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By Tetsuji Hirato, A. J. Monhemius, Yasuhiro Awakura, G. W. Warren, E. Peters

An electrostatic pseudo-liquid membrane technique, in which extraction and stripping take place simultaneously in a single reaction vessel using an electrostatic dispersion, was applied to recover Ni(II) from aqueous 0.1 kg m-3 Ni(II)(as NiSO4) – CH3COONa solutions, and the Ni(II) ions were concentrated by a factor of 9 into an aqueous 1.0 kmol m-3 HCI solution using D2EHPA as an extractant at the applied voltage of 3.7 kV for the dispersion. When the process of ESPLIM proceeds favorably, the concentration of Ni(II) in the upper part of the organic phase of the reaction vessel is lower than that in the lower part. In addition, the concentration of Ni(II) in the organic phase of the extraction chamber is higher than that in the stripping chamber. For the stable operation of this process, the stripping rate must be greater than the extraction rate to prevent the excess accumulation of Ni(II) in the organic phase which leads to the poor dispersion of the aqueous phase.

Jan 1, 1993

By F. D. Fox

Abandoned mill tailings deposits can be found scattered throughout the Northern Black Hills of South Dakota, indicative of past mining activities that originated during the great gold [ERRATA SHEET RESTORATION OF GOLD MILL TAILINGS, BLACK HILL, SOUTH DAKOTA 84-119 F. D. Fox Under subtitle Prospects Related to Present and Future Tailings Disposal Practices, include reference No. 12 in paragraph seven after "construction of the Grizzly Gulch tailings disposal project,"12 Reference 12 should read: Jeffries, Lawrence F. and Tczap, Andrew, "Homestake's Grizzly Gulch Tailings Disposal Project," paper presented at 1978 International Mining Show, October 11, 1978.]

Jan 1, 1984

By Kumara Rachamalla

North American mining companies are lagging behind their global competitors in participating in the outstanding opportunities in India. The Indian government has liberalized foreign equity participation in the mining sector by up to 50% and, in some cases, even higher. Delegates from Europe, North America and South Africa learned this at an information seminar held in London, England, Attendees were welcomed by L.M. Singhvi, the UK's high commissioner for India. He introduced a government of India delegation headed by B.P. Baishya, minister of steel and mines. Singhvi is an eminent jurist and leading constitutional expert. He reiterated the soundness of India's legal system. He also outlined the recent Investment Protection Treaty between India and the United Kingdom. Baishya emphasized thee geological diversity and strengths of India's domestic market with its population of more than 920 million people the second largest in the world after China and its reservoir of skilled labor. He also outlined the potential of India's untapped natural resources. The private sector is the backbone of the Indian economy. It accounts for 75% of gross domestic product (GDP). The current minimum program of the new United Front government envisions 12% growth in the industrial sector, 7% in GDP and direct foreign investment of US$10 billion a year. "Mining is an area that can attract a sizable part of this investment," Baishya said. "Projected growth of the Indian economy will require increasingly large quantities of basic raw materials, such as coal and base- and precious-metals to meet the needs of domestic and export markets." Administration of India's mining sector is divided into the Ministry or Mines for regulating and developing the country's mineral resources, five public sector Mining Enterprises, the Geological-Survey of India (GSI), the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM)and 25 states and seven Union Territories. The GSI is the second oldest (founded in 1851) and the third largest organization of its kind in the world, Baishya said. It has geologically mapped more than 90% of India's 3.2 million kmz (1.2 million sq miles) at a scale of 1:50,000. Several promising mineral projects have emerged from regional exploration programs conducted by GSI and the Mines and Geology State Governments. IBM recently completed a national mineral inventory. It covers 13,000 deposits/prospects of 61 nonferrous minerals. GSI also compiled a similar inventory on 61 coal fields. India is attractive to exploration companies for several reasons. These include favorable geology, accessible locations and a large mineral database. India also has many experienced geoscientists with well-equipped and efficient laboratories, Baishya said. Secretary to the Ministry of Mines A.C. Sen emphasized the largely untapped-geological and mining potential of India. He also discussed the new vistas that have opened up opportunities for exploration and mining. India has large quantities of mineral reserves, Sen said. Its vast Precambrian Shield - like those in Canada and Australia - is endowed with gold, platinum group and base metals, as well as coal and industrial minerals. Annual mineral production is valued at more than US$7 billion. Sen pointed out that India is the largest single consumer of gold. And domestic gold prices command at least a 20% premium above international prices. Recent diamond, gold and base-metal discoveries and prospects uncovered by GSI have generated investment interest from abroad, he added Delegates heard that the Indian Constitution gives the central government the job of framing legislation and the regulation and development of minerals. This ensures that mineral laws are uniform throughout the country. However, the right to grant mineral concessions, such as prospecting licenses and mining leases, rests with the minerals' owner. In India's case, that is the state government. The Indian government has formulated several guidelines that regulate the granting of prospecting licenses for large areas. ? The central government will consider the requests of state governments for the granting of prospecting licenses for areas exceeding 25 kmz (9.6 sq miles). But the license must include a provision to conduct aerial prospecting of the area. ? Any prospecting licensing area should not exceed 5,000 kmz (1,930 sq miles). for a single license. And the total area held by one company should not exceed 10,000 km2 (3,861 sq miles) for the whole country. ? The grant of larger areas will be linked to a mini- mum expenditure commitment on physical targets. State governments will monitor these expenditures. ? The granting of large areas for prospecting will be linked to a schedule of relinquishment.

Jan 1, 1997

By T. W. Conrad, B. Kerr

During the last decade grassroots minerals education programs have blossomed throughout the United States and in other countries. At the same time an environmental education movement has been gaining momentum. While this offers a unique opportunity to share the mining industry’s story, it also has some potential pitfalls. In this paper the authors will discuss some of the benefits of participating in environmental education and provide some practical tips for success, based on New Mexico experiences. It will conclude with a presentation on a successful environmental education program at Heights Middle School in Farmington New Mexico.

Jan 1, 2001

By K. Eric Livo

The Front Range Infrastructure Resources Project (FRIRP) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is currently using Landsat Thematic Mapper? and air- borne-visible-infrared-imaging-spectrometer (AVIRIS) data along with planned thermal-infrared data and interferometry-synthetic-aperture radar (IFSAR) data to assess the industrial-minerals quality and quantity along the Colorado-Wyoming Front Range Urban Corridor and to characterize surrounding areas. Landsat? satellite data show synoptic views of the corridor, which may readily be used to identify potential regions of permissible terrain, such as river drain-ages, pediment surfaces, upturned lithology, and bed- rock exposures, where various types of deposits may occur. Descriptive models of these deposit types are used to define the physical features that need to be recognized and characterized. In the case of Landsat? data, the measured light is either reflected or partly absorbed by surface materials, depending on the wave- length of the light, which allows coarse mineral classifications to be made.

Jan 1, 1999

By Don Rose

I. INTRODUCTION The Atlanta Research Chamber is an UMTA-sponsored applied research facility studying tunnel design, excavation and support systems. It is located directly below Peachtree Street in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. It is included in the CN-120 contract to build the Peachtree Center subway station, a part of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) multi-billion dollar "Phase A" 53-mile transit project, which is 80 percent funded by UMTA with 20 percent provided by local authorities in Atlanta and Fulton and DeKalb counties (Figure 1). The Research Chamber is located immediately south of the main Peachtree Center Station cavern, and is in part an enlargement of the pre-existing Pilot Tunnel excavated to provide bidders on the CN-120 contract a view of the rock conditions (Figure 2). The Research Chamber lies some 3 meters above, and is approximately parallel to, the twin Running Tunnels. The Research Chamber is 18 meters long and has the same 5.5 meter diameter horseshoe shape design dimensions as the twin Running Tunnels.

Jan 1, 1979

By Russell. A. Smith

This paper describes some recent work on the identification and development of new chemical reagents aimed at improving the industrial processing of phosphate ores by froth flotation. In particular, three chemical product families which will be discussed appear to offer enhanced flexibility by: 1) utilizing a small amount of a silica control reagent which can significantly reduce the amount of anionic (carboxylic) collector required for a given P2O5 recovery level; 2) utilizing a new anionic collector family which offers high P2O5 recovery and selectivity versus standard carboxylic collectors; and 3) utilizing another new anionic collector family which has, in some tests, allowed for selective removal of dolomite from apatite. Examples and use characteristics of each of these new chemical ideas will be presented.

Jan 1, 1993

By Aditya Rana, A. K. Mishra, M. M. Singh, N. K. Bhagat

Many cases of derailments, train accidents and traffic interruptions due to the slope failure and rockfall have been reported in the past on Konkan Railway trackline because of unstable rock slopes. The authorities installed stability enhancement measures such as wire netting, rock bolting and shotcreting which were found insufficient. The failed geotechnical measures prompted authorities to excavate the unstable slopes. Rock blasting is generally not preferred for the excavation of slopes along the transportation route. Stabilisation and widening of slopes by blasting need closure of the route for a considerable time. Discontinuing traffic on Konkan Railway route was undesirable as it connects two important port cities Mumbai and Mangalore. The paper presents an innovative directional controlled blasting (DCB) technique for excavating three unstable slopes (i.e. cuttings) in hilly terrain without disturbing the traffic. New empirical formulae for small geometry blasting to estimate burden and throw have been developed. A unique sequence of firing and excavation with powder factor varying between 0.04 and 0.39 kg/m3 irrespective of the actual free face was used for rock blasting. The process controlled the throw of blasted material over the track and resulted in a smooth and stable wall. The slope angle has been changed from 80 to 82° to 45–47° and probability of wedge, planar and toppling failures was eliminated. About 100 such accident-prone slopes (52 km cumulative length, 7% of total route) situated at discrete locations along Konkan Railway route were stabilised using the technique. No incident of rockfall and slope failures along these slopes has been observed after the stabilisation.

By Robert H. Oliver

Flowsheet flexibility in new 750 TPH coal cleaning plant provides three unusual capabilities. Two compartment drum coarse H.M. washer can be adapted to provide two stage separation. Coarse section of plant can be operated without fine section when washing surface mined coal. Fine section can operate with flotation cells bypassed if strip coal oxidation kills the froth. Plant can be fed by belt from bulk storage, front end loader from storage piles and truck from the mines. Raw coal and each of four washed products can be fed by belts to three separate loading points on two separate railroads.

Jan 1, 1979

By M. C. Rockwell

There are about 1.8 Mt (2 million st) of discarded dolomitic-limestone tailings from the Gays River lead/zinc mining operation in Nova Scotia currently stockpiled in a tailings pond at the mill site. Neutralization effectiveness similar to an agricultural grade limestone and low contents of residual metals make the tailings a potential source of soil conditioner material for the local market. However, the fine particle size, 98% passing 147 pm (about 100 mesh), and a moisture content of 20% make their handling, shipping, and application to soils difficult. The tailings were agglomerated into small hard pellets with various amounts of soil nutrients, moisture content less than 13%, and pH values ranging from 6.5 to 8.7.

Jan 1, 1987

By R. W. Brann, R. C. Freas

Franklin Industrial Minerals operates several mines/quarries, including two room and pillar underground mines. Both of these mines are operated as multiple level room and pillar including heading and bench operations on one or both of the levels. This paper focuses on Franklin’s Crab Orchard, Tennessee mine, which produces both high purity chemical grade limestone and crushed stone for construction applications. The high purity chemical specifications for the chemical grade limestone and filler/extender applications are inconsistent with the non-chemical rock being produced to supply the crushed stone market. As a consequence Franklin has developed a unique mine plan and operation to maintain both product balance and a safe and stable working environment.

Jan 1, 2003

By F. F. Peng, Z. Lu

Employing a combination of two types of polyelcctrolyte might become necessary to enhance both the settling rate of the flocs and the water clarity of a fine-particle suspension in a high-capacity thickening process. The sequence of addition, mixing, type and dosage of polymer all affect the overall performance and capacity of a thickening process. For the sedimentation of copper flotation tailings, the cylinder test results showed that two different techniques may be used to achieve the required performance, i.e., a high settling rate of the flocs and the deisired underflow density and overflow water clarity. The required performance can be achieved by either adjusting the pH prior to anionic polyelectrolvte flocculation or using a combination of polymer flocculant and coagulant (dual-polymer system). The dynamic thickening test results showed that only the approach using a dualpolymer system is capable of meeting the required performance. The effects of polvelectrolvte dosage, the sequence and numbers of polyelectrolyte addition, the feed concentration, the bed level and the rake speed on the settling rate, underflow percent solids and water clarity were studied in cylinder tests and in a laboratory dynamic thickening unit. The dynamic test is especially valuable in evaluating the addition and mixing of polymers. The results were evaluated quantitatively using total suspended solids in supernatant, underflow density and capacity per unit of settling area per unit of time. The objective of this study was to quantify and explain some of the parameters involved in the sedimentation of copper flotation tailings.

Jan 1, 1999

By Ben Benally, Joseph M. Hans

INTRODUCTION The decontamination of the former Shiprock uranium millsite and the interim stabilization of its tailings piles began in March 1974, and ended in June 1978. Personnel monitoring for whole body gamma ray exposure was conducted for selected individuals working at the mill site throughout most of this period. The millsite and exposure conditions are briefly described to develop a basis for interpretation of the exposure data. Millsite The Shiprock uranium millsite is located in the community of Shiprock, New Mexico on a bench overlooking the San Juan River (Figure 1). Both Shiprock and the millsite are located on the Navajo Indian Reservation. About 1.5 million tons of tailings were produced on the millsite during its operation from 1954 to 1963. The tailings were pulped with waste process fluids and water, and discharged to form two tailings piles. The piles (ponds, dams) were formed with earth starter dikes and the dikes were then raised using the separated sand fraction of the tailings. The slime fraction of the tailings were discharged into the diked impoundment. The mill was shut down and partially dismantled before the lease expired in 1973, and the remainder of the mill and tailings reverted back to the Navajo Tribe which was the lessor. Portions of the millsite were then occupied by the Navajo Engineering and Construction Authority (NECA), a tribal enterprise. In addition to its regular activities, NECA established an on-site training school for heavy equipment operators. The trainees principally used the south tailings pile as a practice area and spread the tailings into a 10 hectare row of raffinate ponds located along the southwest side of the millsite. Overall, the training activities inceased the effective area of the tailings piles from 20 to 35 hectares. Another 56 hectares were contaminated with wind and water eroded tailings. Exposure Conditions Persons decontaminating a millsite may be subject to radiation exposures from several sources. Only whole body gamma exposures are discussed in this report. These exposures are arbitrarily divided into three levels: high, intermediate, and low. The levels are related to areas in which the decontamination work was being done and have no connotation concerning imminent hazards. High exposures would result when persons were working with raw tailings, and intermediate exposures would occur when persons were working in the ore storage and mill yards. Low exposures would result from working in areas where surface contamination exists from wind and water erosion. [ ] The millsite and its contaminated environs were divided into major areas to facilitate the decontamination work (Figure 2). Areas A, B, and C are defined as perimeter areas containing surface contamination. Work in these areas was expected to result in low exposures. Areas D, E, and F are the

Jan 1, 1981

By K. G. Colman

Introduction This text is intended to provide the operator and turnkey contractor with the basic data for sizing vibrating screens to be used in ore crushing plants. The basic capacities, modifying factors, etc.. used in the area requirement calculations were developed empirically and modified to their present values based upon years of practical applications. It must be pointed out that screening is much more of an art than an exact science; however. the information presented here should provide for reasonably accurate screen sizing when applied to many metallic ores. Types of Screens There are two types of screens which can be used for strictly sizing applications. These are two- and four-bearing screens; both are inclined circle-throw machines. Two-Bearing Screens The motion of a two-bearing screen is generated by unbalanced weights attached to the vibrator shaft. The body of the machine is usually supported by steel coil springs (see Fig. 8). The main advantage

Jan 1, 1985

By K. V. S. Sastry

Pelletization, sintering, and pressure compaction are the most common methods used to agglomerate ore concentrates. Over the last 20 years agglomeration has grown enormously in popularity and has become a standard unit operation in the nonferrous, cement, fertilizer, and ceramic industries. However, it is in the processing of iron ores and the preparation of blast furnace feed that agglomeration is used most and its application has grown fastest (Ball, et al., 1973; and Sastry, 1977). This chapter deals with an account of the current practices and future trends in the application of computers relative to an overview of the process design and engineering considerations of the unit operation of agglomeration.

Jan 1, 1979

By Abdallah Khair, Nathalie Risso, Arie Herrera, Victor Tenorio

This study introduces a machine learning strategy to optimize icy regolith extraction from the Shackleton-de Gerlache Ridge using autonomous mining equipment. The model incorporates key parameters—distance, road gradient, vehicle load, speed, recharge logistics, and regolith water content—into a cost framework for excavation, hauling, and dumping. Regression models estimate energy and time requirements; classification predicts terrain navigability; clustering groups craters for efficiency; and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) determines optimal routing and scheduling. The system adapts to a six-month daylight cycle to maximize productivity and minimize costs, enabling intelligent planning for sustained lunar resource extraction under extreme environmental and logistical constraints.

Feb 22, 2026

By Qiu Rongqing, Huang Kongxuan

This paper summarizes the results of treating arsenic­bearing refractory gold concentrates from six gold Mines of Chi­na by using bioleaching method and discusses the conditions of bioleaching processes. Results indicate that Thiobacillus fer­rooxidans T-3 Strain can intensely oxidize arsenopyrite, how­ever oxidation rate and degree differe considerably for different. During initial inoculation of 5 X 106 cell/ml. FeH contration generaly 4 -8 g/1. Sample size > 80 % - 3 20 mesh and pulp density 10 % ( w /v) and leaching time ,1 -- G clays, arsenic re­moval rate reached more than 80 % , Fe extraction ,10 - GO% desulfurization rate 30-45% after bacterial oxidation of 4-G days.

Jan 1, 1992

By Bahaa Alyosif, Turan Uysal, Muhammet Kürsat Aydemir, MURAT ERDEMOGLU

 The paper investigates the effect of intensive milling on the conversion of microcline to potassium chloride during chlorination roasting. The study aims to improve potassium recovery by reducing the chlorination roasting temperature through mechanical activation.

Aug 1, 2023

By Wang Zuoyu

The manuscript of this paper was not available for publication when the Proceedings went to press. Should the author elect, he may distribute copies to the time of the Symposium.

Jan 1, 1986

By N. R. Joshi, A. D. Agate

It is estimated that more than 80% of phosphate rock output in the world is used for fertilizer production. In India, there are only a few high-grade deposits of phosphate ores; therefore, most of the requirement for phosphatic fertilizers is satisfied with imported DAP (diamino phosphoric acid). Due to the drain on foreign exchange reserves, this import-dependent, essential commodity is in short supply in India and, therefore, is sparingly used by farmers. In addition, of the added phosphorus, normally 80% becomes unavailable to plants because phosphorus complexes are formed in soil, causing deleterious effects on plants. In our laboratory, this problem was tackled by using a bacterial consortium of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria. It resulted in the speeding up of seed germination and increasing available phosphorus in the soil by 14%, over a period of 80 days. To use the low-grade deposits of phosphatic rocks available in India near Hirapur, Madhya Pradesh, India, which contain high amounts of iron, beneficiation through microbial means was used for phosphorus removal. Beneficiation was achieved partially through removal of extra iron by oxidizing ferrous iron from the ore by a Thiobacillus species after removal of impurities containing both silica and iron, instead of sieving and cleaning the ore using different techniques. This resulted in a cleaner ore, with nearly 70% of such impurities removed. The factors for beneficiation technique were standardized at the laboratory level and are being used for scaling up of the process. Thus, the beneficiation of phosphatic rock from Hirapur will be an important first step of phosphorus production in India.

Jan 1, 1999