado MPD Meeting held at The Broadmoor in Colorado Springs: three days of finely curated talks and social events where participation was strong, and information was exchanged and connections forged in a relaxed, informal atmosphere.Water, tailings and social licenseNot surprisingly, water management, with the associated issues of tailings and social license, was high on the minds of those present. The Mount Polley and Samarco tailings dam failures have had repercussions across the industry. “There are big challenges with respect to tailings, and social and environmental pressures to find better ways to treat them,” said Steve Hearn of Huntsman Corp., a view echoed by Bob Kilborn of Kilborn Group LLC. Metso Minerals director Keith Butler said, “Water conservation is a key issue today. Many mining activities are now located in remote areas, so it has social and economic impacts on mining operations.” For Brian Olson of Samuel Engineering, wastewater and reclaimed-water treatment is interesting.Fittingly, the first talk of the meeting was on dry stack tailings by Michael Blois of Takraf USA, who went over both the advantages and disadvantages. “The average now is over one tailings dam failure a year,” Blois said, “and that is one too many.” But the technology may not be the right fit for all projects. In his talk on the KSM project, Jay Layman, president and COO of Seabridge Gold, showed how it isn’t practical for KSM and how Seabridge reached the decision on a cyclone sand tailings managementfacility as the preferred management strategy.The luncheon keynote also dealt with a tailings pond spill, but of a different kind. Bob Schafer, chief executive of Eagle Mines Management, spoke on the federal missteps that led to the spill into the Animas River from the Gold King Mine, a mine that had been a dry mine throughout its life and up to the 1990s."

Jun 1, 2016

By Stanley Ferguson

Since 1978, the Colorado Department of Health has become involved in specific investigations of possible radiation hazards among nonminers in Colorado communities. In each instance, the improper disposal of mill tailings has precipitated concerns and allegations of radiation hazards. This presentation is a brief summary of the findings, to date, of 4 such investigations involving tailings disposal problems in Canon City, Denver, Durango and Grand Junction, Colorado. Canon City In the summer of 1979, allegations of excessive cancer incidence were made at public hearings concerning an application for a Radioactive Materials License submitted to the Colorado Department of Health by the Cotter Corporation for a uranium mill at Canon City. Canon City is the site of a uranium mill operated since 1958 by Commonwealth Edison. Local residents accumulated figures and calculated rates suggesting a 2-fold excess in total cancer mortality. These rates were not adjusted or standardized for demographic varibles. A review of cancer mortality data and computation of age standardized rates for years 1950 through 1977 showed that Canon City's cancer mortality rates were within expected limits, actually lower than rates for the State of Colorado or the United States. The first slide shows rates for every fifth year, 1950 through 1975. Further, an analysis of Canon City cancer incidence data from the Colorado Central Cancer Registry revealed that 1979 incidence rates were not significantly different from Colorado rates, with the exception of prostate cancer. The next slide shows age standardized incidence rates for lung, colon, breast and prostate cancer. Data were also reviewed for leukemia, myeloma, lymphoma and cancers of the thyroid stomach, uterine certix, ovary, kidney, bladder-and brain, however, small numbers of cases prevented meaningful rate calculation. 1980 data are presently being analyzed. None of the data yet examined support allegations of radiation-associated cancer in Canon City. Denver In February of 1979, the Department of Health became aware of a number of radium mill tailing deposits in the Denver metropolitan area, remnants of the radium milling industry of the early 1900's. Several of the deposits were situated so as to possibly contribute significantly to radiation exposure of a small number of people over a period of several decades. The Department developed protocols for radiation surveys, dosage estimates and, for a small number of persons, body burdens determinations and peripheral blood lymphocyte cytogenetic studies. The results of this investigation suggested no measurable biomedical impact as a result of the radium deposits. Durango In October of 1979, a physician residing in Durango, Colorado released information from a preliminary analysis of lung cancer data suggesting an incidence rate several times expected in that city. The data were presented at a meeting of a citizen's group concerned about the possible health hazards of 2 uranium mill tailing deposits located in the south end of the city. Since cancer incidence data generally do not exist in most of western Colorado, a team of epidemiologists was dispatched to Durango to work with local physicians and hospitals in conducting an epidemiologic study of selected cancers for the period 1969 through 1978. After case-finding and record abstracting were completed, it was determined that sufficient data were available for study of only 3 sites: lung cancer, breast cancer and leukemia. The next slide shows age standardized incidence rates for these 3 sites for 1969-1978 for Durango and the State of Colorado. There are no significant differences in these rates. The data did show a geographic peculiarity with regards to the relative proportion of tumor types near the tailings deposits as opposed to away from the deposits, however, this finding is based upon very small numbers of cases and may represent only the random excursion of rates based upon small observations. This investigation suggests that if a carcinogenic hazard is present, it is too small to be detected by the study method employed. Grand Junction The Department of Health has been involved in the Grand Junction mill tailings problem for several years. In 1966, the Department issued an order terminating the practice of free public access to a 55-acre pile of uranium mill tailings. Prior to this order, an estimated 300,000 tons of material was removed. Of this amount, an estimated 50,000 tons was presumably used in residential and commercial construction. Despite many allegations of cancer and birth defects excesses in Grant Junction since the mid 1960s, the first epidemiologic study of cancer was conducted in the spring of 1977. Data from the Colorado Central Cancer Registry were analyzed and reported to the Executive Director of the Department of Health in June of that year. The findings of the first and preliminary study were an unexplained excess of acute leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia. The excess was based upon small numbers but was present across all age groups. No increase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia was evident.

Jan 1, 1981

By K. H. Lee

The rate of beryllium dissolution from a low-grade ore was studied in sulfuric acid solutions. The effect of stirring speed, sulfuric acid concentration, particle size and temperature on the rate of dissolution of beryllium was established. The results of the study showed that the dissolution rate is independent of stirring speed within the range of 250-1000 rpm but depends on 1/2 power of the sulfuric acid concentration. The dissolution rate increases exponentially with decrease in particle size and the maximum attainable rate of extraction with respect to particle size is 6.6 x 10 mol dm min. The apparent activation energy (^E) for the dissolution reaction is 54.4 kJ/mol (13.0 kcal/mol). Based on this magnitude of the activation energy, it is concluded that a surface chemical reaction is the rate limiting step for the temperature range (70° -100°C) investigated.

Jan 1, 1988

By L. Laage, R. Greur, W. Pomroy

MFIRE is a mine ventilation and fire interaction computer simulation program. It allows transient state ventilation simulation and features mass based flow rates, natural ventilation, air recirculation, fan curve fitting, airflow reversal and product of combustion tracking. MFIRE was designed to accommodate the needs of the mining industry, for routine ventilation calculations and mine emergency planning. This paper describes recent work by the US Bureau of Mines and Michigan Technological University to improve MFIRE by incorporating humidity in the mass flow and heat exchange calculations, a data file preparation program, and variable reference density in the network calculations. Recent bug fixes are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1995