Search Documents

By M. Murphy

The multibillion dollar cost of cleaning up thousands of environmentally contaminated sites across the country created by decades of inadequate disposal of hazardous waste has led to a search for "deep-pocket" sources of cleanup funds. The resul1:: is the emergence of a growing body of law that could have a profound impact on commercial financing transactions and other investment activities when present or past owners of contaminated property are involved.

Jan 1, 1988

By Thomas R. Kuesel

In traditional construction contracting practice, the owner allocated almost all risks to the contractor, saying in effect, "you deal with all construction problems and all third parties, and don't bother me." In this same tradition, the architect or engineer designed a structure in its finished condition, and if he thought about the construction problems that might be involved in building it, he was careful not to express any opinions on these matters in the contract documents. This feudal attitude fostered two results: 1. Contractors added high contingencies to their bids to cover the costs of risks. 2. Litigation of construction contract claims blossomed. Broadly, the owners lost--the courts reallocated many risks the owners thought they had laid on the contractor. Thoughtful owners and engineers recognized that owners were paying for risks twice --once in bid contingencies and a second time in court. Meanwhile, contractors were not getting rich; they were losing money on delays and disputes, and just about getting even (if they were lucky) in court. And construction law was becoming an increasingly lucrative field--for lawyers. Furthermore, with the growing influx of lawyers onto the construction scene, the owner-contractor-engineer relationship became increasingly an adversary one. The emphasis came to be on culpability rather than capability--who could be held responsible for breaching some contract clause, not who might find a solution to some common problem. This game was played with equal vigor by owners and contractors.

Jan 1, 1979

By I. E. Perera

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response characteristics of commercially available gas, smoke, and flame sensors to fires of common combustible mine materials. The experiments were conducted in the large-scale Fire gallery located at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Lake Lynn Laboratory (LLL) in Fairchance, PA, using Ponderosa Pine, Red Oak, Douglas-fir, high and low volatile coals, PVC and SBR conveyor belt, No. 2 diesel fuel, and diesel exhaust. All the experiments (except those using No. 2 diesel fuel and the diesel exhaust tests) were conducted in a similar manner, with combustible materials heated rapidly by electrical strip heaters producing smoldering fires that quickly transitioned into flaming fires. The sensors included a diffusion-type carbon monoxide (CO) sensor, photoelectric- and ionization-type smoke sensors, a video smoke/flame detector, and an optical flame detector. Simultaneous measurements were obtained for average gas concentrations, smoke mass concentrations, and smoke optical densities in order to quantify the levels of combustion products at the alert and alarm times of the sensors. Because the required sensor alarm levels are 10 ppm and 0.044 m-1 optical density for CO and smoke sensors, respectively, the different sensor alarms are compared to the time at which the CO and smoke reached these alarm levels (1). In addition, the potential impact of using smoke sensors that have met the performance standards from accredited testing laboratories is also evaluated using the response of an Underwriters? Laboratory (UL)-approved combination photoelectric/ionization smoke detector. The results are discussed relative to fire sensor needs that can have a positive impact on mine fire safety.

Jan 1, 2012

By P. C. Cochrane, I. S. Clelland, S. H. E. Phillips

Geological and hydrological conditions in the strata overlying the Salado Formation vary considerably in the Carlsbad, NM, area. The first four shafts sunk at International Minerals and Chemical Corp. (IMC) property have been located in competent and essentially dry conditions, while other shafts on adjacent properties have had such adverse conditions that ground freezing has been chosen as the water and ground control technique for shaft sinking. At the location of the IMC No. 5 shaft there has been extensive erosion and salt dissolution in the Rustler Formation, leading to collapse of some zones of the strata. Both ground freezing and pregrouting were considered as alternative methods of stabilizing the extremely poor ground conditions and controlling the potentially very heavy water inflows. It was decided that pregrouting the shaft was feasible and would offer substantial cost and time saving over a ground freezing technique. This paper describes the pregrouting techniques used and illustrates the requirement for flexibility in a grouting program so that it can be modified to reflect any new or additional information obtained during the progress of the grouting.

Jan 1, 1987

By Edward L. Vickers

When I was originally asked to give this talk, I had certain preconceived ideas of the mining industry's reaction to Operations Research. It seemed at the time to be a rather simple task to collect these ideas for presentation here today. Jotting down these notions, I became concerned that overexposure to this activity called OR perhaps had clouded my outlook on what was actually being done on a nation-wide scale. I felt, to have a better cross section, a questionnaire of current industrial activity was in order. I solicited the response of some 75 mining companies varying in sizes and operating characteristics, and I am pleased to report that the response was good. I received answers from 51. The questionnaire was intended to measure the degree to which their concerns were actually engaged in OR efforts. With all due respect to the people who were so gracious as to answer the questionnaire, I feel that there is a tremendous misconception as to the designed purpose of OR. This is not to imply that there are no active OR groups in the mining industry. But by in large, the majority of the companies sampled appear to be somewhat confused as to what OR really is.

Jan 1, 1962

In April 2012, work started on one of the most ambitious construction projects of Austria?s ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG ? the New Semmering Base Tunnel. Scheduled for completion in 2024, the 27.3 km (17 mile) tunnel through the Semmering range will cut the journey time on the south railway connecting Lower Austria and Styria. Before con-struction can begin at the entrance portal and tunnel bores, the work concentrates on the above ground sections with the clearance and excavation of the entrance ramp site. The slope is currently being excavated by the Baubeteiligungsge-sellschaft m.b.H. BBG-GRAZ. The cut face is shored up with shotcrete and permanent self-drilling anchors produced by Minova MAI, an economical bolting solution for softer rock formations. After completing the surface construction work, the twin-bore, single-track tunnel will be cut through the Semmering by conventional and continuous excavation beginning in 2015. Once completed, the New Semmering Base Tunnel will be one of the longest rail tunnels in Austria. It will act as a vital link on the route crossing Europe?s heartland from Northern Germany to Italy, which currently has to climb the steep Semmering pass between Gloggnitz and Mürzzuschlag on a historic mountain railway recognized as one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites. The old route imposes considerable limitations on heavy freight trans-port, and passenger trains have to slow down to a speed of around 50 kph (31 mph). The New Semmering Base Tunnel will bypass this bottleneck and cut 30 minutes off the journey time between Vienna and Graz. It represents a particular advantage for freight traffic, since the new route?s minimal incline of 8.4 percent removes all obstacles for even heavy freight trains.

Jan 1, 2013

By L. Yan, B. Lambie, J. Srednicki, J. Carr

Electromagnetic emissions from electrical devices may interfere with electronic safety systems or other devices in the mining environment. This electromagnetic interference (EMI) may cause unwanted changes in the performance of the affected devices and may cause safety issues for miners. To minimize the risk of EMI, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted research quantifying the electromagnetic emissions of several types of equipment that might be used in the mining environment. Previous research has shown that welding arcs can give off ultraviolet (UV) emissions, visible light, and infrared (IR) emissions that can cause health problem on skin and eyes. In this study, the electromagnetic emissions of the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process were monitored and measured. Several factors including operating mode (AC, DC positive or DC+, DC negative or DC-), current setting (low, medium, high, maximum), and electrode type were investigated to compare their effect on emission level. The test shows that the emission level from the welding process can be affected by those factors. The test data also shows that, among those factors, the operating mode has more influence on emission level than do current setting and electrode type. The information in this paper can be useful for the mining industry to better understand the emission in the 9-kHz to 500-MHz frequency range from a SMAW welder.

Feb 1, 2023

By Nicholas S. Lynn

Introduction Borne out of the need for reductions in capital expenditure and increased production, several new and innovative carbon systems have been developed for small precious metal heap leach operations throughout the United States. Perhaps the most important aspect of these systems is the carbon column. Though diverse in design, these columns can be categorized into three basic types. The first is known as the gravity flow type or Cortez type. As the name indicates, solution flows via gravity, throughout 4 to 6 columns which are arranged in a normally stepped con- figuration which is conventionally upflow in design. The second type, known as the vertical column, is an arrangement whereby flow is established through pressurization in an upward manner, throughout 4 to 6 columns in a vertically stacked configuration. This arrangement is typically intended for use with small portable heap leach operations and employs a semi-continuous mode thus preventing gravity from occurring. The third type and newest development in carbon columns is an arrangement whereby the solution flows throughout 4 to 6 columns placed in a side by side configuration and pressurized by a single feed pump (Figure 1). A unique aspect to the third type, is that the adsorb and desorb cycles are accomplished in the same column, due to a fixed carbon charge. An in-depth analysis is warranted due to numerous advantages of this arrangement, and is therefore the subject of this paper. Advantages and Variations One advantage to the third type of carbon column is the fact that initial capital expenditures and operating man- power requirements are reduced. Another advantage is that the system can be made fully portable up to a 0.0315 m3/s (500 gpm) capacity. Systems of this nature are operational at several sites. Above this flow rate, the system's portability is one which can be maintained, but disadvantages (i.e. larger diameter carbon column and greater weights) far outweigh the advantages. There are several variations in each of these systems which allow for unique operation. For example, carbon columns made highly portable, can be moved from unitized heap leach operations to central stripping facilities. Although this method has been used in Colorado, transportation of these units has been known to be quite cumbersome. If distances exceed 5 km (3.2 miles) then special front-end loaders are required. This limits heap locations to within 5 km (3.2 miles) of the central processing facility. Another example transports the carbon charge from the heap leach locations to a centralized processing facility; this method is quite effective. For the past 5 years one mine has employed this technique of transporting carbon in 907 kg (1 ton lots), in DOT containers, towed by company pick-ups. This operation uses a vertical column with a 907 kg (1 ton) carbon charge. A third example uses static carbon columns with fixed carbon charges. Carbon Adsorption System The carbon adsorption system (Figure 1) is fed by a single preg solution feed pump. This feed pump pushes the preg solution through all four to six fixed charged carbon columns, which are on line. The sequencing of the carbon columns is achieved using valves. Expansion of the carbon charge is dependent upon the carbon selected. The carbon typically used is a 6 x 12 mesh size, with a nominal flow rate of 0.00135 - 0.00138 m 3/s (22-25 gpm) per square foot of carbon, based on a 40% bed expansion. With 8 x 16 mesh size,

Jan 1, 1987

By Xingtian Hui

Due to variation in the geological natures of underground coal mines, especially when the entry?s roof/floor are soft and weak, it is vital to select an appropriate roof bolting system to ensure entry stability, coal production, and miner?s safety. No single type of roof bolting system perfectly fits for various types of openings, even within a mine. From the results of continuous research on roof bolting in the past 10 years, the authors used a novel concept of ?Self-screwed? mechanism to develop five types of roof bolting under a patented Self-screwed Tube Bolting System (STBS)©. This roof tube bolting system can be applied to meet different timing-strength requirements under varying mining conditions to increases the stability of mine workings. This paper outlines the structures and mechanisms of the five types of self-screwed roof bolting systems along with their unique characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and limitations. Two case studies using a Self-screwed Tube Drilling Bolting (STDB)©, one of the five types of roof tube bolting systems, show the principles of mechanics, suitability and parameters for a mine entry and a subway?s construction/ supports in the surrounding soil layers and soft sands, respectively are presented. The results confirmed the time dependent anchorage capacity between predictions and on-site measurements. Currently, other types of the self-screwed tube bolting systems are also being applied to different coal mines in China to increase entry stability and meet safety requirements.

Jan 1, 2009

By S. O. Warren

From the contractor's viewpoint, suggesting what is now a theoretical industrial approach to safety and a proposal for realistic reformation to accomplish the intended goals, is the tri-parte adversary formula productive, unproductive, or counter-productive? Can industrial safety be regulated and penalized to effectiveness? No manuscript received

Jan 1, 1979

With commodity prices rising again and market conditions stabilizing, the Metals Economics Group (MEG) found that most mining companies increased their exploration budgets in 2010. In the groups 21st edition of the Corporate Exploration Strategies (CES), MEG found a 44-percent rise in the estimated worldwide exploration total for 2010. MEG found that the estimated total 2010 budget for nonferrous metals exploration reached $12.1 billion, reinstating almost two-thirds of the industry?s $6 billion in cuts to exploration in 2009. Nonferrous exploration refers to expenditures related to precious and base metals, diamonds, uranium and some industrial minerals; it excludes iron ore, aluminum, coal, and oil and gas. In 2008, exploration budgets were at an all-time high of $14.4 billion. This capped a six-year run in which budgets rose. In 2009, nonferrous exploration budgets dropped 42 percent in 2009 as the global economic crisis and declining prices for almost all commodities took their toll on the industry. Metals prices - the primary driver of exploration spending - have improved markedly since bottoming in early 2009, and have traded well above their long-term trends throughout 2010. In response, major, intermediate and junior companies have all increased their aggregate exploration allocations in 2010. In particular, the significant improvement in the availability of equity financings for the juniors over the past 12 to 18 months has allowed this group to account for the largest share of the overall increase in exploration spending this year.

Jan 1, 2011

By Jeffrey M. Christian

Gold prices are rising, in what is coming to be seen as the beginning of a longer term upward trend. After languishing between $325/oz and $364/ oz from early 1991 into early 1993, prices began rising in the first half of 1993. Gold rose from a low of $326/oz in March 1993 to $414/oz on an intraday basis in early August. There was a speculative sell-off at that point, which took gold prices quickly back down to $350/oz briefly in October 1993. At that time, there still was a fair degree of skepticism about gold's price prospects. Many banks believed that gold prices could not mount a sustained rally. As prices dropped in August and September of last year, these suspicions seemed to be confirmed. Gold prices quickly rebounded, however, reaching $395/oz by early January 1994. The strength of this renewed increase led many banks, investors and others that had held negative views of gold to grow more positive. They began buying gold and trading it from the long side of the market. The result was that gold prices remained strong during the first quarter of 1994, trading between $375/oz and $390/oz.

Jan 1, 1994

By Jerry L. Purswell

INTRODUCTION The principal OSHA standards dealing with tunneling activities are found in 29 CFR Part 1926. A reference for the applicable subparts which apply to tunneling is included as Appendix A. In addition, some standards from 29 CFR Part 1910 have been identified as applicable to construction and are included in the recent printing of an interim vertical standard for construction (1910/1926 Project). The remainder of this presentation will be focused on past OSHA activities to revise Subpart S of 1926, the principal subpart dealing with tunnel construction.

Jan 1, 1979

By Ruipeng Qian, Pengfei Wang, Guorui Feng, XianJie Du, Jun Guo, Yuxia Guo, Tingye Qi, JinWen Bai

"A numerical modeling was conducted to describe the behavior of overlying strata on the longwall top coal caving face for exploitation of a 16.8 m thick coal seam. Three typical structural models, including the Cantilever Structure (CS), Lower Cantilever and Upper Hinged Arch Structure (LC&UHA), and Lower Arch and Upper Voussoir Beam (LA&UVB), were developed. Based on mechanical analysis of the different structures of the key strata, and considering the behaviors of the broken igneous rock strata, a method was proposed and applied to estimate the structures of the overburden strata. The results had been verified by a field micro-seismic monitoring test. The paper provides a foundational method to determine the shield loadings for the top coal caving longwall face.INTRODUCTIONLongwall top coal caving (LTCC) is a highly productive underground mining technology which has been widely applied to the exploitation of the thick coal seams in China and other countries due to its high efficiency (Ju and Xu, 2013; Ju, Xu, and Wang, 2011; Liu et al., 2009). In recent years, a large amount of research on mining pressure forecast, strata control, and mechanical equipment improvement of the LTCC technology has been carried out, which greatly advances the field application of the technology (Liu et al., 2009; Yu, 2016; Dou et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2011; Chen and Li, 2011; Yin, Yan, and An, 2008). In 2006, the LTCC technology was first applied to the exploitation in a 20 m thick coal seam at the Tashan Coal Mine in China (Yan et al., 2011). Ten years of mining at the Tashan Coal Mine has highlighted the importance of the support management in controlling the roof strata on the extra-thick LTCC face. The mining pressure is closely related to the structural features of the overlying strata and its movement laws (Yu, 2016; Dou et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2011). However, the distributions of three zones—caving zone, fracture zone, and deformation zone—on the fully mechanized caving longwalls changed significantly with the increase in thickness of the coal seam (Chen and Li, 2011). The behavior changes of the roof strata led to abnormal pressure in the mining face and resulted in the difficulty of surrounding rock control (Yin, Yan, and An, 2008; Liu et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2011; Gong and Jin, 2008). Therefore, the theoretical research focused on the behavior of overlying strata to reveal the laws of mining pressure has important theoretical significance and practical value.Many classical studies (Qian and Shi, 2003; Feng, 2010; Yu, 2015; Yu, Yan, and Liu, 2012) had been done to describe the behavior of overlying strata in the mining process. It has also been reported that magma intrusion causes an important effect on the surrounding rock, coal, and methane (Wang et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2007). On the one hand, the property and structure of the coal seam was obviously changed by the magma intrusion and resulted in a potential danger of a gas outburst during the mining process (Chen et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2014). On the other hand, the hard igneous strata and the joints occurred with the magma cooled, causing an abnormal behavior of overlying strata and resulting in a series of dynamic disasters during mining (Xuan, Xu, and Lu, 2014; Lu et al., 2016). In fact, many coal fields in China are intruded by igneous sill, including the Datong, Shuozhou, Huainan, and Xuzhou coal fields (Chen et al., 2014; Wu, 2011). The 3–5 coal seam at Tashan Coal Mine in Datong coal field is very thick and is intruded by a large area of layered lamprophyre rock. Face falls and shield failures occurred frequently during the face retreat."

Jan 1, 2019

By A. W. Jenike

Mine backfilling is a desirable method for the disposal of retorted oil shale. Hydraulic, mechanical and pneuna.cic transport and stowing methods were investigated, and the mechanical transport and stowing method using conveyors was selected as the most promising system. Transport of retorted oil shale at the rate of 3000 cons per hour (2700 t(h) to the backfill level, situated about: 2000 feet (610 m) below surface, with skips or conveyors is uneconomic. Hence, borehole transport utilizing gravity flow was investigated. This paper describes the theory of flow, flow properties of retorted oil shale, and the design of a borehole and hopper system.

Jan 1, 1978

By Stuart M. Jones, Eugene E. Hively

The Tower Mill is a vertical "stirred" ball/pebble mill recently Introduced In the Western Hemisphere This device offers a significant power savings on wet fine grinding applications when compared to conventional tumbling mills This paper describes the laboratory application of this mill In wet grinding hydrated alumina to products of 50 percent passing 2 to 6 microns

Jan 1, 1983

By Kent G. Homewood

The well-being of any company is directly related to the well-being of its employees and to the effectiveness with which the personnel resource is managed. In an era when personnel management has steadily become more complex, there is an increased awareness of employee information systems at all levels of management due to: (1) regulations enacted by federal, state, and local government agencies; (2) technological advances within the mining industry which have resulted in the requirement for highly skilled personnel; (3) increasing concern for the confidentiality of employee information; and (4) management's need for information for planning purposes to control costs and for early recognition of trends and potential problems. In the past it was sufficient to maintain records manually. Today computers are necessary to provide information on short notice and effectively manipulate large volumes of' data. This discussion will describe the following aspects of employee information systems: (1) collection and maintenance of information, and (2) applications which include employee health, salary administration, management re- sources, and labor negotiations.

Jan 1, 1979

The National Mining Association’s (NMA)MINExpo International ’96 is shaping up to be the organization’s largest. About 30,000 mining industry business and technical professionals are expected to descend on Las Vegas, NV Sept. 9-12 to take part in the 25 technical sessions and visit the more than 900 exhibitors who will be showing off their products and services. MINExpo will be the largest mining equipment and services exposition in the United States this year. Exhibits at MINExpo will fill the Las Vegas Convention Center, parking lots and part of the Hilton Center, located next door to the convention center. NMA estimates that this year’s show will cover more than 46,450m2 (500,000 sq ft) of exhibit space. Some of the exhibits on display will include haultrucks, hydraulic shovels and excavators, conveyors, continuous miners and tunneling machines. In addition, an array of computer equipment and software will be demonstrated. A new feature this year will be a helicopter pavilion, located in the Hilton Center. Helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft have become indispensable to many remote mining operations. NMA said that at least one full-size helicopter will be on display.

Jan 1, 1996

By Ronald I. Fuller

Core Laboratories, a division of Western Atlas International, maintains laboratories in all energy-producing areas of the United States, as well as in many foreign countries. Central to laboratory operations has been the incorporation of computers and computer software. Core has developed a mu1tiuser Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) , which is currently installed in numerous company sites in the U.S., and is now undergoing installation in Canada. In addition, Core has provided custom soft ware to contract laboratories which Core operates on behalf of mining firms. The software development was done under the direction of the author in Denver, Colorado, and Casper, Wyoming. The intent of this paper is to pass some of the practical experience gained by our efforts on to those who wish to utilize computers more fully in the laboratory setting. The product of analytical laboratories is numbers. Nothing else comes from our work. We deal in information about samples. It is then reasonable to assume that the computer would be central to a laboratory operation. The hard part is to initially define what kind of computer the lab operation needs. The choices today can be very complex, and almost every hardware salesman is full of bad advice. Even the people in your own information services department may hold divided opinions. Since the advent of the personal computer, we have lived with a polarized data processing community. The PC boys consider their machines equal to any challenge, while the "save the mainframe" crowd view the PCs as limited toys that are only good for the things that clutter up a real computer. Management tends to lean toward whatever costs the least.

Jan 1, 1989

By Gary Beerkirkcher

INTRODUCTION The mine hoisting equipment that is selected and installed at a mine is for the lifetime of the mine and, therefore, it is extremely important that a proper choice be made. Several types of mine hoist designs, including double drum hoists, single drum hoists, friction hoists, and various special designs of these, are available to¬day. Each has advantages and disadvantages and they should only be used in suitable applications. Drive systems for mine hoists must be evaluated together with the mechanical systems for each hoist application. It does not make sense to properly select the hoist mechanical system and then choose a drive system that turns out to be a bottleneck. MINE HOIST TYPES There are two basic types of mine hoists available in the world today: the drum hoist, on which the hoist rope is actually stored during the hoisting cycle, and the friction (Koepe) hoist, which merely passes the rope over the wheel during the hoisting process. Drum Hoists Single Drum Hoist: A single drum hoist (shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1) can be used as a service or production hoist with the cage or skip in balance with a counterweight (Figs. 2 and 3). It can efficiently service one or more levels, since the location of the counterweight at any time is not important. As a pro¬duction hoist with skips in balance, the single drum hoist is best used for single level hoisting. All rope adjustments for proper spotting must be done manually for the single drum hoist. This has to be done periodi¬cally to compensate for rope stretch. A variation of the single drum hoist is the divided drum hoist. If multilayer winding is necessary, the single drum hoist must have a divider to allow a sep¬arate compartment for each rope. If a counterweight is used with a divided drum application, the counter¬ weight rope can be wound on a smaller diameter (Fig. 4). Consequently, it moves a lesser distance than the main conveyance and rope adjustment problems are re¬duced. Double Drum Hoist: A double drum hoist in oper¬ation is shown in Fig. 5. Double Drum Hoist With One Drum Clutched: As a service hoist with cage and counterweight, a double drum hoist with one drum clutched (Fig. 6) can serve several levels efficiently. The advantage of having the clutched drum is that it allows rapid adjustment of ropes due to initial stretch. Some users may prefer the single drum hoist with manual rope adjustment, while others consider the added expense of the second drum and clutch is justified to make rope adjustments quickly. The value of this feature for a particular application should be discussed with the hoist manufacturer. As a production hoist with skips in balance for a multi¬level operation, the clutch can be adjusted for efficient hoisting from any level. Double Drum Hoists with Both Drums Clutched: There are also double drum hoists that have both drums clutched (Fig. 7). The main advantage claimed for this type of hoist is that if something happens in one of the two compartments, the hoist can operate in the other compartment to raise and lower men and sup¬plies. This feature is particularly favorable if there is only one shaft entrance to the mine. Multiple Drum Hoist: The multiple drum hoist, a South African innovation, is a type of drum hoist about which everyone should be aware. Basically, it uses two hoist ropes per conveyance which at great depths per¬mits use of smaller ropes and smaller drums. There are none in use in the United States today. However, they should be considered in very deep mines. Friction (Koepe) Hoists This hoist (Fig. 8) was introduced to the mining world by Frederick Koepe in 1877. The basic prin¬ciple of the friction hoist is that the hoist rope passing

Jan 1, 1982