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By J. R. Knudson

A major contribution to the art of blasting was made at the Cleveland- Cliffs Iron Company?s Hawkins Mine in Cashwauk, Minnesota during April of 1956. It was here that the first experiments with fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate were conducted-experiments which led to the development of the ammonium nitrate and fuel oil method of blasting which has been eagerly adopted by open pit and quarry operators throughout the United States. While this new blasting agent was a more or less natural outgrowth of the Akremite Process devised by Maumee Colleries of Terre Haute, Indiana; no one, to our knowledge, had used this particular combination of ingredients prior to this time. Certainly this was a "break-through" as far as the Lake Superior District was concerned. Akremite consists of a mechanical mixture of grained ammonium nitrate and a solid carbonaceous material packed in a plastic bag. At the time of its introduction to the Mesaba Range, Akremite sold for 10.5 cents a pound as compared to the 18 cent powder previously used in both wet and dry large hole blasting. The discovery of this agent was indeed a remarkable achievement, one that afforded a substantial reduction in blasting costs. However, Akremite proved to be only an intermediate step in the evolution of our present low cost explosives. Cleveland-Cliffs utilized prilled ammonium nitrate and fuel oil and then eliminated the mixing and packaging plant entirely by combining the two raw materials in the field at the drill hole collar or in the hole itself. Thus we have approached the ultimate in simplicity, for the blaster and his helper now manufacture their own explosives not only as they are needed but where they are needed, and at a cost of under 4 cents a pound. This two-man crew may charge and explode as much as 8 tons of ammonium nitrate in an eight-hour shift and in so doing break some 65,000 tons of ore.

Jan 1, 1959

By William A. Vogely, John E. Tilton

INTRODUCTION Mineral commodities are normally separated into three generic classes-metals, nonmetals, and energy minerals including oil and gas as well as the solid fuels. Metals, the focus of this chapter, encompass a large number of different substances. The U.S. Bureau of Mines, for in- stance, has commodity specialists following trends in over 40 metal products of importance to the country's economy and well being. Ranging from aluminum to zirconium, the metals display an incredible degree of diversity. Some such as lead are heavy, others such as magnesium are light. Some such as copper are good conductors of electricity. Others such as silicon are semiconductors. Mercury is found in liquid form, while some metals melt only when heated to extremely high temperatures. Iron and steel, aluminum, and copper are consumed in particularly large tonnages in a multitude of end uses, while many minor metals are needed in only small amounts in a few highly specialized applications. The use of some metals can be traced back into history for millennia, indeed back to the bronze and iron ages, while the commercial consumption of aluminum and other newer metals is less than a hundred years old. Some metals are extracted from large open pits, others are dug out of deep underground mines, and still others are processed from the sea. Mining and processing can be relatively uncomplicated and inexpensive, though in most instances highly sophisticated technology is necessary and the costs are high. Some metals are produced mainly as byproducts of other metals. Some are recovered in large quantities from the scrap of obsolete equipment and demolished buildings. Some are mined in only a few locations and traded worldwide, others are produced in many different countries. Some are sold by numerous firms at fluctuating prices determined on competitive commodity exchanges, others are produced by only a handful of firms and sold at stable producer-prices. This diversity makes the metals interesting, indeed fascinating, to study. Yet, it also poses problems, for each metal in its own way is unique. There is no general model or economic analysis applicable to all metals. Rather each must be considered individually, so that the analysis or model takes explicit account of its particular features. This means that a single chapter cannot begin to cover comprehensively the economics of all metals, and no attempt to do so is made here. Instead, we will concentrate on illustrating the usefulness of relatively simple economic principles, particularly those associated with supply and demand analysis, in understanding the behavior of metal markets. The next section begins by exploring the nature of metal demand. It is followed by an investigation of metal supply- from individual product production, from by- product and coproduct production, and from secondary production. The final section then illustrates the usefulness of the concepts introduced in earlier sections by using them to analyze

Jan 1, 1985

By H. R. Green

The design of slurry launders has usually been based on strictly empirical concepts. An examination of the most common procedures reveals that they do not account for many of the variables that are recognized as Significant for slurry transport. These may include flow rate, volume concentration of solids, solids specific gravity, solids size distribution particle shape, launder geometry, and roughness of the wetted surface. It was decided to develop a design procedure, which would accomplish two things: First: Take into consideration most of the known significant variables and systematize the procedure to assure consistent results. Second: Provide a rational basis for examining and utilizing operating data to refine and improve the system. To accomplish this, it was necessary to develop a basic design concept. This concept has been developed through a complex development history, and yet still appears workable and technically sound. That concept may be outlined as follows: First: The solids transport velocity is the fundamental basis for slurry launder design. Second: The stream configuration, hence the launder size, is integrated with the solids transport velocity so that the actual stream velocity exceeds the solids transport velocity. Third: The launder slope is that which will achieve the required actual stream velocity. It was originally planned to utilize a series of charts and nomographs for the design procedure. A nomograph, based on data given in Taggart's Handbook of Mineral Dressing (1), was developed to determine the solids transport velocity. The velocity thus determined was used with Manning charts to determine the launder slope .and configuration as though the fluid were water. It was planned to utilize a "slope adjustment factor" to increase the slope to compensate for the apparent viscosity of the slurry. All attempts to develop a suitable correction factor failed. This failure was principally due to the complex relationship of viscosity to the required slope. It was then decided to revise the entire approach. Specifically, the present procedure is based on the Darcy-Weisbach flow equation, which is rationally preferable to the Manning equation. The Camp (2) equation is used for the solids transport velocity. The necessity of reference to the Moody curves for the Darcy friction factor is avoided by using the Colebrook and White (3) equation. The resulting mathematics require iterative solutions for several of the unknowns.

Jan 1, 1978

By Robert Vergie

Like most of you, I would rather work on a job than talk about it. But it is fruitful to spend some time taking stock of important developments in the heavy construction field. One of the strongest recent movements affecting the industry has been the push for safety. I regret that it is a recent development. Not that builders were against safety. Too often though, it was easier to continue with dangerous old work methods than to try something new. Too often, it was easier for equipment manufacturers to build production tools with little consideration for worker safety. And too often, accidents and gruesome disasters occurred. The ultimate result of on-the-job injuries in construction and other industries was the Federal Government's Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Individual states were required either to accept OSHA or pass updated regulations at least as stringent as the Federal requirements. These new rules must be strictly obeyed -- not just because they carry civil and criminal sanctions -- but because they correct unsafe conditions and reduce hazardous acts. Though some OSHA measures have been criticized as superfluous, most of them do in fact save lives and limbs. Equally important, the tunneler who follows the new safety regulations can be fairly certain of an efficient, uninterrupted operation. Regulations do sometimes bring rewards.

Jan 1, 1974

By Stephen P. E. Redmond

A 15 km water supply tunnel is being constructed in Buenos Aires, Argentinata expand the capacity of the existing system. Two 4.3 meter diameter Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) tunneling machines operating at times from the same shaft on a congested work site and advancing through sedimentary deposits underlying this wonderful city pose interesting challenges. As of January 1999approximately 50% of the tunnel has been excavated. Combined machine production rates of 1026 m/month have been achieved. Presentations made in prior proceedings can be referenced for details of the overall Project scope and for details of the tendering process. The purpose of this paper is to compliment those presentations by addressing now the execution of the work.

Jan 1, 1999

By N. Oswald

As coal mines age and become more developed, ventilation modeling becomes more important for the planning and continued operation of the system. Numerous studies have been performed and presented that address the collection of data and measurement of airway friction factor and resistance per unit length values. However, a quantitative analysis of the resistance for stoppings in coal mines for different construction materials and methodologies has not been adequately addressed. In order to develop an accurate/realistic ventilation model both airway resistances and stopping resistance values need to be determined. Over the course of the past two decades Mine Ventilation Services, Inc (MVS) has measured the resistance of stoppings of various construction types in mines throughout the world. An analysis of this data is presented in this paper along with a discussion of measurement methodology.

Jan 1, 2009

By Ron Robinson, Trevor Harrison

The planning, installation and commissioning of the first scheme of controlled recirculation of air flow in a section of coal mine in Great Britain is described, together with the proposals for a second installation. The work updates a previous paper (Robinson and Harrison, l986) on the subject. The special problems of ventilating the increasingly distant faces of the undersea mines in the North East Area of the British Coal Corporation are discussed and the alternative solutions stated. The advantages of using a system of controlled recirculation of air are proposed together with the safety features considered necessary. Design and installation details of the recirculation fans and a new booster fan are described.

Jan 1, 1987

By James Donald Forrester

JAMES DONALD FORRESTER 32.1-EXAMINATIONS The field examination of a mineral deposit or mining enterprise requires a comprehensive effort to determine all natural and man-made factors bearing upon the problem to be resolved by the investigation. Therefore, the purpose to be served by an examination must be fully understood before the engineer assumes responsibility, and before actual field work starts. A clear understanding facilitates planning the approach to the project for maximum efficiency and thorough acquisition of information. It follows, of course, that the engineer has the necessary knowledge and experience to discharge satisfactorily the professional obligations attending the project. Some studies are in herently more complex than others, and the requirements of the problem are not always the same. Some examinations require the detailed investigation of large operating or nonoperating mines or, possibly, of mining districts; others involve more or less reconnaissance studies; and still others rela¬tively small undeveloped mineral occurrences. Likewise, the primary objective of some analyses may be the evaluation of a mineral deposit or a mining property, whereas in other projects the major objective may be guiding mining or drilling work in the discovery of new or hidden ore bodies and mineral-bearing structures. Thus, the possible range of any given examination may extend in varying degree through one, or more, of the following types of procedures: 32.1.1--GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT Studies of geographic environment should be made to ascertain the general physical situation in the area under consideration and to identify those correlative factors hearing on the, findings resulting from the field examination. This commonly will include determinations of: A. Location of the field area with respect to the state and county in which it occurs and, if feasible, a record of the township, range and section with reference to the principal meridian, and base line (or lines) that apply. For examinations in foreign countries, or in regions outside the continental United States, it is desirable that the field locality, in each instance, be identified with reference to the boundaries of some form of political entity essentially comparable in character to the divisions used in the United States. B. Distances from existing communities and related service centers, via: 1. Roads, both improved and unimproved. 2. Railroads. 3. Navigable waterways. 4. Airports. C. Topographic relief as it will influence the selection of 1. Pit site or positions of underground mine portals or shaft sites, including dump areas. 2. Mill site, including tailings disposal area.

Jan 1, 1973

By Reynold Q. Shotts

One often sees in the papers, in these days of ecological consciousness, estimates of the quantity of land that has been "devasted," "ruined," or "destroyed," by surface or strip mining, especially for coal. One feels sure that coal miners must have been the first to discover the art of excavation and that the public didn't know of its existance until five or 10 years ago! Estimates of the acreage vary widely with most of them sounding somewhat unreal. One estimate of 175,000 acres in Alabama appeared in one newspaper article and the implication was that all of this was mining for coal. The question was raised anew last summer when the author began working on a land use estimate utilizing aerial photographs, a preliminary project to the Alabama Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) contract presently being fulfilled. One land use category was barren or waste land and aside from some sand beaches in the two coastal counties in Alabama, recently strip mined land constituted most of that category. It quickly became apparent that old stripping was very hard to detect so that estimates from aerial photographs are not accurate. With regard to relatively new stripping, a thin veneer of reflective dirt washed over the countryside may result in a considerable overestimate of the excavated area. Actually, there is a way to estimate the area excavated by strip mining using published Bureau of Mines figures. At least three sets of data are needed: (1) Coal production figures, (2) average thickness of coalbeds mined, and (3) an accurate recovery figure.

Jan 1, 1973

By R. F. Korcak

There exists a wide array of industrial by-products that can be shown to produce beneficial responses in the soil/plant environment. These materials range from clean coal technology residues produced in the generation of electric power, particularly those high in gypsum, to mineral 'fines' produced by the aggregates and crushed stone industries. A number of these materials will be examined in relation to potential nutritional interactions in soils and crops with emphasis on trace elements. The significance of utilizing these materials in agriculture as a component of sustainable agricultural systems will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1995

By Paul D. Dupree

Introduction Trapper mine is a dip-line strip coal mine, located about 10 km (6 miles) southwest of Craig, CO. The mine provides the Craig Generating Station, operated by Colorado-Ute, with about 2 Mt (2.3 million st) of coal annually. The Trapper mine is situated on a hillside that climbs in elevation from 2 to 2.5 km (6500 to 7400 ft) at average grade of 15%. The coal seams dip at about 16% down-grade and they outcrop near the top of the hillside. They exceed maximum stripping depth in 1 to 1.7 km (3500 to 5500 ft) of pit length. Stripping in the three existing pits is performed with three Page 752 23 m3 (30 cu yd) walking draglines. Two of the pits are currently being cast blasted. Until the active cut, the Derringer pit was cast blasted only where the lower mined seam exceeded stripping capabilities and the pit was a single seam operation. Now, a 9-m (30-ft) interburden bench has been incorporated into the stripping plan. This bench protects the first seam of coal from shear when the overburden is cast blasted. The cast blasted section of the 1.6 km (53,000 ft) long pit has been increased from the 457 m (1500 ft) casted previ¬ously to 1 km (3500 ft). High speed films show the coal losses due to shear of the blast are minimal. The pit width in Derringer pit is 61 m (200 ft). This is necessary for efficient spoil side stripping of a relatively thin interburden in the two-seam section of the pit. The Enfield pit is entirely cast blasted. The single seam pit is 46 m (150 ft) wide, 1.1 km (3600 ft) long, and varies from 15 and 46 m (50 and 150 ft) in overburden depth. The overburden strata at the mine consists of medium-hard layers of sandstone, shale, and

Jan 1, 1987

By Douglas J. Lacke

1974 marked the start of a new era for Climax Molybdenum Co., a division of AMAX, with the initiation of an open pit operation above the existing successful underground block panel caving mine. A number of problems posed a challenge to the Climax open pit. Highly fractured rock, old mine workings, permafrost, and more than 7.6 m/a (300") of snowfall forced changes in normal operations. Final pit wall design was altered. Production bench heights were lessened due to old workings. These and other modifications contribute to a highly successful open pit operation.

Jan 1, 1981

By Thomas Kuhn, Carsten Ruehlemann, Christina Heller, Anna Wegorzewski

The commercial extraction of metals from manganese nodules on an industrial scale requires more than 50% of the investment necessary to realize manganese nodule mining. This is mainly due to the fact that a completely new metallurgical processing scheme for the extraction of both base metals (Ni, Cu, Co) and high-tech metals (Mo, Li, Ga) has to be developed and upgraded to industrial scale. There are a number of conventional processing technologies that combine hydro- and pyro-metallurgical approaches such as the INCO and CUPRION processes which have been developed in the 1970s and 1980s. Today, new approaches based on selective leaching with chelating agents and bioleaching try to minimize energy consumption and waste production. All of these extraction methods require knowledge how the metals are structurally bound in the manganese oxides. In this contribution we will review the current knowledge about the mineralogy of iron and manganese minerals in the different marine oxide deposits, present our results, and discuss the possible consequences for metal extraction.

Sep 1, 2014

By S. Christiansen, G. R. Winslow, R. W. Kobler

Todays End of Life vehicles are shredded and their metal components recovered and recycled by standard methods. The remaining non-metallic fraction is shredder residue, and contains vast amounts of high value engineering plastics. None are today recovered. Discussed are the developmental approaches used in the first process to recover these valuable plastics. Examined are initial laboratory studies, pilot plant design and construction, product development, results, and flowchart explanations.

Jan 1, 2001

By James M. Murphy

INTRODUCTION In the fall of 1983, the fourth new Rapid Transit System constructed in this country in the last forty years will go into revenue service. The Baltimore Metro will bring to this major Mid-Atlantic seaport the first phase of a planned intermodal transit system, serving a metropolitan area with a population in excess of four million people. Originally, the Mass Transit Administration (MTA) considered construction of a twenty-eight mile system known as Phase 1. Its two lines would run from the center of Baltimore City, one going northwest to Owings Mills and the other south to Anne Arundel County. Legislative approval was granted in April, 1976; however, funding was limited to constructing a segment fewer than eight miles in length, along the northwest corridor from Charles Center to the Baltimore City county line. This segment is known as Section A. The project is 80% federally funded and 20% state funded, with a capital cost estimate of $797,000,000 to complete. This report addresses the development and implementation of a Coordinated Insurance Program for the construction phase of Section A, and includes a description of the associated risk management process. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SECTION A Section A of the Baltimore Metro is composed of a rapid transit line eight miles in length which serves the northwest corridor between Charles Center in downtown Baltimore and Reisterstown Plaza at the Baltimore City county boundary. The line is completely grade separated and, once operational, will provide high speed automated rapid

Jan 1, 1983

By Carlon C. Chambers

INTRODUCTION Manufacturer sponsored research over the past three years has proven the suitability of styrene-butadiene/ asphalt membranes in many waste disposal seepage control applications for the mining industry in general and uranium mining and milling in particular. The class of membranes that have been tested are SBR/asphalt blends containing up to 68 weight percent asphalt, the balance being elastomeric polymers, fillers and phase compatibility promoters. These membranes are classified as thermoplastic, elastomeric materials and can be hot spray applied to any moderately dry substrate at 177°C (350°F), and placed in service within one hour of application. The properties of this membrane that make it suitable for use as an engineering_ material in these applications are discussed. These properties include chemical resistance, bacterial resistance, UV light resistance, permeability, stress/strain characteristics and bonding data. The favorable economics of the system are also discussed. The preliminary raw test data on the above properties were reported in a previous paper, (Chambers, 1980) and most will not be repeated here. Instead, this report considers the original data in relation to subsequent data and concentrates on interpretation of the trends for engineering purposes. However, several of the pictures contained in the original paper are reproduced in this report for illustration purposes. BACKGROUND Asphalt alone has a long history of use as a water-stop material. Its limitations of becoming brittle when cold and soft when hot, however, are well recognized. The service temperature for common grades of asphalt is usually in the 4° to 49°C (40° to 120° F) range. Modifications to the base asphalt can generally improve its performance at the high end of the temperature range by raising its softening point, but only the addition of one class of modifiers, elastomeric polymers, improves low temperature flexibility as well and also adds resilience. Both of these properties are of extreme importance if the waterstop material is to maintain its integrity when used on substrates which are unstable, non-cohesive, discontinuous or have significant expansion/constraction coefficients. Although there are many elastomeric polymers which can be used with

Jan 1, 1980

By B. L. Bobo

To ensure the continued growth and economic viability of the Western coal industry, both in the domestic and inter- national markets, it is essential for the industry to become more creative and active in confronting the most serious obstacle in this objective; and that is, the inherently long distances which Western coal must be transported inland to reach its major markets. Figure 1 shows the 1982 coal consumption by state for those states where Western coal was consumed. (Except as noted in this paper, Western coal producing states are defined as Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and North Dakota. Any exceptions used will have only an insignificant effect on the content of the paper). This figure illustrates the long distances that are required for Western coal to reach its markets. The total production for 1982 from the Western coal producing states was approximately 220 million tons, of which only 85 million tons was consumed within the boundaries of these states. The remainder was transported to markets outside the area. This map also shows, based strictly on the consumption of the states to which Western coal was shipped during 1982 and not considering other factors which are involved in the marketing of coal, the total market potential of Western coal would amount to a total of 445 million tons. This does not include export coal from the West Coast, which is now estimated to be less than 2 million tons for 1983. In 1980, it had been estimated that by 1985 the West Coast exports would have been at least 10 million tons per year, which will not be attained.

Jan 1, 1983

By Jozef S. Stachulak, Bruce R. Conard

INTRODUCTION The concern of occupational exposure to diesel exhaust pollutants is an important workplace issue for the mining industry. During the last three decades of diesel operations at Inco, a significant amount of research and improvement has been made in the area of work environment, and effective diesel operation. This paper will review the experience gained by Inco's Ontario Division from the implementation and the use of modern engines, improved fuel quality, and the exhaust control technology, coupled with adherence to proper maintenance and ventilation design and practices. Past monitoring practices and the current occupational monitoring program at lnco are outlined. A major new research initiative involving multi-stake holders in diesel performance is described. MINING IN THE SUDBURY AREA The discovery of nickel-copper ore in the Sudbury area dates back to the year 1856. The existence of this orebody was noticed when a strong compass deflection was observed by a provincial surveyor. This discovery, even though documented in official re- ports, failed to arouse any public attention at that time. In 1884, a rock-cut was blasted through a small hill near the village of Sudbury to permit laying track for the Canadian Pacific Railway (Boldt 1967). The rock-cut uncovered a body of massive sulfides with a copper content of over nine percent. The mineralization is concentrated along the outer margin of the Sudbury Basin, an oval-shaped structure having a dimension of 55 x 95 kilometres. The ore extends down-dip to to at least 3000 metres below the surface. The mining methods at lnco can be divided into two categories: "filled-stope" and 'bulk" mining. This division, in the broad sense, may also reflect the environmental conditions of the mine. In the past, the selection of a mining method was based on the size, shape, grade and the strength of the ore and its surroundings. The recent development of improved technology and mining equipment permitted wider application of low cost bulk mining methods. UNDERGROUND DIESEL EQUIPMENT The first diesel-powered machine, a 145-horsepower scooptram, was put into operation in March 1966, in a cut-and-fill stoping complex at Frood Mine. The number of diesel machines underground in the Inco, Ontario Division, mines was increased to 360 units by 1971,550 in 1977 (Rutherford 1978), and over 830 diesel-powered units in 1995. The following list indicates current mobile diesel equipment. LHD 194 Loaders 81 Trucks 28 Jumbo Drills 78 Personnel Carrier 101 Service Equipment 155 Locomotives 50 Bolters 30 Scissor Lift 113 About 20 percent of the LHD and truck units are equipped with electronic fuel controlled engines. COMPOSITION OF DIESEL EXHAUST Diesel exhaust contains hundreds of pollutants (Watts 19921, including components of unburned fuel and lubricating oil and products of incomplete combustion of the fuel and oil. These pollutants are emitted either as gases or as particles. Gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur ox- ides, as well as a variety of organic compounds, such as hydro- carbons, aldehydes, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The particle phase, also known as diesel particulate matter (DPM), is the filterable portion of diesel exhaust. Figure 1 depicts the trimodal particle size distribution that arises from different mechanisms of aerosol generation (Cantrell and Rubow 1992). Primary combustion aerosols, including diesel exhaust aerosol, are formed as very small particles (in the 0.001 to 0.08 micrometre range), but physical mechanisms such as condensation and coagulation quickly transfer the aerosol mass from the nuclei mode to the accumulation mode. These processes result in a mass median diameter of approximately 0.2 micrometres for diesel particulate matter, and 90% of the particles are less than 1.0 micrometre in size. These particles have a high surface area, permitting the adsorption of different substances produced during combustion. Mechanically generated aerosols, on the other hand, typically contain particles greater than 1 micrometre in diameter. The particle phases of diesel exhaust contain three components (Bagley, et al, 1996) shown by Figure 2, namely: a carbon- aceous fraction composed mainly of solid-carbon particles, a sulfate fraction containing small hydrated sulfate particles, and a soluble fraction that contains compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and are adsorbed or condensed onto carbon core particles. These compounds consist primarily of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and PAH's and may contribute 15% to 45% of the weight of the total particulate matter (Schuetzle, 1983). The control of these pollutants is necessary to ensure a healthy work environment. Proper engine maintenance, engine design modifications, improved fuel quality, and use of exhaust control technology, coupled with good ventilation practices, all

Jan 1, 1997

By Steven F. Hoerger

Newmont Gold Company is the largest producer of gold in North America. Accurate resource estimates are critical to planning the mining in a year of over 90,000,000 t (100,000,000 tons) of mill, leach and waste grade material, from which over 47 t (1,500,000 oz) of gold are recovered. Resource estimates are updated frequently to take advantage of new drilling, improved geologic understanding and additional production reconciliations. At Newmont Gold, indicator kriging is the primary method being used to create resource estimates. Indicator kriging (IK) is a well accepted method of resource estimation; however, many details of the IK process which are critical to producing a useful resource estimate have not been well documented. An IK model must have several characteristics in order to be a useful resource estimate: the model must take into account geologic features of the mineralization; model creation cannot require too .much time; the model must accurately reflect the effects of selective mining; the model must be stored in an easily accessible format; and the model must be useable with a variety of cutoff grades. This paper will show how Newmont Gold implements the IK process in order to achieve these goals.

Jan 1, 1992

By J. Abbott

This paper gives a brief description of the Compania Ninera del Pacifico (CNP) a subsidiary of the Campania Acero del Pacifico (CAP), its participation in the Chilean Iron Ore mining and the gradual development of its activities. mainly in this paper, it is explained the CNP experience in the production of 34 million tons of self-fluxing pellets for Blast Furnace in a period of ten years in its Huasco Pellets Plant.

Jan 1, 1989