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By K. Nielsen

The paper presents a brief overview of the mineral industry in Norway, followed by a description of the mineral policy and relevant legislation including the roles of the Norwegian Directorate of Mining and Geological Survey of Norway in this context. The discussion then proceeds to describe the land use planning framework on a national, regional and local level, the interaction between land use planning and the Directorate of Mining and the Geological Survey respectively, and how this impacts on the mineral industry and the exploitation of mineral resources. Some recent Norwegian examples of land use planning conflicts are also presented.

Jan 1, 2005

By D. S. Flett

Abstract. The commercial importance of hydroxyoximes as extractants for copper has given impetus to basic studies on the chemistry of metal extraction by these compounds. The discovery of accelerator compounds which produce catalytic effects on hydroxyoxime extraction rates has led to mechanistic studies of these rate processes. While these studies have highlighted the importance of interfacial chemical reactions in the extraction process, it is not yet possible to unambiguously describe the mechanisms of metal extraction in these systems or the associated catalytic effects. This paper reviews progress in understanding the mechanism of metal extraction by hydroxyoximes.

Jan 1, 1979

By V. A. Evans, D. L. Hellier

Introduction Preparing a report on fluorspar economics in the US could have been somewhat complicated at one time. This was because the number of producers, both large and small, derived production from different locations through-out the western US and the southern Illinois and western Kentucky fluorspar districts. Companies, such as Allied Chemical and Williamson Mining, operated in the Jamestown district of Colorado. In Walden and Salida, CO, the Colorado Fluorspar Co. operated mines and mills. In New Mexico, both Du Pont and Allied had mines and mills. In the Illinois-Kentucky district, US Steel, Rosiclare Lead and Fluorspar, Minerva Oil Co., and Marathon Oil all produced spar for the US market. Now all of the companies are out of the fluorspar business and, with the closing of the Seaforth Mineral Co.'s Inverness Mining Co., only Ozark-Mahoning Co. survives as a domestic producer. History Ozark-Mahoning Co., as it now exists, was formed in 1946 by the merger of Ozark Chemical Co. and Mahoning Mining Co. Ozark Chemical Co. was started in the 1920s to produce sulfuric acid for two refineries located in Tulsa, OK. Mahoning Mining was originally formed by the founders of Ozark Chemical Co. and the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. to produce fluorspar and associated minerals from properties in the southern Illinois and western Kentucky fluorspar district. In 1937, Mahoning Mining started an exploration program, employing contractor-operated churn drills to look for reserves in Hardin and Pope Counties in southern Illinois. Based on known reserves in the area and the results of the exploration program, work was started in the fall of 1938 to build a selective flotation plant at Rosiclare, IL. The mill was completed and put into operation in August of 1939. The company's first mining efforts were in the Cave-In-Rock district just north of Cave-In-Rock, IL. The deposits in this area were of the Manto or bedded type. They have been the mainstay of the company's operations in the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district. In 1950-51, the company expanded its operations by purchasing fluorspar properties from Colorado Fluorspar Co. at Walden, CO. This location was operated from 1952 through 1958 and from 1968 through 1973 when it was closed permanently. In 1974, Ozark-Mahoning Co. was purchased by Pennwalt Corp. Presently, it is a wholly-owned subsidiary of that corporation. As the only major domestic producer of fluorspar in the US today, the company's ability to survive under the flood of imported material is directly related to the four major segments of its operations. These are: exploration, mining productivity, maintenance, and marketing. All are done in-house. Exploration The Southern Illinois fluorspar district is located in the most complexly faulted area of the central US. The formations are sedimentary in nature and range in age from Devonian through Pennsylvanian. The deposits are small, they range in size from a few thousand tons up to 900 kt (1 million st), with the average minable deposit being around 544 kt (600,000 st). The ore occurs in both nearly vertical vein deposits and in Manto or flat lying bedded deposits. Due to the relatively small size of the deposits and the depth at which they occur, a good low-cost exploration program is essential to ensure that new finds of ore are equal to the mining extraction rate. Ozark maintains a leased land position in Pope and Hardin Counties that will fluctuate somewhere between a low of 40 km2 (10,000 acres) up to a high of 129 km2 (32,000 acres), depending on total size of tracts leased. Most all lands are obtained through a standard lease purchase option, with a small minimum royalty per acre during the normal 10-year option period. All leases are standard and without deviation to control land cost. All land leasing is done through Ozark's geological staff, who also

Jan 11, 1986

By Jr. Wilkinson

In today's work environment a tremendous amount of data is required to provide the regulatory agencies justification to issue a mining permit. The demands for data, specifically environmental characterization data, grow and the mine plans must address the issues raised by the interpretation of that data. Computers and computer software can provide operators and consultants with the tools necessary to assimilate, digest and interpret these seemingly unmanageable data sets. This paper presents some examples of how Mincom's MineScape software can be applied to the task of developing coal mine permits in an electronic format.

Jan 1, 1996

By C. RAMADINI, F. NURJAMAN, A. SHOFI, B. SUHARNO

Nickel demand is increasing along with the rising need for stainless steel and other alloy steel/iron. The small addition of nickel in such materials can improve impact strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. Nickel is generally obtained from nickel sulfide ores (nickel associated with sulfur) and nickel laterite ores (nickel associated with iron and magnesium silicate). Almost 60 percent of nickel is now produced from sulfide ores, despite its existence in sulfide ores being less than in laterite ores. However, the depletion of sulfide ore reserves makes the mastery of nickel laterite ore processing of important and immediate concern. Selective reduction followed by magnetic separation has been in development in lateritic nickel ore processing to overcome the issues of high energy consumption and pollution associated with conventional pyrometallurgy methods such as blast furnace and rotary kiln electric arc furnace (RKEF).

By WILLIAM M. CROSS, ALBERT ROMKES, BERNARDO MORENO BAQUEIRO SANSAO, Jon J. Kellar

In this research study, the interaction of particles with substrates of different roughness magnitude was investigated. Particle surface treatment, relative humidity (RH), and surface roughness levels were controlled in order to achieve separation of different particles by applying removal forces. Three different approaches to reproducibly roughen surfaces were used. Initially, glass disks were laser engraved to create a reproducible, controlled roughness substrate. However, the laser engraving method produced surface features that were much greater in scale than the particles. These scale differences were such that the substrates produced were not of value to this research. The second option investigated to induce reproducible substrate roughness was to scratch the glass disk using sandpapers of known grain size. A third approach to establish reproducible roughness was to use fine stainless-steel wire mesh substrates. In tests with sanded glass disks, the interfacial energy of plasma-cleaned (hydrophilic) glass beads had a high variation at 40% RH, showing non-uniformity of area of contact between particles and substrates. As the RH increased, it was expected that the interfacial energy of hydrophilic particles would increase, but this behavior was not observed. In addition, comparing the interfacial energy results of hydrophilic particles with hydrophobic particles, a region with significant interfacial energy difference was not identified. In the case of the stainless-steel mesh substrate, the mesh asperities and particle dimensions were comparable. Thus, the smaller particles had more area of contact with the substrate than the larger particles. For the plasma-cleaned (hydrophilic) beads, the recovery values had an average of 92.5% recovery when the RH was between 46 and 85%. For the hydrophobic beads, the average recovery was 19.0% when the RH was between 46 and 75%. Thus, the hydrophobic characteristic of the particle influenced its lower interaction with the mesh substrate. The difference in recovery can be exploited to achieve separation of particles based upon adhesive forces.

Nov 30, 2021

By Henry R. Tiedemann, Eugene H. Skinner, George E. Wickham

Improving the state-of-the-art of tunneling is a continuing challenge to those involved in underground construction. New methods and procedures are usually evolved over a relatively long period of time as compared to advancements in other types of construction. To a large extent this is probably due to the fact that tunneling deals with a material or medium - the rock structure - whose physical properties are not only extremely varied, but in many instances virtually unknown until time of penetration. This hovering of the unknown tends to make "non believers" of many and at best leads to a general reluctancy of accepting new ideas or procedures. The situation is further complicated by: 1) discrepancies in terminology and respective meanings as used by different disciplines to describe, define or evaluate pertinent factors and their relative effect on the tunneling process and 2) the fact that no two tunneling situations are identical with respect to either geological conditions or construction and contractual requirements. In spite of the above there have been many successfully completed tunnels which make it apparent that both the technical and practical expertise needed to develop or project improvements is available within the industry. It is with this in mind that the RSR concept was developed. BACKGROUND This paper presents the findings and results obtained from contin-

Jan 1, 1974

By Emily Adelsohn, Robert Winn, Anthony Iannacchione

"Over 600 longwall panels have been mined in Pennsylvania in the last 50 years. Of those 600 panels, 25 panels undermined interstate highways. Despite this quantity of panels, much is still unknown regarding the detailed effects of undermining highways. The Gateway Mine, the Emerald Mine, and the Cumberland Mine undermined I-79 with 17 panels between 1982–1989 and 2003–2008, respectively; mine Eighty-Four undermined I-70 with 4 panels between 1987–2000.Through the examination of the panels that undermined I-70 and I-79, it is possible to determine which factors have most impacted the highway alignments. In some locations, the highway intersects with panels at angles ranging from 45 to 80 degrees, and at others, it runs between two panels, which simulates the effect of gateroads on the subsidence. The panels width to overburden ratio varies between 0.64 and 1.7, meaning that the interstates were influenced by both subcritical and supercritical subsidence basins. The face advance rates and overburden depths also vary between the panels.Unfortunately, specific information detailing highway impacts associated with unique characteristics of the subsidence basins are limited. However, using the profile function model and influence function model within the Surface Deformation Prediction System (SDPS), the effects of overburden, panel size, and orientation of the road to highway can be indirectly assessed by profile and influence models of subsidence basin formation.INTRODUCTIONCoal mining has been an integral part of Pennsylvania’s history. Room-and-pillar mines have been active since the late-1700s when coal was extracted from outcrops. By 1830, the city of Pittsburgh alone consumed more than 400 tons of bituminous coal each day for domestic and industrial use (PADEP, 2019). In the late 1960s, the face of mining in Pennsylvania changed with the development of full extraction longwall mines. Since that development, over 600 longwall panels have been mined in the Pittsburgh Coalbed in Pennsylvania alone (PADEP, 2019).As longwall mining and other forms of full extraction mining have increased in popularity, the amount of planned subsidence impacting the surface has also increased. The stresses and strains induced by longwall subsidence can cause damage to the surface as well any structures, water supplies, or water bodies that lie above the panel. Since the behavior of soils and structures vary, one way to study the surface effects of longwall mining is to analyze the impact on flat, rigid, pavement surfaces. Examining factors that vary the impact of subsidence with respect to highway alignment can demonstrate the favorable orientation of an alignment to avoid or mitigate damage and critical impact zones in a subsidence basin."

Jan 1, 2019

By W. Porter Place

The Trolleyphone was the first successful application of carrier current techniques to a DC power distribution system to provide voice communication between fixed points and moving locomotives and traveling cranes, This was a significant breakthrough because this not only in itself provided a useful new tool for industry, but the knowledge gained in the transmission of voice communication is paving the way for many other things, chiefly, remote control and indication systems which promise to have a far reaching effect during the upcoming age of automation. Once it has been established that we can communicate between men who operate machines, the next step will be to operate the machines themselves.

Jan 1, 1958

By D. J. Kennedy, A. W. Stokes, W. G. Klinowski

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) has become an accepted standard in the field of mine ventilation tracer gas studies. It has a wide variety of uses for defining mine ventilation flows that cannot be adequately described using conventional instruments such as anemometers and smoke tubes. The Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory (CBCRL), Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, has been using SF for the past 4 years and has developed numerous release and sampling systems to increase its versatility. The CBCRL has also completed a successful field trial of an automated rapid sequential SF6 analyzer (which gives a pseudo real-time readout) that can be used underground. In doing this work, the authors recognised the potential of being able to use more than one tracer gas simultaneously in an underground study. Two alternative tracer gases (Freon-13B1 and Freon-12) have already been used by CBCRL in some of their underground work. These gases can be measured by gas chromatography utilising an electron capture detector in a similar manner to SF6. A description of these gases, the methods for 6' their handling, release and sampling are given in this paper together with a brief outline of the analytical system used to measure them. Their suitability to mining applications is compared with SF6. A study in which these three gases were used together is discussed and the results and conclusions given. Some of the additional uses for multiple tracer gases to assist the mine ventilation engineer in resolving problems and improving his day-to-day monitoring are discussed. Finally, a brief analysis of developments which can be expected in the near future is outlined.

Jan 1, 1987

By H. S. Ten Eyck

The major underlying threat to man's successful survival and happy existence on this planet is our own prolification. This poses an even greater threat to the future of civilization than continued wars and even "The Bomb" itself. Just the predictions of the world's population trend are awesome and demand our serious thought. This trend has been given the now well-known term, "The Population Explosion" - and this is literally what is taking place throughout most of the countries around the globe. Today, the world's resources support approximately 3.3 billion people. Based on the present world population growth rate of 2.1 percent, there will be another 65, million just one year from today. Such an increase in one year means that the world will add a greater population than that of Mexico and Canada combined. Projecting at this remarkable, but unchecked, growth rate, 6.7 billion people will be competing for survival by the end of this century.

Jan 1, 1966

By C. Heckman, M. S. Moats, A. Luyima, W. Cui

"Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanodynamic and chronopotentiometric techniques were used to characterize the effects of DXG-F7®, a commercial smoothing agent, on copper electrodeposition onto 316L stainless steel from a synthetic electrolyte containing 40 g/L copper (Cu2+), 160 g/L sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 20 mg/L chloride (Cl-) at 40oC. The findings were compared against results using HydroStar® 4208, a modified polysaccharide. The nucleation overpotential and plating potential observed in cyclic voltammetry and galvanodynamic testing showed that neither DXG-F7 nor HydroStar significantly polarized acidic copper electrodeposition. Subtle differences between the additives were found during EIS testing and modeling, but more research will be needed to fully understand these differences. Surface-roughness measurements of two-hour deposits indicate that DXG-F7 and HydroStar produced smoother deposits as their concentrations in the electrolyte increased. No difference in the surface roughness of deposits was detected between the additives. Based on the experimental evidence resulting from the laboratory testing, no significant difference was found between DXG-F7 and HydroStar at 20 mg/L Cl- concentration, with the exception that DXG-F7 dissolves more easily in water than HydroStar. Introduction Cathode deposits obtained from acidified copper sulfate electrolyte(s) without organic additives are often soft, coarsely crystalline and nodular (Sun and O’Keefe, 1992). Therefore, small amounts of organic additives are added to the electrolyte to produce level and dense cathodes during copper electrowinning. The action of organic additives is thought to be due to their adsorption on the surfaces of the newly formed copper grains. Hence, any copper grain that grows excessively fast adsorbs a layer of organic additive, which inhibits growth. The result is a smoother and harder deposit of suitable purity (Sun and O’Keefe, 1992). In part I of our four-part series on the examining of copper electrowinning smoothing agents, a review of previously published work on organic additives used during copper electrowinning was presented (Moats, Luyima and Cui, 2016). In the review, it was noted that many tankhouses had switched from guar to other saccharide-based products such as HydroStar and DXG-F7."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. T. Ityokumbul

The liquid phase mixing in Western Research Centre (WRC) pilot plant flotation column with diameter of 0.76 m has been characterized using a salt tracer. The process variables studied were gas and liquid flow rates. The response of the column to a tracer pulse input was monitored at three axial and two radial locations. For all the experimental conditions investigated in the present study, radial and axial concentration gradients were not observed. It is thus concluded that the 2 tph flotation column is behaving as a well mixed tank. This finding is consistent with the observed poor recoveries of coarse fractions in the column flotation circuit. Based on the findings of this report, it is recommended that several schemes of reducing the backmixing be implemented and evaluated for their effectiveness in improving the column recoveries.

Jan 1, 1994

By H. Yen, D. E. Walsh, H. K. Lin

"Comminution circuits are widely used in nonferrous and precious metals milling. Steel crushers, grinding mills and grinding media are typically used in comminution circuits. Comminution circuit wear products, in the form of metallic iron (steel) fines, are unavoidably produced and report to undersize products in the classification circuit, i.e., flotation or leach feed, while tramp grinding steel (TGS) reports to classification oversize products and returns to the grinding mill, building up in the circulating load. In laboratory studies, TGS reduced grinding efficiency significantly, the impact being dependent upon the size of the TGS present in the mill. Because iron fines adsorb flotation reagents effectively, iron fines increase reagent consumption and reduce flotation recovery. Iron fines are also capable of reducing gold recovery in cyanidation circuits via a cementation reaction. When using filtered gold solution from the cyanidation circuit of an Alaskan gold mine, the gold concentration in solution was reduced by 0.2 to 2.6% over various reaction periods when iron fines were present in the solution.IntroductionComminution circuits are widely used in copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum and precious metal mills. Flotation and leaching processes are usually preceded by comminution (crushing and grinding) circuits in order to liberate valuable minerals for effective separation, concentration or dissolution by the subsequent flotation or leaching processes.Steel crushers, grinding mills and grinding media are typically used in comminution circuits. Comminution circuit wear products, in the form of metallic iron (steel) powder, are unavoidably produced and report to undersize products in the classification circuit (flotation or leach feed), while tramp grinding steel (TGS) reports to oversize productions during classification and returns to the grinding mill, building up in the circulating load. Variables affecting the amount of metallic iron powder and TGS produced in a comminution circuit include ore hardness, grinding mill operating conditions, comminution circuit design and the metallurgy of the steel used for manufacturing crusher liners, mill liners and grinding media. As one example, a comminution circuit product of 80% passing 200 mesh at the Pogo Mine, AK is estimated to contain approximately 2 kg/t of metallic iron. A finer grind will generally produce a comminution circuit product with higher metallic iron fines content."

Jan 1, 2015

By Liu Cheng-si

The number of control plans for placing control devices in a ventilation network is surprisingly large, but the research result indicates that not all control plans are feasible. The feasibility of a ventilation network control plan depends on two factors. One is the influence of the network structure. The structure must contain one independent variable-flow airway in a non-controlled loop. Otherwise, the control plan is unfeasible. The other is the combination of the air resistance, quantity, pressure and other parameters. Under some conditions, the selected values of these parameters may result in an unfeasible plan. As to the influence of the network structure, when the network structure is simple, the feasibility of a control plan can be judged directly. However, for the influence of the parameters, the feasibility of a control plan must be examined through calculation. The control position has been extended into the natural-splitting subnetwork from the conventional constant-flow subnetwork. This technique is theoretically significant. The extension of control positions results in a great increment in control plans and variation in parameters. At present, the calculation methods of the ventilation network control plans are all available. They are quite useful in selecting desirable plans. However, among the plans found, some are impractical or even unfeasible. If the unfeasible ones can be eliminated at first, much time can be saved in design and calculation. This also facilitates management and decision making.

Jan 1, 1991

By Alvin Kaufman

Malthus, an eighteenth century economist, predicted a rather dismal future for the world. It was his contention food supplies would not be sufficient for the population of the world because the economy of a nation grew arithmetically while population increased geometrically. As a consequence, within a relatively few years mass famine would spread throughout the world. This prophecy, based on an agrarian economic situation, did not come true at least insofar as the Western World was concerned. In largo measure, the salvation of our part of the earth resulted from the growth engendered by the Industrial Revolution. Throughout much of today's world, however, the Malthusian theory seems to be coming true. The advantages and benefits of the Industrial Revolution have net reached all nations. Further, the situation has been compounded by the benefits of modern medicine. This has reduced child mortality and extended life expectancy, but placed no limitations on births in the developed countries, child mortality has declined to 2 percent and adult life expectancy has doubled, but education and general prosperity have resulted in voluntary limitations on pregnancies thus partly offsetting the increased chance of survivals Even so, the present rate of population increase in Europe is approximately 6 percent per decade, and somewhat higher in the U.S., Japan, and other developed countries. The world as a whole, however, is expected to double its population by the year 2000, This would imply a rate of increase in the less developed countries approximately four times that in Europe.

Jan 1, 1966

By Jozef S. Stachulak

INTRODUCTION Conveyor belt fires represent a serious hazard in underground mines. This fact is well understood in most mining countries. The statistical data for Ontario mines (1) indicates that the majority of the conveyor fires occurred at the head pulley of the conveyor belt. The main emphasis for fire prevention and detection should then be concentrated at the drive pulley of the conveyor designed to transport non-combustible material. In the case of conveyor belt fires, it is of utmost importance to detect the hazard at an early stage, when the overheating has not yet reached the ignition point. Thermal noise detection sensors were installed in 1987 at several conveyor sites at Inco mines. PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION THERMAL DEGRADATION OF CONVEYOR BELT Various investigations on conveyor belt fire hazards have been made in the past (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Several belt samples (6, 7) were subjected to thermal oxidative degradation. The belts used in these tests were neoprene, polyvinyl chloride and styrene-butadiene rubber (6). About 70 different compounds were identified in the volatile thermooxidative products. As expected, hydrogen chloride was the major toxic product formed, accompanied by relatively low quantities of other toxic compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, benzene, chloroprene, cresols, chloroethanol, formic acid and C8 hydrocarbons. The research investigation (8) performed by the USBM indicated that "smoldering combustibles generate a very low level of CO compared to the level of smoke produced". The cited publication (8), states that, "During smoldering combustion, typical mine combustibles produce about 2.5 times more smoke than CO. As fires develop to their flaming stages, the trend reverses and about eight times as much CO is produced as smoke." The reader is referred to several significant sources of additional information pertaining to emission products that can be found in references (8), (9), and (10). ANALYSIS OF FIRE HAZARDS U.S.A. AND ENGLAND Nearly 15 percent of all underground coal mine fires in the United States involved ignition of conveyor belts (7). In many cases, the fires propagated through thousands of feet of belt entry and created losses in the millions of dollars. Some of these fires consisted of rubber belts. Some involved polyvinyl chloride and neoprene belts that were classified "fire resistant". Typically, a belt fire begins after the conveyor is stopped. The fire is initiated by burning coal dust and grease accumulation around defective rollers or belt drives that have become heated by friction (7). An analysis of 113 conveyor fires (11) showed that 41 originated at the driving pulleys, 32 at the defective rollers, and 40 elsewhere on the conveyor system. The severity of the fire, which can spread along a conveyor road, has been emphasized by the disaster at Creswell Colliery, Derbyshire, on September 26, 1950, when 80 men were overcome and killed by toxic fumes from the fire (12). The fire started from smoldering caused by friction, and developed into a flaming combustion, propagating along the roadway containing the rubber belt at an estimated speed of 40.2 m/s (90 mph), and travelling a total of 650 m (2100 ft) THE INFLAMMATION OF CONVEYOR BELTS THE MECHANISM OF IGNITION Defective operation of a conveyor belt may start a fire in several ways: - Friction of the belt on the drive pulley. - Jamming of a guide roller, and others.

Jan 1, 1991

By I. J. Duckworth

Due to improved, stringent safety regulations, many modern road tunnels are statistically safer, per kilometer, than above ground roadways. However, the public perception and reaction in the event of a serious tunnel fire is very different to that associated with a surface incident. Vehicle fires in road and rail tunnels are recognized to represent an immediate and extreme danger to the patrons of those systems. Unlike workers in the mining and civil construction industries, the general public are neither trained nor equipped to fight fires or evacuate under deteriorating smoke conditions. Accordingly, for the majority of modern transportation tunnels the ventilation infrastructure is sized on the requirement to control the combustion products from worst-case fire scenarios and to provide a tenable evacuation route for the tunnel users. It is common for these same emergency ventilation systems to be employed, often in a reduced capacity, for other operating modes such as the dilution of pollutants during congested traffic conditions. This is one of the fundamental differences to mine ventilation, where primary ventilation systems are not typically sized based on fire scenarios. This paper presents an overview of the subject of fires in vehicular tunnels. This includes a brief history of major transportation tunnel fires followed by a discussion on the resulting legislation and standards that govern the design and operation of tunnel emergency ventilation systems. A summary is provided on the common criteria, theory, and design techniques that are employed during tunnel emergency ventilation systems design. Information is provided on fire detection and suppression, with a discussion on the growing acceptance of wet suppression as a means to mitigate major fires in road tunnels worldwide.

Jan 1, 2009

By J. B. Moritz

From the beginning, man has concerned himself with the task of controlling the elements and forces about him so as to provide a better and easier life. In the accomplishment of this task, he is required to utilize in the best way possible the resources which are available to him. In many cases, the available resources must bee refined before they are in a useable form. Many products in the mining industry fall into this category, as some form of refinement is generally needed to produce a saleable product. Over the years man developed more efficient ways of extracting the resources from earth through the use of electrical and mechanical devices. A reduction in manual labor, which is a by-product of increased efficiency through machines, has also been enjoyed. The combination of man's senses and new devices has also enabled man to reach a high level of control in the refinement process. Control of a process through machinery and man's senses has been termed an "art." Until recently man's senses (sight, feel) were the only method available for making measurements simply because suitable measurement devices (instruments) were not available. Even today some items cannot be measured and man's senses must be used. However, the development in our instrument laboratories tends to indicate that time will eliminate this. In recent years, control of many processes has been reduced to a science and part or all of the art eliminated. This does not imply that process art should be degraded; however, when a process is reduced to a science, uniformity of the product from day to day is attained. Decreased processing time and more efficient use of additives and raw materials are other benefits that result from control of a process when it is reduced to a science.

Jan 1, 1965

By Brendan Demich, Brendan Macdonald, Timothy J. Orr, Jonathan K. Hrica, CASSANDRA L. HOEBBEL, Jason Navoyski, Jennica L. Bellanca

The paper describes the process of collecting detailed accounts of near-miss incidents and turning them into impactful visual stories using graphic simulation. The aim is to create high-quality training materials to reduce haul-truck-related accidents and fatalities in mining.

Sep 1, 2023