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By Tom Learmont

The importance of coal in solving our energy problems has been widely discussed; the world demand for food requires increased fertilizer production and the minerals to produce fertilizer must be mined. We have seen an explosive increase in the demand for large stripping equipment. It is appropriate that we review this equipment and determine what can be done to improve productivity. While we have used coal mining as an example in the study, much of the discussion will apply equally to other forms of stripping.

Jan 1, 1975

By I. Longson

Maintaining control over underground environmental conditions in the United Kingdom is increasingly dependent on the contribution of underground booster fans. Given the recent trends of higher rates of production from a fewer number of coal faces with higher levels of mechanization and higher power consumption, the effect has been to place a greater load on the mine ventilation system. This has increased the scale of potential problems that may arise should any of the main ventilation control devices not perform at the required full duty. This is particularly true for underground booster fans. Major changes occur in the main ventilation parameters on the stoppage or restart of a booster fan which results in a temporary loss of environmental control. This paper analyzes the impact of such events and details a mathematical model thar has been developed for a single-mesh circuit containing a main and a booster fan. Predictions based on this simple model are presented and discussed with particular reference to the energy changes occurring within the ventilation system immediately following a booster fan stop or restart

Jan 1, 1995

By S. C. Suboleski

In a high risk venture such as mining where capital is committed and contracts are signed on the minimum of information, decisions are based primarily on production forecasts derived through consideration of such factors as management-labor relations, mining practice, variations in physical conditions and the equipment applied. Among these factors, the physical conditions offer the least opportunity for control and, due to the wide range of mining conditions that may be experienced, little effort has been made to develop objective methods for measuring their effects on mine out- put. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a method for assessing these relationships that can be applied under a wide range of conditions both in new mines and in working sections where there is a need to determine the impact of proposed operational modifications. psing empirical data from active underground mines, a mathematical model was developed to derive a set of regression equations for predicting production as a function of mining conditions

Jan 1, 1980

By J. Baz-Dresch

A custom-designed shotcrete system, consisting of an 8-m3 (10-cu-yd) transit mixer and a shotcrete spray boon carrier, is used by a two-man crew to transport and place up to 25 m3 (32 cu-yd) of steel fiber reinforced, dry, silica fume shotcrete per 11-hour shift. Shotcrete is custom blended by a local supplier and delivered predampened. Mix design and quality control are performed with a computer program that develops and graphs a properly balanced mix based upon the materials sieve analyses.

Jan 1, 1992

By Jakub Nalaskowski, Vamsi K. Paruchuri, Marcin Niewiadomski, Jan D. Miller

Spherical oxide particles can be used as mineral fillers, paint pigments, polishing materials and catalysts. They can be prepared using various techniques involving precipitation and spray drying. Melting of particles in a high-temperature flame is a simple technique which produces particles with a high degree of sphericity and high smoothness from non-spherical feed material. In current research the preparation of alumina particles by melting the feed material in a hydrogen- oxygen flame is described. The spherical particles obtained were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray difiaction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrokinetic measurements. The particles pre- pared exhibit a high degree of sphericity and a low level of roughness. The chemical composition of the material after preparation is unchanged, however the crystallographic structure is different. It is suggested that alumina changes from pure a-alumina to a mixture of different transitional forms. Changes in the electrokinetic behavior were also observed for alumina which can be attributed to the strong dehydration of the oxide surface and/or change in the crystallographic structure. Also, the possible accommodation of trace amount of impurities in the surface zone during melting cannot be ignored.

Jan 1, 2003

By Carl D. Wood

Traditionally, when one considers the optimization of a flotation circuit, the scope of work focuses on a review of unit process equipment. This usually includes topics such as grinding ball typed, grind size, classifier efficiency, mill liner design, chemical reagent addition rates, alternative chemical reagents, on-line process analysis, and automated control strategy. However, since very few companies can afford the capital expenditure needed to completely automate the processes, the flotation operator remains as a critical link in optimization of the circuit. Therefore, upgrading of operator skills and knowledge through training must be considered as equally as important as unit process review. This paper will review some concepts and approaches to innovative operator training. INTRODUCTION Consider for a moment the fantastic changes that have occurred in process automation at many flotation plants during the last several years. Flowmeters, density gages, and on-stream analyzers now routinely measure process conditions and effect control strategy. These functions had until recently been entrusted to human flotation operators. Now with a little stretching of the imagination it is possible to envision a plant where very little human intervention would be required. However, when one begins to calculate the capital cost required to fully install automatic equipment, it quickly becomes apparent that many parts of flotation plants will continue to require skilled, knowledgeable operators to ensure successful operation. Additionally as these automatic systems are put into place, the operator's duties become increasingly complex. Therefore no flotation plant can be considered optimized without upgrading each operator's skill and knowledge to match the technology utilized. BACKGROUND At Henderson, one of the hardest steps towards the optimization of operators was to realize that present level of operator skill and knowledge was not sufficient. Since Henderson had a track record of producing the highest quality molybdenum concentrate in the world, it was difficult to accept the idea that change was needed, or even possible. This realization came about as Henderson began a program to modernize the cleaner plant circuit. Henderson utilizes a complex cleaner flotation circuit involving multiple stages of flotation, with a counter- current routing of flotation tailings. Since start-up in 1976 Henderson had relied upon next-day laboratory analysis techniques, that provided an after the fact measurement of process. Hour to hour process control was implemented by the operator, the basis for the operators' control decisions was primarily the individual operator's experience and "feel'. Bench marking of current flotation technology indicated that on-stream analysis was a proven state-of-the-art method for improving process control. An Outokumpu Courier 30 analyzer was purchased and installed to provide real-time analysis of critical cleaner plant flows. The analyzer quickly began to provide valuable assay information, allowing the metallurgists to develop specific target values for important flotation variables. However due to the complexity of the circuit, the analyzer information showed that a problem was usually caused when several targeted parameters went out of range simultaneously. This made it difficult for the operator to determine just where to implement the proper corrective action. It became apparent that to take full advantage of the new analyzer information each operator would have to become proficient at understanding the material balance of the entire circuit. TRAINING PLAN CONCEPTS With the goal of giving each operator a working knowledge of a circuit material balance the following concepts were applied to develop a training plan: - Most operators were high school graduates, but had fairly weak mathematical skills, and had very little experience at metallurgical calculations. - The training would have to address a wide range of topics from basic fundamentals to complex material balance. The basic sequence decided upon, was to present a fundamental topic to the entire group, break into small groups to work a “hands on'”case study example of that topic, and design the case study results so that they could be combined to highlight a major portion of the material balance concept.

Jan 1, 1993

By F. H. Deily

The petroleum industry has developed and utilized many aspects of rock mechanics, both in its search for petroleum and in its drilling and production operations. Geological exploration activities have been improved by knowledge of earth tectonic forces. Better understanding of seismic wave motion has contributed to a more accurate interpretation of geophysical data. Drilling activities have benefited from basic knowledge of rock strength behavior under in situ conditions. Production has been significantly increased through stimulation techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing. The ability of rock mechanics work to contribute to future petroleum activities will depend upon the development of knowledge of rock properties under greater depths and at higher pressures and temperatures.

Jan 1, 1969

By William F. Tanner

A river delivers a given load of sand, and hence of heavy minerals, into the sea into which it empties. This load is fixed by drainage basin characteristics and processes. Wave energy available for redistributing that load is fixed in an entirely different way. An equilibrium diagram of these two parameters (load versus energy) permits a tentative prediction of what will happen to the heavy minerals. The Chattahoochee River delivers a load which, over the past few thousand years, appears to have been greater than the available coastal energy could handle. As a result, much of the sand has been accumulated in various delta-margin features: barrier islands, beach ridges, and large furrowed off-shore shoals. The bulk of the trapped sand is found today in the shoals, which are attractive deposits for possible exploitation. If coastal energy levels are high enough to move the total load delivered by the river, accumulations of sand (and hence of heavy minerals) should be sought in the down-drift direction. Energy levels are rarely constant over any great length of coast. Decreases in energy may be due to widening of the shelf, convexity of, the shore, restrictions on the fetch, wave decay, or other causes. Such decreases result In deposition. Hydrodynamic mapping of coastal areas, as outlined here, should prove useful in the location of additional reserves. Part of this type of work can be done on maps, charts, and air photos.

Jan 1, 1962

By R. V. Ramani

An improved mine environment is the single most critical factor affecting the health and safety of workers engaged in underground coal winning. A very important subclassification of this wide field is mine ventilation, which essentially deals with 'mine atmospheric environmental control.' To ensure proper mine atmospheric environmental control, adequate quantities of air must flow through working sections in the mine. In recent years much attention has been paid to the fan and its prime movers, but the efficient use of the fan output in the workings has not received an equal amount of investigation. In mechanically ventilated mines friction losses in main airways often account for 70 to 90 percent of the total pressure loss sustained in the system. Also the leakage losses are a serious detriment to the efficiency of mine ventilation systems. It is not uncommon to loose 60 to 70 percent of the air between the fan and the last open cross-cuts due to leakage directly into the return Proper assessment of these losses in simulating and projecting complex ventilation systems is vital. Network analysis of ventilation systems is not new. Scott and Hinsly (1951) presented the detailed mathematical framework. Since then work has been done in adopting this technique to analog, and within the past few years, to digital computers. Development of computer programs to solve ventilation network problems has been reported in United Kingdom, Japan, U.S.S.R., South Africa, Germany, and the United States. The purpose of these programs is to serve as an experimental mine wherein analysis of proposed alternatives or ventilation planning can be tested. The great power of the computer as a planning tool lies in the ability to input empirical or Projected data into programs with predicting ability. But, however good a computer program is, unless fairly accurate input information is available accurately assessing the engineering factors of the ventilation system, the output will be suspect. Thus, to simulate and project mine ventilation systems, good estimates of leakage and friction factors are important. Yet, relatively little work has been done in the past three decades to determine these more realistically.

Jan 1, 1973

By Hubert E. Risser

At the outset of a discussion on the adaptability of Illinois coals for use in iron and steel production, it is perhaps well to define terms. ?Adaptability? as used in this context, means that a coal can be, adapted to use within a given technological and economic framework. For a coal to be adaptable, to use in the manufacture of metallurgical coke within the present technological and economic framework, it must possess, among other things, at least the following characteristics: 1. The coal must be capable of producing, alone or in combination with other coals, a coke that can meet at least a minimum standard of required performance in the present-day blast furnace. The coke must have sufficient strength, stability, hardness, and freedom from impurities to make it suitable. 2. If the coal in its raw form does not meet these requirements, it must be amenable to beneficiation or upgrading so that the requirements can be met. 3. It must be available in uniform quality and in sufficient quantities to meet the need. 4. Use of the coal must be economically attractive. If its quality is equivalent; to that of the coals with which it must compete, it must be no more expensive than they. If It is better, a premium price may perhaps be demanded. If, in any respect, it is the least bit less suitable, the cost must be lower to offset its disadvantages.

Jan 1, 1961

By Francis J. Quinn

The Natural Gas Act, of 1938, which put interstate pipelines under the jurisdiction of the Federal Power Commission, did not place a protective competitive shield around such companies - nor does any provision of the act guarantee them a profit. Natural-gas pipelines are competitive with each other and also with the coal and oil industries. Gas distributing companies must compete not only with the coal and oil industries, but also with the electric industry. Natural gas has captured markets from oil, which had taken them from coal. Oil men contend that gas prices have: been, held to an artifically low level by regulation. The electric industry is moving into the space-heating market, which pleases the coal people because the coal industry's largest customer since losing the railroads to dieselization has been the electric companies. The coal industry is attempting to monopolize the industrial and electric generating market through government intervention, and this is being done under the guise of concern for the national welfare through advocation of a "National Fuels Policy purporting to, further the cause of fuel conservation. Such a policy is contrary to American principles and would result in the individual's loss of freedom of choice and ultimately, in less reserves of preferred fuels because of diminished exploration efforts.

Jan 1, 1961

By Robert A. Jankowski, Natesa I. Jayaraman, Jay F. Colinet

The U.S. Bureau of Mines evaluated the dust control effectiveness of two-phase flow systems in a full-scale model mine using a mockup of a Joy 14CM continuous mining machine. In a two-phase flow system, air and water flow simultaneously through the nozzle. Air pressure varies from 10 to 60 psi, and water at 30 to 50 psi. Coal dust was introduced at the face, and dust concentrations were monitored at the operator locations and in the return. When compared with a conventional spray system, a symmetrical two-phase flow system reduced dust levels during the box cut by 43 pct at the operator location, and 30 pct in the face return. Dust levels, however, increased at the off-operator position during the slab cut. A directional two-phase flow system reduced dust levels at both operator locations by more than 90 pct in the box cut mode. While the use of two-phase flow systems will reduce respirable dust levels and water usage, it requires an air supply to the miner. Moreover, the ability of the two-phase flow system to redirect the dust cloud makes nozzle orientation a critical factor.

Jan 1, 1991

By H. Braun, T. Kind, K. Gloe, D. B. Dreisinger, H. Stephan, O. Heitzsch, G. A. Kordosky

Municipal garbage incineration processes with coupled wet flue gas cleaning systems generate effluents containing toxic heavy metals such as mercury, zinc, cadmium and copper. The separation of these metal ions from the obtained scrubbing solutions is possible using liquid-liquid extraction. Extraction studies has been performed both with commercial extractants Aliquat 336, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and novel chelating agents as acyl thiourea and lipophilic oxathiaaza alkanes. Advantages and disadvantages of the investigated extraction systems are discussed. The paper reports on the basic research as well as on the testing in a laboratory scale.

Jan 1, 1993

By Robert Burgess, Dale Gill, Jaco Steyn, Bill Kyslinger

"With mining, especially coal extraction, comes the necessity of supporting the roof. Since the 1950s, the primary method for roof support has been the use of roof bolts. Roof bolting is considered one of the most hazardous jobs in underground coal mining. In 2004, there were 3,405 injuries reported to the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Of those injuries, 17 percent were associated with bolting machines (593 injuries). The majority of the injuries resulted from rock falling from supported roof. However, injuries involving a part of the body being struck by, or caught between, during bolting and drilling occurred with relatively high frequency (Burgess and Steiner, 2007).Roof drilling and bolt installation is labor-intensive and repetitive. These labor-intensive and repetitive requirements can lead to cumulative trauma. Operators are expected to perform a considerable amount of lifting, carrying, bending, reaching and stretching. Back and shoulders become sore from bending and twisting to install bolts or lift and position drill steels, wrenches and bolts. Confined operator spaces also contribute to difficult and awkward working positions for the operators (Cornelius and Turin, 1998).In South Africa, the majority of the roof bolting machines used are “man-in-position” style machines (Fig. 1). This puts the operator in close proximity to where the drilling and bolting process is performed. When proper operation procedures are followed, it has been proven to be a very effective, productive and safe system. The MSHA-certified automatic temporary roof support (ATRS), canopies and dust collection system of Fletcher bolters all provide the operator with unparalleled protection. However, there are some occupational hazards inherent to the zone located next to the drilling and bolting zone. This has led some customers to request relocating the operator away from this zone. The idea being that the operators will no longer be located in the face area, greatly reducing their exposure to dust, noise, machine and geological hazards."

Mar 1, 2017

By Orville D. Mussey

During, 1956 the water used in mining iron ore in the United States amounted to about 2 billion gallons and the water used in producing iron concentrates-amounted to about 166 billion gallons. By 1980 an increase of about 65 percent is anticipated in the amount of water used for mining and beneficiating iron ore. Except for boiler-feed makeup water the quality requirements for water, for mining and beneficiating iron ores are not stringent. Adequate supplies. of water for development should be available at reasonable cost with the possible exception of some in arid regions.

Jan 1, 1961

By A. Anttila

The grinding mill is probably the most common unit operation used in mineral processing. There is, however, much which can still be done in the way of optimization. This paper discusses the results of a well controlled pilot scale test in which the performance of a tumbling mill with a conventional rubber lining equipped with lifter bars is compared to that with a smooth rubber lining of the magnetic type. The results indicate that the smooth lining is about 14 percent more effective with respect to energy consumption. By optimizing the size of the grinding media, the mill capacity can be increased in many grinding operations. In this specific case the -20 mm ball charge required 26 percent less grinding energy than one with a -30 mm ball charge. The energy savings can. in most cases, be converted to increased capacity. The wear of the grinding media is difficult to assess over a short period test but the results suggest it is somewhat less when a smooth lining is used. The wear of the linings has not been included in this study but it is generally accepted that the use of the magnetic lining reduces the lining costs dramatically. Computer simulation using the Millsoft code, developed by Mishra e.a. confirms and explains the increased effectiveness of comminution when smooth lining and smaller grinding balls are used.

Jan 1, 1998

By J. R. Patts, A. B. Cecala

"After industrial sand has been mined and processed, the finished product is typically loaded into small bags of 45 kg (100 lb) or less, large bulk bags of 454 to 1,361 kg (1,000 to 3,000 lb), or vehicles such as trucks or trains for transport to end users. As the sand is being transferred and loaded, dust can be released into the work environment, potentially exposing workers to respirable crystalline silica. A number of control technologies have been developed and utilized in an effort to reduce dust liberation during loading operations. For bulk loading into trucks or trains, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) evaluated one of these technologies, the Dust Suppression Hopper (DSH), at two industrial sand processing plants. Results from these case studies show that the DSH reduced airborne respirable dust levels by 39 to 88 percent, depending upon the product size being loaded.IntroductionInhalation of respirable crystalline silica dust can lead to the development of silicosis, a disabling and potentially fatal lung disease. Once contracted, there is no cure for silicosis, so the goal is to prevent the development of the disease by limiting exposure to respirable dust containing crystalline silica at or below the exposure limit of 50 µg/ m3 recommended by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 2002). At industrial silica sand operations, the product contains high levels of crystalline silica, so effective control technologies are needed to minimize the respirable dust exposure of workers.NIOSH, in partnership with the Industrial Minerals Association–North America, published a dust control handbook (NIOSH, 2012) focused upon control technologies for industrial- mineral mining and processing operations. One chapter in this handbook discussed technologies for controlling dust liberated during bulk loading, including telescoping loading spouts, dust collection systems for loading spouts, enclosures for load-out areas and a newer technology known as Dust Suppression Hopper (DSH)."

Jan 9, 2018

By Y. Guan

The dissolution behavior of silver and copper from silver/copper alloys in ammoniacal solutions has been investigated using a rotating disc. Oxygen was used as an oxidant. The effect of composition of alloys, concentration of lixiviants, stirring speed and temperature on the overall dissolution kinetics has been studied. Silver / copper alloys of three compositions were used in this study. The atomic percents of silver in these alloys were 76.9, 46.9 and 24.1. The results on the rate of dissolution obtained for these alloys have been compared with that of pure silver and copper under the same testing conditions. A particular emphasis has been given to the galvanic effect on the overall dissolution rates.

Jan 1, 1993

By V. Avdiyskiy

The most pressing topic raised nowadays by the world community faces environment and social consequences of the business intensification process, primarily that of mining and mineral industry, which is through the number of its activities mostly associated with pernicious impacts. World top managers are confronted with the dilemma of reconciling traditional financial framework aiming at successful business development measured by revenues, shareholder value, profit margin and incorporating Sustainable Development (SD) at all levels of decision making process, avoiding depriving future generations of the means to meet their own needs. The rapid consolidation and globalization of the industry stipulates that companies are an integral part of the world economic environment. Therefore a company?s financial performance is under the pressure of operational and environmental performance. Among them special attention is paid to the social and economic background, the relationship with regulatory institutions, and the developments for environmental protection.

Jan 1, 2003

By Steven E. Mischler, Jay F. Colinet

The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) promulgated a rule in 2014 that required numerous changes in compliance dust sampling requirements for coal mine operators. Two key parts of this rule were the lowering of the respirable coal mine dust standard from 2.0 mg/m3 to 1.5 mg/m3 and requiring operators of underground coal mines to use a continuous personal dust monitor (CPDM) for compliance sampling. The CPDM currently approved for compliance sampling is equipped with a display that provides miners with in-shift information on their respirable dust exposure. The goal was to provide an indication of a potential overexposure and empower the miner and mine operator to implement changes in controls and/or operating practices to prevent an overexposure from occurring.