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Jan 1, 1928

By J. W. Walker, G. J. Heuer, E. W. Hough

An improved apparatus is described for the deterrni-nation of interfacial tension* by the pendant drop method in the pressure range from 15 to 15000 psi and the temperature range from 100º td 280°F. The chief characteristics of this apparatus are reliability and ease of operation. Temperature control was accomplished by means of an electrically heated jacket which could he completely removed while cleaning the apptrratus. The cell was designed so that the camera could he placed about I in, from the window without overheating the carnera lens. Separate "0" rings employed to seal each window and corresponding window backup plate gave very reliable window operation at 10,000 psi. An extra pistorr-cylinder combination was added so that a high compression ratio could he attained when gas was employed as one phase in the pendant drop cell. Other essential parts of the system were similar to an apparatus already described.' The interfacial tension for carbon dioxide and water varies from about 69 dynes/cm at 15 psi to about 19 dynes/cm at 1,250 psi for 100°F. For pressure.r between t,500 and 3,500 psi, the interfacial tension is between 32 and 24 dynes/cm at this temperature. The interfacial tension at 280°F varies from about 50 dynes/cm at 200 psi to about 17 dynes /cm at 10,000 psi. The maximum surface excess for carbon dioxide, assuming the surface excess of water to be zero, occurs at about 1,500 psi jor the 100°F isotherni and Itas a value of about -79 X 1014 mol/sq cm. At 160°F this maximum IS shifted to about 2,000 psi and has a value of about 10 X 1014 111ol/.sq cm. Other maxima, us well as several minima, are present at these and other temperatures. Judging from the data on the solubility of water in carbon dioxide at elevtrted pressures2,3, it appears that the principal maxinza natned are in regions of increasing solubility of the water in the carbon dioxide rich phase. INTRODUCTION AND APPARATUS A pendant drop interfacial tension apparatus which would accommodate an opaque liquid in a gas phase was constructed several ycars ago' for industrial purposes. This apparatus was used as a starting point for the present development. The objective of the present development was to enhance reliability and convenience of operation. Other articles'" have described pendant drop apparatus which could not accommodate a gaseous phase adjacent to the windows. A schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The water used followed the path; A, intro-

Jan 1, 1897

Jan 1, 1901

Jan 1, 1940

[Page Officers of the Institute 5 Minutes of the Twenty-third Meeting 9 Preservative Treatment of Mine Timber at Primero Mine-F. T. Baker 10 Discussion of Treatment of Mine Timber JA Shearing Coal-John H. Emrick 19 Discussion of Shearing Coal 22 Local Chapters 29 Experiments in Increasing the Production at Dawson, New Mexico-Scott Dupont 30 Discussion of Experiment in Increasing Production 33 Report of Safety Committee-Warren C. Bracewell 41 Bureau of Mines Defines a Gassy Mine 58 Mechanical Loading in Coal Mines-S. W. Farnham 59 Discussion of Mechanical Loading 65 Vocational Training-Discussion 69 Accident Rate-Discussion 71 Holmes Safety Association Chapter Plan-J. J. Forbes 73 Washing Domestic Coal-f. M. Charles 78 Discussion of Washing Domestic Coal 81 Safety Work in Western Mines-Discussion 86]

Jan 1, 1926

Jan 1, 1938

[Page Officers of the Institute 5 Minutes of the Twenty-second Meeting 9 Spiralizing Plant Spring Canyon Coal Company-George A. Murphy 12 Discussion of Spiralizing Small Coal 16 Ventilation of Working Faces Under the Various Systems of Concentrated Mining-C. H. Trik 19 Discussion of Ventilation of Working Faces 23 Dangers from Electricity in Coal Mines-D. Harrington 35 Mechanical Loading-Edward Bottomley 56 Discussion of Mechanical Loading 63 Shot. Firing at Utah Fuel Company Mines-Frank N. Cameron 69 Supplementary Report of the Safety Committee-T. H. Butler 75 Membership List]

Jan 1, 1926

[Page Officers of the Institute 5 Minutes of Twenty-first Meeting 9 The U. S. Fuel Company's Tipple at the Hiawatha Mine John M. Jennings 11 Some Experiences With Mechanical Loading in Central Pennsylvania¬ O. G. Sharrer 13 Mechanical Loading Underground- A. W. Dickinson 25 Operation by Long-Face Conveyor Method at Sweetwater Mine Glen A. Knox 39 Discussion of Mechanical Loading 44 Discussion-Safety in Mechanical Loading 45 New Steel Tipple, Spring Canyon, Utah- G. A. Murphy 46 A Theory on the Cause of Spontaneous Combustion-C. P. Crawford... 48 Rock Dusting in the West-D. Harrington 50 Mudite-L. C. Clare 57 Discussion of Harrington's and Clare's Papers 59 Material for Rock Dust-Prepared Discussion-Edward K. Judd 60 Tipple and Mine of the Columbia Steel Corporation-T. C. Harvey 63 Mechanical Stoking of Domestic Fuel-Joseph Harrington 67 The Garrison Automatic Domestic Stoker-Lloyd Garrison 70 Discussion of Domestic Stokers 71]

Jan 1, 1925

Jan 1, 1917

Jan 1, 1884

Jan 1, 1887

[Page Minutes 5 The Power Problem of the Coal Mine 8 A. L. Jones. Discussion of A. L. Jones' Paper 13 Why Alternating Current 15 C. E. Drennan. Discussion of C. E. Drennan's Paper 17 Dry Cleaning Coal at Brilliant Mine 26 F. A. Young. The Possible Substitution of Pulverized Coal for Fuel Oil in Smelting Operations in the Southwest 33 T. H. O'Brien. Special Discussion of Paper of T. H. O'Brien by D. C. McClure 35 Discussion of T. H. O'Brien's Paper 40 The Gebo Mine 45 J. C. Rae. Low Temperature Carbonization 52 J. F. McDermott. Safety Discussion 54 Order of Business 57]

Jan 1, 1923

Jan 1, 1890

Jan 1, 1965

Jan 1, 1934

[Page Minutes 5 Present Status of Petroleum Industry 9 F. M. Van Tuyl. Developments Along the Line of Low Heat, Carbonization 13 A. C. Watts. Uses for Fine and Pulverized Coal 14 C. A. Allen. Have Mining Engineers Accepted All That Developments in Machinery Apply? 16 R. Dawson Hall. Coal Mine , Accidents and State Mining Law 23 D. Harrington. Harmony and Co-Operation 26 H. F. Nash. Personal Dangers 28 John Bevan. Methods of Improving Safety and Health Conditions 29 C. A. Allen and A. L. Murray. The Economic Relation of Accidents and Preventable Diseases to the Coal Mining Industry 39 Recent Developments in the Use of Electricity in Mines 43 Graham Bright. Discussion of Graham Bright's Paper 48 Mine Safety Work at Dawson, N. M 49 W. F. Murray. Mine Safety Work 54 Eli Follett. Wire Rope in Mining Operations 56 James F. Howe. Discussion of F. E. Shepard's Address 69]

Jan 1, 1922

Jan 1, 1926

Jan 1, 1942

Jan 1, 1969