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By J. J. Rush

Neutron scattering and analysis techniques are extremely powerful, often unique, probes for the characterization of the amount, location, bonding states, and dynamics of hydrogen in all classes of materials. Developments over the past decade at the NIST Center for Neutron Research and elsewhere have greatly increased the sensitivity and dynamic range of neutron methods. In this paper, we provide a flavor of the capabilities of modem neutron instrumentation for the study of hydrogen in a number of technologically interesting systems, including metal hydrides, fuel-cell materials, fullerenes, and disordered carbons.

Jan 1, 2002

By Don C. Blackmar

THE production of non-ferrous secondary metals has become a large and important industry in the United States, and deals with practically every type of manufacturing concern. Its business is unique in that it generally buys from its customers as well as sells to them, whether they are individuals, cities, corporations, or the United States government. Its operations are of vital importance to the success and prosperity of many of the nation's most important manufacturers; yet there are few industries about which less is generally known by those outside it, whether concerning the magnitude of its operations or the details of its actual technique. The industry itself is to blame for this meager publicity, because its technical men have made few attempts to openly exchange ideas, in spite of the excellent examples set by the iron and steel or the copper and brass industries. Whether this is due to the ancient shroud of secrecy generally supposed to cover smelting operations, or because its technical men actually felt that the industry was too puny to be interesting, is hard to say. This paper will consider its subject in a general way, attempting to show something of the size and importance of the industry, as well as its fitness to do its work well. Attention will be called to the sound economic reasons for the handling of non-ferrous wastes by specialists, and to the often unseen losses of metals and labor which occur when manufacturers reclaim their own metallic wastes. MAGNITUDE OF THE MODERN INDUSTRY No particular thought is given to the kitchen accident whereby a ruined saucepan is sorrowfully tossed into the ash can, yet it is a fairly safe guess that within a month this saucepan, together with hundreds of its fellows, will again be in service, perhaps in an automobile crankcase, or in an electric vacuum sweeper. It is by this conversion of the useless into the useful, whether from home or large manufacturer, that the secondary tonnage is built up.

Jan 1, 1928

By Don Blackmar

THE production of non-ferrous secondary metals has become a large and important industry in the United States, and deals with practically every type of manufacturing concern.. Its business is unique in that it generally buys from its customers as well as sells to them, whether they are individuals, cities, corporations, or the United States government. Its operations are of vital importance to the success and prosperity of many of the nation's most important manufacturers; yet there are few industries about which less is generally known by those outside it, whether concerning the magnitude of its operations or the details of its actual technique. The industry itself is to blame for this meager publicity, because its technical men have made few attempts to openly exchange ideas, in spite of the excellent examples set by the iron and-steel or the copper and brass industries. Whether this is due to the ancient shroud of secrecy generally supposed to cover smelting operations, or because its technical men actually felt that the industry was too puny to be interesting, is hard to say. This paper will consider its subject in a 'general way, attempting to show something of the size and importance of the industry, as well as its fitness to do its work well. Attention will be called to the sound economic reasons for the handling of non-ferrous wastes by specialists, and to the often unseen losses of metals and labor which occur when manufacturers reclaim' their own metallic wastes.

Jan 1, 1928

By Don Blackmar

THE production of non-ferrous secondary metals has become a large and important industry in the United States, and deals with practically every type of manufacturing concern. Its business is unique in that it generally buys from its customers as well as sells to them, whether they are individuals, cities, corporations, or the United States government. Its operations are of vital importance to the success and prosperity of many of the nation's most important manufacturers; yet there are few industries about which less is generally known by those outside it, whether concerning the magnitude of its operations or the details of its actual technique. The industry itself is to blame for this meager publicity, because its technical men have made few attempts to openly exchange ideas, in spite of the excellent examples set by the iron and steel or the copper and brass industries. Whether this is due to the ancient shroud of secrecy generally supposed to cover smelting operations, or because its technical men actually felt that the industry was too puny to be interesting, is hard to say. This paper will consider its subject in a general way, attempting to show something of the size and importance of the industry, as well as its fitness to do its work well. Attention will be called to the sound economic reasons for the handling of non-ferrous wastes by specialists, and to the often unseen losses of metals and labor which occur when manufacturers reclaim their own metallic wastes.

Jan 1, 1928

By Karl-Heinz Daum

Outokumpu Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH, Oberursel, Germany ? give saleable by-products, ? not interfere with smelter performance, ? treat all gas streams simultaneously, and ? comply with environmental regulations. The latest developments in sulphuric acid plant design are presented.

Jan 1, 2002

By Harold E. Rowen

The listed title of my talk to-day is "MODERN ON STRAND SINTER COOLING". Perhaps it should he ve been "COMPLETION OF SINTERING ON THE STRAND" as the two are synonymous. By the very nature of the DWIGHT-LLOYD SINTERING PROCESS partial cooling on the strand is always present, but not completion of sintering and cooling on the strand. I have mentioned the Dwight-Lloyd process just to be certain the type of sintering under discussion is fully identified because some of the basic mechanisms of sintering occur in various pyro-processing of fines lying in close quiescent contact, such as powdered metals practices, some types of pellet induration, firing of briquets, or other compacts, where the entire bed is brought to, and held at, the high reaction temperatures of sintering. Figure 1, The continuous sintering process as originally conceived consisted of intimately mixing carefully proportioned burdens, placing them in a comparatively thin, draft permeable layer, on a moving grate and igniting the surface while drawing sir through the bedded burden. The moving grate was advanced slowly as the line of burning fuel travelled from the surface to the bottom of the bed and no more fire zone could be seen.

Jan 1, 1973

This paper deals with innovative techniques that have enabled personal computers to be used on the mine site to define, develop and manage an ore body resource, while being aware of the consequences to the environment. The same set of personal computer tools that are used for resource estimation, once the province of expensive workstations, can also be used by geologists, mining engineers, surveyors and environmentalists, in managing the whole mining process, including production, grade control, monthly reconciliation and stockpile management through to tailings the management, mine rehabilitation and the due diligence process of mine closure.

Jan 1, 1996

By John A. Dunn

Continued increase in electric power requirements for mining, brought on by higher capacity mining machines and total mechanization, emphasizes the importance of proper power system design and planning. How effective a mine operates to produce quality coal at low cost depends to a great extent on how well its power system is planned and how well it is maintained. To be planned well it must be adequate to serve all the needs of the mine, it should be safe, there should be a margin for expansion, and it should be easily maintained. In planning a power system for mining coal it is helpful to establish a reliable base for estimating loads. Since most mines are served electric power by utility, power bills for similar mine loads are useful in setting up a base for estimates.

Jan 12, 1964

By H. M. Faust

THERE are a number of different types of power plants. Some use coal to generate steam, others use oil or gas either in the form of steam or internal combustion equipment, while still others avail themselves of water power as a source of energy. A general comparison of the relative power production with different sources of energy in the United States, for several different years is set up in Table 1. This table shows that coal was used to generate 85.6 per cent of the total heat power requirements of 1909, and only 59.2 per cent of the 1930 requirements. The increasing proportion of modern heat energy generated by the use of fuel other than coal is apparent. If coal is to maintain its importance as a source of heat energy, the necessity for its improved perform-ance, in which preparation plays an -important part, cannot be stressed too strongly.

Jan 1, 1933

By P. P. Knight

The Parkes Process is an important step in the pyrometallurgical refining of lead bullion and it is estimated that more than 50% of the Free world's primary silver production is processed by this route. The metallurgical efficiency of the process can have a significant impact on the overall refining costs, particularly with regard to zinc consumption and the costs of working up the silver-rich crusts?. Several authors have used mathematical or graphical methods in order to calculate the minimum required zinc additions and to study the merits. of alternative. operating procedures, but these methods are of necessity very cumbersome and are only able to deal with relatively simple systems. The paper explains how a computer model was developed which simulates the Parkes Process accurately and can predict the effects of changes made in operating methods. Examples are given of some of the findings and their relevance to the practical conduct of the process is? discussed.

Jan 1, 1990

By David W. Brunton

FROM the old-fashioned " grab-sample " to the modern timing- . device, which takes a machine-sample with mathematical precision, there is a wide gap which was only crossed' by many years of toil and unremitting endeavor. Even to-day, notwithstanding the advancement in the art, "grab-sampling" is still practiced-sometimes to afford the unscrupulous mine-promoter a basis for fairy-tales with which to entrap the too-gullible investor, and often by milling and smelting companies to determine the amount of moisture in custom-ores. The latter practice is almost as reprehensible as the former, and it causes more trouble and ill-feeling between seller and buyer than all other factors put together. No reputable concern to-day would think of attempting to determine by grab-sampling the amount of gold, silver, lead, or copper contained in an ore, and yet many buyers expect the miner to accept the results of grab-sampling in the determination of the amount of water contained in the ore, forgetting that accurate results are just as necessary here as in the determination of the metals, because the result determines the percentage of weight of the ore which shall be excluded and considered to have no value whatever. Samples for the determination of moisture should be taken with as great care as samples for the determination of. metallic content, and in order to avoid the extra expense of a separate operation moisture-samples should be taken from the sample-safe. As the sample reaches the sample-bin in a smaller stream and by a more circuitous route than the "reject" travels in its path to the outgoing car, it loses more moisture en route, and a constant should be added to compensate for this difference. Carefully-conducted experiments have shown that the difference in loss of moisture between the two routes does not exceed 10 per cent. in summer and 7 per cent.. in winter. For instance,

Aug 1, 1909

By S. K. Mahata, P. G. Suresh Kumar, B. B. Singh

Improvement of post tap hole practices is achievable by mechanized handling of melt during the production of Ferro Chrome, resulting in higher recovery of chromium. The paper deals with modern practices adopted in the production of ferro-chrome since past two decades. The methods and practices deal with various areas : a) Improved method of operating the tap hole by selection of right quality of refractory to maintain the life of tap hole. b) Collection of melt in different types of receptacles like refractory brick lined mild steel ladles, cast steel ladles, cast iron pans being chosen for cost effective and efficient handling. c) Separation of slag and metal, casting of metal, crushing, sizing and stock piling etc. d) Slag disposal and recovery of entrapped metal. The drive behind the above development is continuous improvement, which results in higher chromium recovery and reduces loss of metal in slag by completely mechanized method so as to be at the same level with producers of ferro-chrome in other advanced countries , in the emerging global economy.

Jan 1, 2007

By G. G. Goble

Significant progress has been made in the past decade in determining the load bearing capacity of pile foundations. Developments in the means of prediction of pile capacity as limited by soil strength have been substantial, particularly in the use of dynamic methods. The use of currently available equipment, analytical procedures, and practices in the field, will often produce material economies on a job by allowing increased loads with proven factors of safety. This approach justifies the minimum number of piles required for a safe foundation in a wide range of job sizes and soil conditions. To avoid exposing the reader to excessive detail in the body of this paper, technical topics have been covered more thoroughly in several appendices. I. Wave Equation Analysis of Piles Appendix A II. Dynamic Monitoring and the Pile Driving Analyzer Appendix B III. Case Method Capacity Calculation Appendix C IV. Case Pile Wave Analysis Program Appendix D 1 Preliminary Analysis In designing driven pile foundations, there must be a close relationship between design, construction control procedures, driving practices, and the size of the job. Small commercial buildings or residences involving loads that are only a fraction of the pile capacities do not justify the expense of detailed design processes or elaborate construction controls. Nevertheless, some preliminary analysis of the job requirements and a limited subsurface investigation must be made to understand existing conditions and the possible foundation solutions. In other words, it is necessary to determine that driven piling is the best overall choice of foundation.

Jan 1, 1988

By Boyd Eisenbraun, Dennis Murr, Milton Rojas

Approximately since 1925, the phenomena of grinding and classification of minerals with screens have been studied. In the U.S. iron ore mining operations located in the so-called “Mesabi Iron range,” magnetite processing plants have made progress in the application of high-frequency screens that have allowed them to process low-grade Taconite ores and successfully achieve the economic benefit of these minerals. In the particular case of magnetite minerals disseminated in the siliceous matrix, the main objective is to reduce the generation of particles called “middlings” with high silica contents. Commonly the primary challenge of the metallurgical task is to achieve high recoveries and iron concentrates with low impurities. To achieve this, several studies and industrial applications have shown success in this regard and not only in iron ores, but also in other minerals around the world. The study described in this paper attempts to describe some key aspects that helped develop an effective solution and list the benefits associated with this modern process design by using industry-proven technologies for minerals in Chile that have similar characteristics to the minerals of the iron belt in the United States.

Feb 1, 2025

By David W. Brunton

I. INTRODUCTION. THE list of our past-Presidents comprises the names of runny who, in their official addresses, have sketched the current progress of the arts and professions with which they were familiar. Such addresses are, in my judgment., highly useful, setting forth the results of our own work as a. society, and recalling to our minds the particular lines in which discussion would prove most fruitful. . Following this course with some hesitation, I venture to offer an outline of the recent improvements and the present situation in minim and metallurgy in the Western United States. The wonderful advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity have all combined to aid these arts to such an extent that. progress during the last decade has undeniably been more rapid than ever before in the history of the profession.. In all mining countries improved transportation-facilities, in many instances called into existence by the traffic created by the mines themselves, have done much- to enlarge the. field of operations by the reduction of freight-, operating- and living-expenses, thereby bringing lower-grade properties into the producing class. Under normal' conditions, as the age of a district in¬creases, all these differentt factors should combine to off-set. the augmented costs attendant on deep mining, and greatly tend to prolong the profitable life of the mines. The more recent and important improvements in our Western mining-practice which have contributed most toward the advancement of the art may be briefly summarized as follows; but, before beginning this portion of ray address, I wish to thank most heartily the many engineering friends who have so

Sep 1, 1909

By D. W. Brunton

Discussion of the paper of D. W. Brunton, presented at the Spokane meeting, September, 1909, and published in Bulletin No. 33, September, 1909, pp. 837 to 855. WILLIAM' KENT, New York, N. Y.:-The Institute may congratulate itself on the opportunity of reading the splendid address of President Brunton. It is au admirable summary of the progress that has been made in the mining and metallurgical arts in recent years. The paper rightly give's the chief credit for this progress to the aid which has been rendered to these arts by the advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. It is notable that most of the headings in Mr. Brunton's address refer to the work of the mechanical engineer, the electrical engineer, and the chemist, rather than to that of the specialist in mining-operations. It seems that. the most successful mining engineer of the present day is the one who makes the most intelligent application of the inventions and designs of engineers and others who are not directly engaged in mining. A tabulation' of the headings of the address, grouped as below, shows this most clearly. Work of the Mechanical Engineer-Rock-drills, hoisting-machinery, tramming, pumping, ventilation, dredging, sampling, concentration, briquetting, fume-recovery. Work of the Electrical Engineer-Electric machinery for hoisting, pumping, tramming, lighting and signaling, electric . transmission, electric smelting. Work of the Chemist and Metallurgist-Explosives, chlorination, cyanidation, roasting, lead-smelting, and copper-smelting. Work of the Geologist-Economic geology. Work of the Mining Engineer-Mine-mapping, surface-mining, timbering, tunneling; and planning and supervision of the work in general. The mining engineer of the present day, who is in responsible charge of a large plant, finds his chief work not in doing

Jan 1, 1910

MR. W. E. WAINWRIGHT occupied the chair, and in introducing the lecturer said, on account of the absence of the vice-president, it fell to his lot to introduce the lecturer. Mr. Tennberg, he said, was visiting Australia, and those present might wonder who he was.He understood that the lecturer w~s a reputable practising geophysicist, associated with a reputable company! It was rather desirable perhaps to say that the Institute had made some inquiries with regard to his status. Geophysics was a comparatively newscience, and had suffered several hard knocks in Australia and elsewhere. Most of those knocks had been the result of undue optimism of a number of people who did not understand what they were talking about. It had been claimed that geophysics was a...

Jan 1, 1930

By Lawrence K. Nordell, Vinit Sethi

Published standards and specifications do not adequately cover engineered class pulleys for modern high strength steel cord belt conveyors. This paper discusses the Conveyor Dynamics, Inc. (CDI) design criteria and stress analysis techniques emphasizing the finite element method (FEM), fatigue failure criteria, design limits and manufacturing requirements to ensure successful and safe pulley installations.

Jan 1, 1993

By C. T. Twort

As technology and economic conditions allow mines to operate at ever greater depths, increasing demands are placed on the environmental engineer to adjust the capacity of the installed mine . - refrigeration systems. At the same time the engineer must satisfy the changing legislation, which demands that developments are carried out in as an energy efficient and environmentally accept- able manner. Following the trends outlined above, this paper is written to give an overview of the current and potential future refrigeration technology available to the mining industry. The effects that may be produced by the adoption in mining applications of the new generation of 'green' refrigerants are examined both at the design stage and when considering the viability of retrofitting existing systems so that they comply with the Montreal Protocol. An introduction to the concept of Total Energy Warming Impact (TEWI) is provided, with an explanation of its use in optimising system design and performance, and its incorporation as part of an environmental audit strategy. The paper concludes with a discussion of innovative refrigeration techniques and the possible future developments in legislation.

Jan 1, 1997

By Yufeng Yao, Robert P. Lowell

Abstract - Conductive heat flow anomalies associated with hydrothermal sulfide mounds on the seafloor have been studied. Sulfide mounds tend to focus conductive heat flow because sulfide minerals have a greater thermal conductivity than country rock. The topography of the mound above the seafloor, however, leads to a reduction of heat flow, particularly near the center of the mound. Because the focusing effect is constant, whereas the topographic effect decreases with distance away from the center, the focusing effect dominates toward the edges of the mound. The magnitude of these effects depends upon the conductivity contrast and the height/radius aspect ratio of the mound. Conductive heat flow anomalies at sulfide mounds also result from fluid circulation within the edifice. For the active and relict mounds at the TAG hydrothermal field, which have an aspect ratio of approximately 0.3 and a conductivity contrast of 3, the heat flux through the center of the mound should be roughly 70% of the background heat flux. The maximum effect of heat flow focusing is to increase the heat flux by about 30% above background. By comparing these effects with conductive heat flow data at TAG, we find that advective processes dominate conductive heat flow at both the active and relict mounds. Advective circulation can also give rise to much larger lateral and vertical temperature gradients than would result from conduction alone.

Jan 1, 1999