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By J. D. Miller

The fossil resins of certain western coals are of significance and of sufficient value as a chemical commodity to justify a fossil resin industry. At the present time these valuable fossil resin resources, worth more than $0.50/lb as a chemical commodity, are being burned as fuel for electric power generation. This waste of our fossil resin resources corresponds to a loss in revenue of $200 million per year -equivalent to the value of the coal itself! Improved process technology for the recovery of fossil resin is under development and includes selective flotation of fossil resin from fine coal streams and solvent refining of the fossil resin flotation concentrate to produce a premium resin product. The most recent developments in process technologies are discussed with respect to separation efficiency and product quality. It is clear that the development of a fossil resin industry should not be limited by process technology.

Jan 1, 1994

By K. V. Raj, T. Bhowmick

"Control of fugitive dust in high latitude open-pit mines is challenging due to unique atmospheric phenomenon resulting in complicated flow regimes, and atmospheric inversion due to lack of adequate solar insolation during prolonged winter seasons. In this study, two idealized (One conical and one trapezoidal) three-dimensional open-pit mine geometries are simulated for differing seasonal conditions using the CRADLE-CFD package. The airflow is modeled using Standard Kappa-Epsilon Turbulence Model solved by RANS equations. The concept of particle tracking is used to predict the flow pattern of dust particles. For various climatic conditions, and two different pit geometries, fugitive dust particles varying in size (PM0.1 to PM10) and concentration are generated at various locations of a mine and dispersed by the airflow pattern inside the open-pit mine. The amount and location of dust particles inside the pit is reported at various time intervals. The development of atmospheric inversion during the winter season significantly affected the amount of dust retention inside the open-pit domain. While during the summer, airborne dust particles were transported outside the open-pit domain in a short time. INTRODUCTIONComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of open-pit mines is challenging. In a recent paper, Bhowmick et. al. [1] presented different constraints and challenges in developing a 3-Dimensional CFD model. In order to obtain realistic results from a simulation, however, appropriate values of various inputs are required. Simulation results of a 3D non-hydrostatic model by Shi et al. [2] showed that both the mechanical and thermal forcing are important mechanisms, controlling the development of the atmosphere inside an open-pit. Alvarez et al [3] used a CFD model for predicting dust dispersions in a medium sized limestone quarry, and presented several iso-surfaces of varying dust concentrations using ANSYS CFX. A similar study by Torno et al [4] introduced a more sophisticated parameterization of the dust sources. Flores et al. [5] used an OpenFOAM CFD simulation package to simulate and predict pollutant dispersion in an idealized and an actual open-pit mine in Chile with an intense insolation condition. The model was simulated for three different conditions: (i) air advection (10 m/s) driven mechanical turbulence; (ii) surface heat flux (240 W/m2) driven thermal buoyancy; and (iii) both air advection and surface heat flux driven conditions. The results of the simulations showed that the buoyant currents contribute to the removal of a large percentage of the dust particles. The buoyant currents modify the purely mechanical-turbulence induced flow pattern and reduce the particle residence time, commonly observed in a purely mechanical turbulent flow (non-buoyant case)"

Jan 1, 2015

By G. E. Erdman

This paper presents talc milling guided by a theme of "So You Want to Be In The Talc Business". Such a theme strikes a cautionary note to warn the uninitiated of potential pitfalls, and this paper will cover briefly some of the technical traps as well as one of the larger talc milling operations. It is important to our purpose to pre- sent some of the market and mineral complications that make the business of producing and selling industrial talcs much more intricate than an outsider would perceive. Metal markets by comparison are great worldwide pools into which production streams of generally identical metals can flow over a weir of market prices. Industrial talc markets are not as well defined and often must be developed by the producer working closely with a specific customer or groups of customers to prove out the attributes of the specific product from a new property. All the negatives of a new market seem to work against the introductory talc in the forms of industry or customer reluctance to change, sales prices, cost of delivery, mode of transportation, health considerations of the minerals and many more. Just locating the potential customers for a new industrial talc may be a substantial undertaking. Thus, an analogy of the worldwide metal market might compare starting a new talc operation to trying to gather up enough fallen rain drops to be able to start a production stream of a worthwhile size.

Jan 1, 1984

By A. Fuerst

This paper delivers insights into how high availability combines with high efficiency at the Yanacocha Plant, Newmont Mining Corporation, Peru. Advances in motor design and maintenance with integration of smart control support the approach plant maintenance staff is applying to deliver such excellent results for availability and efficiency in Yanacocha and elsewhere. Detailed efficiency and availability data for 2011 and 2012 in Yanacocha are provided. ABB and Yanacocha teams collaborate closely by combining their experience and continuous development of gearless mill drive procedures and maintenance knowledge to deliver the impressive performance being achieved. The secrets for high performance shared by the Yanacocha maintenance operations point to their systematic, practical adherence to modern asset management and maintenance concepts.

Feb 27, 2013

By L. B. Rothfeld

In anticipation of RCRA reauthorization and subsequent rulemakings, the Bureau of Mines is studying potential economic impacts of RCRA on mining. For U.S. copper heap and dump leaching operations in a variety of terrains, the cost of liners and closure caps to comply with RCRA Subtitle D ranges from $55 million to $158 million per site, or about $500,000 per hectare ($200,000 per acre). If RCRA technology requirements and financial assurance had been required on current operations, 27 to 100% of production from heap and dump leaching would have been non-competitive at market prices between $2,310 and $1,650 per metric ton ($1.047 and $0.75 per pound) copper. This result is based on an analysis that considers return on capital, corporate overhead, marketing, and freight costs as well as operating and maintenance costs at the mine. Over the same price range, economic analysis using the IMPLAN input-output model on one-or two-county regions indicates potential net job losses of about 570 to 2,700 jobs. Total economic output of those counties could be reduced by about $180 million to $360 million.

Jan 1, 1994

By C. Pace, D. Darlington, A. Montera, C. Lingren

"A phosphate beneficiation plant in Utah is using isotope-based Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) technology to analyze the entire slurry streams of the incoming feed and final product in order to adjust the flotation circuits in near real time and optimize the plant output. The plant has gained greatly improved visibility/control and has reduced product variability for improved profitability and product quality. This paper takes a look at the economics as well as application details and the difference this technology provides in a phosphate application. SIMPLOT PHOSPHATES INTRODUCTION Simplot’s Vernal, Utah Phosphate Mine and Mill are located in the northeast corner of the state in the Uinta Mountains along US Highway 191, eleven miles north of the town of Vernal. The phosphoric acid and fertilizer plant fed by the Vernal mine is located 94 miles Northeast of Simplot Phosphates in Rock Springs, WY.At the Vernal plant, loader and shovel mining to 85 Ton capacity trucks is done at an annual rate of 3.8 Million tons of ore. Run of mine ore is crushed in a mineral sizer to minus 14 inch diameter at the rate 11,500 tons a day and transported to the SAG Mill’s 130,000 ton surge stockpile by overland belt. ORE RESERVES The ore is a Phosphoria Formation of sedimentary rock type dating to the Permian Age. The ore body rests over a 25 mile area on Weber Sandstone from the Pennsylvania and Permian geologic period. Layers of Phosphate Rock can vary in thickness from 0.3 up to 2.1 feet, alternating with layers of Mudstone. The eastern edge of the ore’s body Panel “G” runs 16 feet deep with a feed grade of 21.5% P205 with lower MgO diluents of less than 2.79%."

Jan 1, 2016

Satisfactory means of managing growth in boom towns is a concern in mineral, energy and other large industrial developments. This session will include examinations of socioeconomic impacts, major issues such as social disruption, case studies, methods of managing growth, and concerns involving Indian lands. Innovative methods will be offered to assist the public, government, and industry in finding solutions to managing growth in rapidly growing communities.

Jan 1, 1979

By B. T. Lusk, J. J. Silva Castro

Currently, there are several methodologies to assess ground vibrations from blasting. Of all available methodologies, one that is becoming more important is the waveform superposition or signature hole technique. This technique is based on a signature waveform assigned to each hole to build the complete waveform for the whole production blast, using the convolution between the time initiation sequence and the signature hole waveform. In the basic methodology of the signature hole technique, the waveform hole-to-hole is assumed to be the same. Several studies and field tests have proven that the waveform hole-to-hole, even in ideal rock mass conditions (rock mass with little or no joint system), changes. In addition to distance or confinement, other factors that could change the waveform hole-to-hole include different geologic paths from the source to the monitoring point and a different energy output of each hole, due to hole loading, explosive composition and/or contamination, priming, etc. These factors result in varying waveforms generated for each hole, making the waveform produced by each hole a somewhat random process. There is available in the literature some proposals to include variability in the waveform hole-to-hole, but the parameters involved are complex and difficult to estimate. In this paper, the variability in the signature waveform hole-to-hole in a blast event was recorded through a field test, and a proposal to include signature waveform variability to develop an equation based on the Fourier series is presented. This methodology is the basis for a future signature hole analysis using a Monte Carlo scheme, taking into account the variation of the amplitude and the frequency content of the waveform hole-to-hole in a production blast event.

Jan 1, 2012

By George K. Mitteer

The Cowles Mountain Tunnel was driven 2,073 m (6,800 ft) with a 3.43 m (11 ft 3 in) shuffle shoe TBM, for the San Diego County Water Authority, through extremely high strength granitic rock in the City of San Diego, Ca. The initial contract was $10.9 million. Tunneling began in March 1992 and all work was completed in May 1993. After the tunnel drive was completed in September 1992, a 2.44 m (96 in) Welded Steel Pipe was installed, welded and encased with cellular backfill to complete a small portion of the County's $970 million Capital Improvement Project. This paper will discuss the successful completion of a tunnel through some of the hardest most abrasive rock ever excavated with a TBM in North America.

Jan 1, 1995

By Carl R. Peterson

The Rapidex continuous drill and blast tunneling concept utilizes a unique spiral blasting pattern that permits efficient performance with relatively small single shots, while at the same time directing major blast fragments at right angles to the tunnel axis. The concept's self-shielding geometry permits the design of a lightly shielded machine that can stay at the tunnel face firing frequent small blasts to provide rapid, virtually continuous advance. This paper describes Phase III of the development program (supported under Bureau of Mines contract H0252047) in which the "front end" of the machine?drilling loading, and shooting components, together with the shield--was fabricated and field tested underground at the White Pine Copper mine, Michigan. One of the major accomplishments of the Phase III effort was to develop a fully remote controlled loading and initiation system in which explosive slurry is pushed, through a hose into the blasthole by a small water-driven piston carrying the blasting cap. The cap is ignited via an induction coil just prior to entry into the borehole, after which a delay permits complete -withdrawal and shielding of the loading hose. The ultimate objective of the present Bureau-sponsored program is to evaluate the feasibility of mechanizing hard rock mining operations, such as development to a point where drilling, loading, shooting, and mucking can proceed simultaneously and result in increased productivity.

Jan 1, 1977

By Marco Sonnenschein

Belt conveyors for tunnelling are industry standard and key to high performance of TBM drives. Conveyors reduce traffic in the tunnel and increase safety in the tunnelling process. This paper will illustrate the state of the art of tunnel belt applications in very long and curvy tunnels like the Coxwell Bypass Tunnel Project in Toronto, Canada.

Jun 23, 2024

By Gregg W. Davidson, J. Andrew McGlenn, Frank Huber

The Second Narrows Water Supply Tunnel will ensure system reliability in the event of a major earthquake and increase the Greater Vancouver Water District’s capacity to meet the long-term needs of a growing population. The tunnel will be 1,100 m long and 6.5 m in diameter (3,610 LF × 21.3 ft), constructed under Burrard Inlet between North Vancouver and Burnaby in British Columbia. It will be excavated through mixed ground conditions under high groundwater pressure, using a slurry TBM, between a 72 m (236 ft) deep shaft in soil and a 110 m (361 ft) deep shaft in rock. The completed tunnel will accommodate three large-diameter water mains that will be installed as part of the tunnel contract. This paper presents the project from design and contractor procurement, into the current construction stage describing some of the unique challenges encountered during the project development to date.

Jun 13, 2021

By D. F. Doerr, E. Blalock, D. R. Bush, K. D. Cohen

"INTRODUCTION The design, development, fabrication, and test of cryogenic breathing apparatus is part of a much larger effort funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and managed through a Space Act Agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. This effort is designed to create cryogenically based life support equipment that is responsive to the needs of miners as required by the Miner Act of 2006. Our goal was to design and build a liquid air based self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) that lasted 2 hours and would be used for the egress of miners during a mining accident and be refillable while worn. Therefore, the current report describes tests of an Advanced Cryogenic Breathing Apparatus (termed the ACryoBA) designed to provide miners egressing an emergency situation with a two-hour open-circuit SCBA. The ACryoBA utilizes low pressure cryogenic liquid air instead of high pressure compressed air commonly used in most commercially available SCBA. The ACryoBA can also be self-filled from strategically placed Cryogenic Air Supply and Fill Stations (CryoASFS) initially, and thereafter on the egress route approximately every 1 hour and 30 minutes with a 30 minute air reserve. The ACryoBA evolved originally from a one hour Liquid Air Pack (LAP) developed in the 1980’s for Space Shuttle Rescue forces allowing for longer duration and cool air (Figure 1). It was used successfully for many years, through the end of the Space Shuttle Program. The first attempt at a mine egress pack was the Cryogenic Breathing Apparatus (Figure 2). It was to have a low profile, two hours of breathing, attitude independence, and a simple rapid refill while in use. The CryoBA met the two hour criteria, but with difficulty due to excessive heat leakage caused by the dual 4 liter Dewar design. Much of the stored air was lost as it vaporized faster than it could be used. However, the pack was successful in demonstrating both attitude independence and a simple rapid refill capability. The ACryoBA project was designed to continue the progression and address the deficiencies in the CryoBA. The ACryoBA pack was designed to last 2 hours. It minimizes the heat leakage with a single Dewar and thereby requires less liquid air. The single Dewar design also minimizes weight, making it much more manageable by the user (Figure 3). The ACryoBA complies with 42 CFR part 84 NIOSH certification test requirements. One critical requirement for the ACryoBA is operation in positions other than vertical for periods up to 1/4 (i.e. 30 minutes) of the rated service life of 2 hours; this was accomplished by use of new technology called the “attitude independent pickup” which is abbreviated “AIP.” The AIP, developed by BCS Life Support LLC (patent #8,899,226), has a tube going from the top flange down through the center of the Dewar. At the end it has a flexible bellows and a weighted end. Due to the flexible nature of the bellows, the pickup at the end is free to rotate and follow the liquid level around within +/- 90o of vertical."

Jan 1, 2016

By John S. Carman

Our industry is in trouble. Real trouble. It has never been an easy, secure business. But to-day it is engulfed in revolutionary currents. No longer can there be reliance upon the checks and balances of market forces. Supply and demand largely dictated the economics of business enterprise in simpler days. To-day politics, in particular nationalism become increasingly dominant. And as governments expand and put out tentacles of interference in the direction of the mining industry, far too little understanding is evidenced as to how that industry works. Then there is something which is relatively new -stagflation. As the prices of minerals falls, the capital investment required for new extractive facilities soars at rates which far outdistance those which are cited by governments to indicate the magnitude of inflation. To illustrate; 1) In 1971 it was calculated that $355 million would be required to bring the Cuajone property in Peru into production. Five years later that stage was reached at a cost of $680 million. 2) With the Caridad mine in Mexico, estimated capital investment doubled between 1971 and 1976. 3) The requirements calculated for Cerro Colorado in Panama have risen in two years from $560 to $800. 4) The budget of $240 million for Sar Chesmeh in Iran in 1971 had become $500 million by 1976.

Jan 1, 1977

By Harrison H. Roberts

A. We are aware that many who are in the audience have perhaps heard before some of the material which will be presented. Since our firm is more closely associated with the heavy construction industry our experience is more oriented in that direction. Notwithstanding this, the subject your program committee has asked us to present centers mainly in the earth-moving field. We find a common denominator between say, the stripping of a site to uncover an ore-body which will be developed by open-pit methods, and that of excavating & transporting materials for an embankment dam, airport or other project. Both are earth-moving problems and we offer for your consideration a means of determining the most favorable method, equipment selection and resultant cost. We do considerable studies involving rock excavation for tunnels, underground powerhouses, inclined and vertical shafts for penstocks, muck-removal, electrical cable & other related underground work. Hence, we believe we speak the same language.

Jan 1, 1972

By F. Calizaya

A booster fan is an underground ventilation device installed in the main airstream to handle the total quantity of air circulated to one or more working districts. It is installed in a permanent stopping and equipped with airlock doors, a monitoring system and interlocking devices between the main fan and the booster fan. When adequately installed, a booster fan can be used to reduce the main fan pressure, reduce leakage and decrease the power consumption. However, an inadequate installation can increase the likelihood of mine fies and recirculation of air contaminants. This study identifies hazards associated with the operation and maintenance of booster fans. It analyzes the accompanying risks and recommends control measures to reduce those risks to acceptable levels. The ventilation network of an existing coal mine was updated to include a booster fan. The hazards associated with the operation of this fan were identified, the risks analyzed and the esponse to each failure mode established.

Mar 1, 2014

By J. D. Noll, J. A. Organiscak, A. B. Cecala

Over the past decade, a substantial effort has been made to improve the air quality inside enclosed cabs of both underground and surface mobile mining equipment to reduce respirable dust exposures by the equipment operators. As part of this effort, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH) completed a comprehensive laboratory study that determined the significant factors for cab filtration and pressurization systems. From this information, a major underground mining equipment manufacturer designed a filtration and pressurization system that was incorporated into the enclosed cabs of its equipment. A long-term evaluation was performed on the effectiveness of this filtration and pressurization system to improve the air quality in the enclosed cabs of two different pieces of equipment, a face drill and a roof-bolter machine, at an underground limestone mine. This long-term evaluation demonstrated a significant reduction in dust levels between outside-to-inside cab respirable dust concentrations. During this evaluation, a modification to remove one of the filters on the roof-bolter machine simplified the design without sacrificing the system’s efficiency. Tests using particle count instruments performed during nonproduction time periods on both pieces of equipment indicated protection factors greater than 100 when comparing respirable-sized dust particles inside the enclosed cab relative to outside.

Jan 1, 2012

By C. N. Logan

The Southern Company is one of the nation's largest electric utilities and is the parent firm of five operating companies: Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Gulf Power, Mississippi Power and Savannah Electric and Power. Another subsidiary is Southern Company Services (SCS) which provides engineering and technical sup-port to the five operating companies. This technical support includes the procurement and supply of over 40.9 Mt (45 million st) of coal annually for the 22 coal fired plants in the system. Approximately 80 percent of this tonnage is purchased under long term contracts and the remaining 20 percent is purchased on the spot market. The coal is principally supplied from Alabama, Illinois Basin and the eastern Appalachian coal fields. Most of the coal is delivered by unit train and barge but one plant in Alabama receives all its coal by truck and conveyor belt.

Jan 1, 1990

By Bruce Bryant

Silver ore was discovered at Aspen in 1879, but the district did not reach full production until 1888 after lawsuits were settled and railroads furnished less expensive transportation to the outside world. The boom years were 1888-92; production declined thereafter. From the middle 1920's until 1950, the Midnight mine in the Richmond Hill district furnished most of the output in the Aspen quadrangle. Since 1950, little mining has been done at Aspen. The metals produced were silver, lead and zinc. Native silver dissolved from the sulfide ores was redeposited by waters circulating as deep as 300 m below the land surface, resulting in great secondary enrichment of many of the deposits. Over 100 million ounces of silver were produced in the Aspen quadrangle. Low-grade lead-zinc deposits remain between the old workings locally, and data available suggest that primary ore below levels mined is also of low grade. The ore occurs in the Mississippian Leadville Limestone and the lower part of the Pennsylvanian Belden Formation in sites that were made favorable for deposition by a number of stratigraphic and structural factors.

Jan 1, 1982

By Christopher Nelsen, Daniel Dobbels, R. Zachary Hollenbeck

Recent major floods have inundated Historic Ellicott City, Maryland, resulting in loss of life and property damage. Howard County, Maryland, has developed the Ellicott City Safe and Sound Plan to mitigate the risk of flash flooding in the Historic District, including a proposed stormwater conveyance tunnel. Challenges to overcome include thick zones of saprolite along the alignment, multiple near-surface structures, and minimal rock cover under an active railroad, while minimizing impacts to the public and historic structures. The project will also pursue recognition through the ISI Envision verification process.

Dec 1, 2022