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By Jiang Fan, Wang Haigang

"The three-dimensional complex multiphase turbulent flow in U-beam separators was simulated using the Reynolds stress equation models (RSM). To account for the effect of the stochastic characteristic of the instantaneous gas velocity on the particles, the improved Lagrangian stochastic model based on the Reynolds stress model for gas phase was adopted, which attributed to the successful prediction of the turbulence anisotropy and particle crossing trajectories effects. The interaction between the particles was also considered using the HardSphere model. To treat the particle-wall collision, the influence of the roughness of the wall on the motion of the solid particles was taken into consideration by imposing random collision angles. The result from this study not only shows the dynamic characteristics of the multiphase flow- in the separators, but also gives the relationship among the efficiency, structure and pressure losses of the separator.IntroductionCirculating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion is one of the most promising clean coal techniques. A main feature of CFB boilers is the un-delayed recycle of solid, coal and sorbant particulate, in an external loop. Separator, which is required to separate the solid particle from the flue-gas leaving the reactor of CFB, plays an importance role in the external solids recycle loop. It affects the combustion of CFB system greatly. Presently cyclone is the most commonly used as separators for CFB system and other chemical industrial processes. It provides high level of separation for CFB system for fine particles. However it suffers from some inherent disadvantages. It's volume and size is huge. Moreover, it is difficult to design and install when the CFB workload rises. The application of U-beam separators instead of hot cyclone separators in CFB boilers has many advantages. Publications indicate proposals or successful use of Ubeam separators in Swedenr11, USA 21, Russia r3land China [4]• But it is not possible to find results in the literature of detailed investigations of this new. type of separators or recommendations on the choice and calculation of an optimal design. For this reason, numerical simulation for the three-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flows with several rows of vertical U-beam elements, local in the chess order and blocking a way of outgoing from a CFB boilers dusted gases was carried out in this study."

Jan 1, 2004

By Ronald L. Pariani

To date, significant advances have been made regarding the development and commercial implementation of full deposit stripping in the copper industry such as practiced at Copper Refineries, LTD in Townsville, Australia. The paper describes the history and current practice of Electrowinning (EW) plants which may be coupled with solvent extraction. The modular nature and degree of automation are described in relation to the various sizes of operations. Reference is made to the expansion capability of commercial equipment plus associated economics of the mechanical processes for producing full cathode deposits. It is recognized that the technology described may be adaptable to other nonferrous refining areas where feasible. The paper highlights the state of the art in mechanized stripping equipment as applied to current and planned SX-EW plants.

Jan 1, 1987

By W. D. Cho

The slag chemistry in steel processing plays an important role in terms of the removal of impurities including alumina particles. In the present study, the dissolution of solid aluimina particles in CaO-based fluxes at the temperatures between 1450 and 1550 °C has been investigated to determine dissolution kinetics and mechanism. Alumina particles were added directly in the slags and the size of alumina particles was measured as a function of time using optical and scanning electron microscopes. The dissolution rate has also been obtained as a function of Si02, CaF2, MgO and MnO contents in the slags. The diffusion boundary layer between alumina and bulk slag phase has been observed and analyzed using SEM and EDX. In addition, some experiments have been performed for the dissolution of alumina in BaO-based fluxes.

Jan 1, 2003

By Charles W. Kenney

Mercury contamination of soil at an old chemical plant surrounded by a residential community and adjacent to a river has provided unique challenges for the current owner. Inorganic and organic mercury compounds had accumulated over the past 50 years to levels that require remediation. Hazen Research, Inc. conducted a multi-phased program to characterize contaminants and their occurrences, evaluate various treatment technologies, and demonstrate the selected technology at bench and pilot scales. A combined physical cleaning and chemical treatment was demonstrated to meet treatment goals for the site. This paper discusses the methods of process selection and results of the bench-and pilot-scale testing.

Jan 1, 2003

By Ping Long, Bin Yang, Jian Wu, Xiumin Chen, Wenli Zhang

In this study, the analysis method of trace element in pure indium using glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS) has been established by correcting the analysis result, which was obtained from non-standard quantitative method of GD-MS. The effect of instrument operating parameters, the resolution and isotopes and the pre-sputtering time on the determination results were investigated respectively. The optimized operating parameters of the instrument were obtained as follows: the discharge current was 37.5mA and discharge airflow was 475ml/min. Mass spectral interferences have been eliminated using selected resolution and isotope. The pre-sputtering time was 30 min. 4 trace elements in two pure samples were determined for 6 times. The RSD were less than 20%. The content of trace elements in indium samples was determined by GD-MS and Chemical Analysis Method of Indium which is tested by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, respectively. The results were consistent with each other.

Jan 1, 2016

By Yunhua Gan, Xiaowen Chen, Yang Tong

Experimental studies of electro-spraying were carried out using ethanol as fuel in a microcombustor under combined electric field. And the effects of different electro-spraying modes on the combustion efficiency were analyzed. Results showed that when ring electrode potential was invariant, there were four different electro-spraying modes with the variations of nozzle potentials, which were varying with the flow of ethanol. The cone-jet mode was the stablest one during the whole experimental process. The atomized ethanol was ignited and combusted stably near the steel mesh, the combustion efficiency increased firstly and then decreased along with the increasing of the equivalent ratios, reached the maximum values when the equivalent ratio equal to 1.0. And the maximum values were the highest at the cone-jet mode, and the lowest at the pulsed-jet mode.

Jan 1, 2016

By Emilia Visileanu, Eftalea Carpus

"Due to the demographic explosion and development without precedent of the consumer society, the capacity to destroy the ecological balance the entire planet life depends on, acquire new dimensions. In this context new approaches on society development are imposing as well as special responsibilities for stopping and preventing Earth destruction and repairing the damage already done. The zero waste is a call to action that has as an aim the changing of current mentality of human society. ”take, use, throw away”. The zero waste is a policy, a way, an aim and represents a new approach planned for the XXI century that include the resources preservation principles, pollution reducing, increasing of the opportunities to create new work places and providing the highest degree of the.1. INTRODUCTIONThe zero waste is a call to action that has as an aim the changing of current mentality of human society. ”take, use, throw away”. The zero waste is a policy, a way, an aim and represents a new approach planned for the XXI century that include the resources preservation principles, pollution reducing, increasing of the opportunities to create new work places and providing the highest degree of the economy stability.2. ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTSA long-living Romania means:The closing of the production cycles, by waste reusing and recycling; the reducing of the use of fossil fuel; the improving of the material qualities, for extending the economical life of the products made by these materials; the reducing of the transport traffic.In this context, ecology, the star science with the ability to conserving and renewal of the environment is making its way, having the following principles:•,everything is bind by everything – is referring to the importance which the environment has for a great number of allied fields;•,everything leads to somewhere – the principle of the indestructible property of material (in nature, there must not exist wastes);•,nature does it the best – ecology becomes the responsible science with the governing of the strategic laws between man and nature, man takes advantage of the natural resources which he cannot create by himself and nature must feel guarded and not destroyed by this alliance;•,nothing is for free – the polluter pays.The protection of the natural environment means:•, its strong knowledge and that of the interactions between the social economic system and the natural system, the foreseen of the most close and most distant consequences of these interactions;•,the rational usage with maximum economical character of the natural resources not depending on their origin;•,preventing and direct fighting against as well on the degradation of the environment caused by man, as on those produced by natural causes;•,the ability to harmonize immediate interest of the human society on long and permanent term, using the natural factors of the environment."

Jan 1, 2008

The copper concentrate market is becoming increasingly unstable. In the early 1990s large concentrate stocks were built up and the glut was cleared only after treatment charges rose so sharply that 'non-traditional' custom smelter capacity, such as in Kazakhstan, could be employed, By 1994 the market had shifted and Western smelters were unable to secure enough concentrates to operate full out. The reason for these sharp swings in the market balance is that virtllally all the recent mine development has been non-integrated. With different companies developing new mine . and smelter capacity, it is inevitable that the pace of expansion in the two sectors will not be coordinated. For many years the Japanese smelters were the major buyers from the new mm-integrated mines. However, Japanese smelter capacity is unlikely to increase appreciably in the future and this stabilizing influence will be very difficult to replace. This paper will examine the likely concentrate/smelter balance over the next five years and will forecast the likely direction of? treatment charges. It will also touch on the critical variables in assessing the viability of new greenfield custom smelter capacity, such as proximity to concentrate sources, by-product sulfuric acid prices and, most importantly, tariff protection.

Jan 1, 1995

By W. K. Connor, O&apos

Thermal Treatment Technology Division Albany Research Center, U.S. Dept. of Energy Oregon. This evaluation included a characterization study and direct smelting tests conducted in a bench-scale electric arc furnace (EAF). In contrast to other thermal treatment technologies considered for these wastes (i.e., fluidized bed combustion), direct smelting in the EAF can process 100% of the wastes without prior beneficiation, and utilizes solid oxidant additions (in this case iron ore) rather than air to oxidize the carbon. This solid oxidant addition is advantageous because it results in the production of several value-added furnace products. These products include cast iron resulting from the reduction of the iron oxides, baghouse dust containing virtually all of the zinc from the residues, and a clean (nonhazardous) slag product suitable for recycle as concrete aggregate or construction fill. Offgas from the smelting furnace also holds potential as fuel gas for cogeneration. The direct smelting tests conducted thus far were successful at producing the desired furnace products, exhibiting the potential for complete recycle of the waste pile. A cast iron product of comparable quality to conventional cast irons was produced, at nearly 80% iron recovery to the metal. The slag product was determined to be nonhazardous, based on the EPA TCLP. Lead and zinc partitioning to the dust product was greater than 99%. The material balance over the furnace indicates that for every ton of feed processed, 540 lb. of cast iron, 600 lb. of slag, and 150 lb. of dust would be produced. Energy consumption was roughly 1.10 kWxh/lb of feed material. Prior experience suggests that these figures measured in the bench-scale furnace would translate to 0040 to 0.50 kWxh/lb at the industrial-scale.

Jan 1, 2000

By Alexandre Bonan

This paper reports the results of a kinetic study on the oxidation of free cyanide and Cu-cyanide complex ions with HO,. The variables and respective ranges studied were the following: [CN] total =10 - 500 mg/l; pH=10-11; (H2O2/CN) mole ratio = 1- 3; (Cu/CN) mole ratio = 0.10 - 0.25. The results were interpreted by a semi-empirical model that incorporates the useful oxidation reactions and the parallel alkaline decomposition of H2O2

Jan 1, 1994

By Junzo Hino

Most of the waste that contains a small portion of copper is landfilled. The recycling process of copper from the waste, such as shredder residue, should be developed in order to save mineral resources and prevent environmental pollution. Shredder residue, generated from disposed automobiles and electric appliances, consists of many types of plastics, glasses and metals. The combustion heat of plastics is efficiently used for smelting in the recycling process that consists of melting and reduction. Because the waste contains numerous components the knowledge of the distribution behaviors of the main components is necessary to develop the recycling process. The distribution behaviors in the recycling process are evaluated by using the thermodynamic calculation program, HSC Chemistry. The calculation results are compared with the practical operation data of the recycling process and discussed.

Jan 1, 2003

By John Wallace

"Monitoring compound semiconductor crystal growth using multifrequency eddy currents for sensing illustrates some of the extreme problems of measurement and interpretation that are not often seen in metallic systems. Using sensor arrays and scanning sensors have produced a qualitative and quantitative understanding of some of the high temperature electrical conductivity mechanisms in several compound systems. A detailed review of the CdTe/CdZnTe data is presented showing some of the complexity in the data as opposed to what is found in elemental semiconductors.HistoryThe most common goal in the use of eddy current measurement in crystal growth is to deter-mine the curvature of the liquid solid interface during growth to test if the heat transfer estimates of the thermal design were adequate for single crystal growth[l]. This aim could be met but represented only a small fraction of the data that was produced observing a growth cycle. A secondary consideration was what could be discovered in the recorded data about the growth and subsequent heat treatment as the boule cooled. This is usually a more difficult task because a crystal growth process is not a controlled experiment so much as a process that continually sees modification. Using a sensor arrays or a scanning loop has produced a qualitative and quantitative basis for understanding some of the high temperature electrical conductivity mechanisms. The implication of the these measurements of electrical conductivity variations are important in that they reflect the complex defect states that will occur on cooling and heat treatment following crystal growth. In contrast to the complex behavior of the conductivity of these compound semiconductors in the solid and liquid state we have the very well characterized system silicon to compare. Initially the interest on using eddy currents to monitor compound semiconductors came from G. Westphal at the Texas; Instruments Company in 1987 to monitor aspects of growth and compounding of GaAs. This was followed by work on solution growth of HgCdTe with D. Witter. The initial interest in the use of eddy cur-rents for monitoring CdTe crystal growth came from Prof. Wilcox at Clarkson University in the practical interest to determine and control the crystal interface curvature during vertical brigdeman growth. The first actual work was done by one of his former students. G. Neuge-bauer at the II-VI Corporation which was carried on by G. Rosen at Clarkson and R. Shetty at II-VI Corporation and with A. Socha at Johnson-Matthey Electronics. The work on CdTe extends over four years and yielded sufficient data to allow one to evaluate the utility of the information produced as compared to what could be obtained from monitoring an elemental semiconductor such as silicon."

Jan 1, 1997

By Hang Goo Kim

A computer simulation has been carried out to predict the distribution behavior of minor elements such as Pb. Zn, Bi, Sb and As in recently proposed copper smelting and converting processes with submerged oxygen injection in which tonnage oxygen is used with a shielding gas. In this study the technique of stepwise equilibrium modeling was employed and some of the thermodynamic data were updated or reassessed. The volatilization and slagging of undesirable elements were investigated in copper smelting (steady-state) system, copper matte converting (batch) system, and the combined (smelting + converting) system at extremly high oxygen-enrichment levels. The predicted minor-element behavior under high oxygen- enrichment was compared with that in the Noranda process (normally 42% oxygen-enrichment in smelting and 24% in converting) and the reverberatory process using air. The effects of various operating parameters such as temperature, the final matte grade in smelting, the initial matte grade in converting and the O/Fe ratio in slag on the behavior of minor elements are discussed.

Jan 1, 1991

By S. P. Marsh, D. Banerjee

"Casting processes involve phenomena that occur on widely disparate length-scales. Simulation of macroscopic effects, such as heat transfer and convection, are generally addressed by solving the appropriate equations in discretized form on a finite-element mesh. Microscopic phenomena are described by micromodels that may be empirical or analytical in form. Coupling of phenomena in these two regimes is a critical issue in predicting microstructure and defect formation resulting from macroscopic process conditions. A formalism has been developed for expressing micromodels in a consistent manner using stereological parameters to quantify the geometric characteristics of the developing microstructure. This approach provides a robust and physically consistent method for coupling local micromodels with the macroscopic fields. The macroscopic state variables at each node serve as global constraints on the micromodels that are applied to a local unit volume. An outline of an equiaxed solidification model based on this approach is presented, along with preliminary simulation results. Coupling of convection and enthalpy effects between the micro and macro regimes is also discussed. IntroductionThe primary goal of casting simulations is to improve the reliability of cast parts while minimizing cost and development time. Effective simulations can speed up the mold design process and reduce the likelihood of defective parts by refining a particular casting process on a computer, reducing the dependence on cost- and time-intensive prototype castings. The challenge in developing effective simulations stems from the need to address physical processes that occur over a wide range of length-scales, from microscopic (atomic) and mesoscopic (microstructural) scales to macroscopic distances comparable to the size of the casting itself. Overviews of the various thermophysical phenomena and computational factors that are important in solidification modeling are provided in the literature by Rappaz [1] and Tseng et al. [2].Macroscopically, the solidification process is largely governed by the rate of heat flow from the alloy through the mold wall. Another important effect that occurs on the scale of the casting size is convective flow of the melt, which is driven by density-variations in the melt. Macroscopic calculations employ finite-element or finite-difference methods to solve the sets of equations that govern these effects, and the spatial resolution is determined by the grid spacings used for the calculations. Typical spatial resolutions are on the order of 10-2 to 10-3"" meters. This represents a compromise between the resolution required to simulate the continuum transport processes accurately, and the computational time required to model the entire solidification and cooling process."

Jan 1, 1994

By Jie Ma, Bo Wang, Jieyu Zhang, Jian Zhao, Guangxin Wu, Shunli Zhao

"Nucleation and growth model based on a 3D CAFE model, which was incorporated with macro heat transfer calculation within ProCAST software was used to predict the solidification microstructure of austenitic stainless steel in twin-roll strip casting. The simulation results of solidification microstructure agreed well with experimental results of austenitic stainless steel. The effect of different casting process parameters on the solidification microstructure was simulated. The predicted results show that solidification microstructure is obviously sensitive to superheat and convection heat transfer coefficient. With the increase of superheat, the grain density decrease and the proportion of columnar crystal increase. In addition, the proportion of columnar grains increases when convection heat transfer coefficient increases. Thus, it was demonstrated that the solidification microstructure evolution of twin-roll strip casting could be predicted reasonably by using this model.IntroductionNear-net-shape casting technology is an important research area in the iron and steel industry today. Twin-roll strip casting represents a major area of concentration of near-net-shape casting technology. It has been widely used for its outstanding advantages, such as extended solubility of alloying elements, refined solidification microstructure and reduced microsegregation [1]. Furthermore, it is the most environmentally friendly, energy saving, and C02-sensitive way to produce steel strips [2]. Therefore, much attention remains to be paid to this aspect. A lot of published works indicated that the solidification microstructure of twin-roll thin strip has obvious effect on the thin strip properties [3, 4]. For the accurate control of parameters of the process are made difficult due to the complicated process and the multi-fold factors, great attentions have been paid to numerical simulations to provide insight into the solidification behaviors of the thin strip formed by twin-roll strip casting [5, 6].Simulations of casting solidification can provide a method to predict microstructure and to improving strip quality by controlling the process parameters."

Jan 1, 2014

By Shengli Wu, Jinming Zhu, Wei Huang, Xinliang Liu

The sinter of high basicity would interact with lump ores or acid pellets in the cohesive zone of blast furnace due to the difference of chemical composition and micro structures. The results of this work showed that the softening-melting properties of lump ores and acid pellet would be obviously improved by the high temperature interaction. However, the high temperature interaction index (INI) would be influenced by many factors, such as chemical composition, porosity, interaction interface and so on. The INI between sinter and porous limonite lump ore (L-2) was much higher than that of dense hematite lump ore (L-1) and acid pellet (P-1). In addition, though the softening and melting properties of L-2 were poorest in respective iron ores, the softening and melting properties of integrated burden B (consist of sinter and L-2) were not worse than other integrated burdens due to the strong high temperature interaction.

Jan 1, 2015

By E. Krystad, G. Tranell

"The kinetics of boron removal from liquid silicon during slag refining, as a process step in the production of solar grade silicon, has been investigated by means of small scale mass transfer experimental series at 1600°C, using a graphite crucible. The slags were SiO2-CaO based, with or without addition of approx. 19 wt% MgO. Experiments were carried out at slag-metal ratios of 1 or 2, where the silicon initially contained approx. 250 ppm boron. The metal-slag mass transfer coefficients for boron were found to be in the order of 1-3 · 10-6 m/s and were largely influenced by slag composition. The mass transfer rate was higher for the MgO-containing slag than the slags without MgO. The final equilibrium distribution of boron between metal and slag, LB, was determined to be in the order of 2.3-3.3.I. INTRODUCTIONRecent years have seen a race in industry and research aimed at obtaining a reliable metallurgical route for production of silicon for solar cells (SoG-Si) from metallurgical grade (MG) silicon. Metallurgical routes can successfully challenge the traditional chemical routes for production of SoG-Si if they generate metal of sufficient purity while being less expensive in terms of production cost and energy consumption. Efficient removal of boron is one of the greatest obstacles in the refining of silicon by a metallurgical route, because the segregation coefficient of boron in silicon makes directional solidification unfeasible; in addition, the vapour pressure of boron is not high enough for removal by vacuum refining. However, the thermodynamic properties of boron makes removal from silicon by oxidation possible, and thus the process of slag refining of silicon has been receiving increasing attention as a method for boron removal."

Jan 1, 2012

By Joseph Bloch

The hydriding of bulk metals and alloys is a gas-solid reaction in which a hydride product layer is initially nucleated adjacent to the gas-solid interface and continues to grow until a complete transformation of the parent (a) phase into the hydride phase. The combination of measurements of the overall hydriding kinetics of samples having defined shapes and dimensions, together with examinations of partially hydrided samples, enables the presentation of the reaction rate in terms of an appropriate reaction model. A common and important type of topochemical development of the hydride in bulk metals and alloys involves a hydride layer formed on the metallic surface. The continuity of the layer can affect the reaction rate. The rate of hydrogen absorption in a sample, in the presence of a hydride layer, is usually analyzed using a model combining several sequential steps in which the hydrogen is transferred from the gas phase into the reaction site. Coupling the flux equations across the layer under proper steady state conditions, results in a complex rate equation in which the steady state rate of hydrogen absorption (proportional to the hydride layer velocity) is expressed in terms of the pressure, temperature, the rate constants of the sequential steps and the critical concentrations of hydrogen in the hydride. Generally, the rate constants of the individual microscopic processes are comparable in magnitude, so that the overall rate is not controlled by any of the specific sequential steps. However, there are two limit cases related to the first stage, the adsorption, for which the general rate equation is much simpler, namely, the fast and the slow adsorption approximations. Using this limit cases, equations are derived for the steady state hydriding rate of a given system. These equations provide means to anticipate the pressure dependence of the steady state absorption rate under low pressures, close to Peq and under very high pressures. At the low pressure regime both the fast and slow absorption cases yield linear pressure dependence. For the very high pressure range, it is found that the rate become independent of the applied pressure. The rate is given then by a combination of the individual rate constants of the system and the critical hydrogen concentrations. The model is shown to apply in several real cases, such as ZrCo, LaNi5 and titanium.

Jan 1, 2002

By B. Mishra, W. A. Averill

"The application of various hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical and electrochemical processes in the extraction, purification and production of radioactive metals as well as the use of various materials, ego metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers, etc. in the process, construction and handling equipment in the nuclear industry has generated a large stockpile of radioactively contaminated waste material and scrap metal which can not be directly discarded, recycled or considered for long-term storage due to its volume and potential hazards, without the separation of radionuclides. This paper reviews the emerging methods that have been investigated and suggested for dealing with some of these wastes and scrap material.The separation technologies studied for the recovery of radioactive components from the pyrometallurgical and electrochemical processing wastes have been discussed in details with results from some of the recent theoretical and physical modeling work as well as the data obtained from the actual waste treatment. Specific processes shall be described in terms of its advantages and limitations. These emerging separation technologies are being considered by the US Department of Energy as alternatives for dealing with the issues of environmental management [EM] and decontamination and decommissioning [D&D].IntroductionThe high temperature carbothermic or metallothermic smelting reduction methods for metal production are associated with the generation of significant quantity of waste as slags, flue dusts, sludges, residues, effluent salts etc. Certain hydrometallurgical processes also generate lots of aqueous waste due to the inherent nature of the technique. Also, the gas-based reduction processes are not applicable to many stable metal compounds, such as alumina, titania, beryllia, lanthanide and actinide oxides, etc. due to thermodynamic considerations. All these methods cause substantial environmental hazard. There is a need to develop alternative processes which have low waste or ideally a ""zero-waste"" generation.Pyrochemical processes using molten salts provide a unique opportunity for the extraction and refining of many reactive and valuable metals either directly from the beneficiated ore (aluminum, beryllium, neodymium, plutonium, uranium, etc.) or from other process effluent that contain reactive metal compounds. The processes reduce metal compounds electrolytically (A12O 3 and BeCI2) on a carbon anode or by calciothermic reduction (Po, Nd). The by-product, in the latter case, is a calcium oxide saturated halide salt. The waste-treatment to recycle the halide has to be done as a separate step or stored as a contaminated waste. A successful separation technology can provide a new insight to the waste minimization strategy for the nuclear industry."

Jan 1, 1996

By P. R. Seidl, R. C. C. Ribeiro, J. C. G. Correia

"More than 95% of asphalt pavement materials consist of aggregates. The highway and construction industries consume a huge amount of aggregates annually causing considerable energy and environmental losses. The aggregates are usually produced from neighborhood aggregate quarries or form natural aggregate sources. The use of marble and granite wastes from quarries as aggregates might help meet the increasing demands and slow down any detrimental effects on the environment. Chemical and physical results showed that the use of marble and granite wastes from quarries in the asphalt production is quite fusible. Consequently, granite sawmills would perform a clean technology. This technology would also have an economical impact by not spending on basalt extraction.IntroductionThe granite fines generated from sawmills of ornamental rocks comes as a great problem and it lacks undeletable solutions. This problem involves the preservation of the environmental and constitutes one of the subjects more critical the point of view of social beneficiation of the population. The Cachoeiro de Itapemirim County, Espírito Santo State, Brazil is an example, of this problem. In this area, the granite and marble fines generation is around 15.000 ton/year.The problems generated by these residues affect with more emphasis the animals, such as the cattle, which inhaled the water content fines of granite and this residue accumulate in their lungs. Other great problem observed is the sanded of the river and the reduction of aquatic life.This problem is beginning to be set out due to performance of Center of Mineral Technology (CETEM), and of several other organisms of Rio de Janeiro State, aiding the sawmills owner’s. This help consists of teaching the best procedure of discard the residues and studies for its use, for instance the production of mortars, tiles, bricks and road pavements [1]."

Jan 1, 2008