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By A. O. Dady

PRODUCERS of both bituminous and anthracite coal have for many years been worrying about the gradually decreasing consumption of their product in the United States. Twenty years ago production had climbed to a peak of 569,000,000 tons of bituminous and around 90,000,000 tons of anthracite. In 1939 it was about 393,000,000 tons of bituminous and 51,000,000 tons of anthracite. This does not mean that the country is using less polver than it did twenty years ago, or that we are living in colder buildings. As a matter of fact, about three times as much electric power is now being consumed as in 1920. In general two factors are responsible for the drop in coal consumption: (1) greater efficiency in the use of coal, and (2) increased competition from hydro power, internal-combustion engines, and substitution of oil and gas for coal in conventional furnaces. As to the first factor, it took 3 Ib. of coal to generate a kilowatt-hour of electricity in central stations in 1920 and it takes 1.4 Ib. now; it took about 175 Ib. of coal in railroad locomotives to haul 1000 long tons a mile in 1920 where it talces about 120 lb. now: and marked economies have also been made in the use of coal in steel plants: in by-product coke ovens, and in other large uses. As to the second factor, three times as much electricity is produced from water power now as was produced in 1920; three times as much oil is being consumed in various ways; and likewise, the consumption of natural gas has tripled- whereas coal consumption in the same period has dropped by 40 per cent

Jan 1, 1941

By Wm. I. Weisman

Sometimes in assessing where we are and where we are going it is informative to take a look at where we have been. Whether or not it adds to our understanding of the present, I think it may be interesting to review some of the past history of our industry. As a starting point I chose to use the famous Paley Commission Report, formally known as "The U. S. President's materials Policy Commission -Resources for Freedom."(l) The Paley Commission report said "Fluorspar is an essential raw material for the steel, aluminum, and chemical industries." Of course this statement is still true. It also said, "United States known reserves of fluorspar would be sufficient for some 15 years at present rates of consumption--about 426 000 short tons in 1960. Projected consumption for 1975, however, is several times as great, and reserves in other free countries do not appear adequate to supply United States deficiencies during the next 25 years." This simply demonstrates how even the most learned and competent people can observe all the facts avail-able to them at a given time and yet be unable to predict the future very accurately. We all know that reserves in other countries are more than adequate to supply the United States today, 25 years since the report was published. In fact, the report estimated free-world reserves at something over 36 million tonnes (40 million short tons). Contrast this with 246 million tonnes (271 million short tons) estimated as total world reserves from the section on fluorspar from Commodity Data Summaries of 1974, published by the Department of the Interior. (2) The Paley Report discusses other matters pertaining to fluorspar that are still of interest, such as improving mining methods. Furthermore, it certainly did a good forecasting job in noting that greater recycling should become possible in the aluminum industry in regard to fluorine lost in wastes and also concerning the substitution of fluorspar in the steel industry by other fluxing materials. It also suggested that non-fluorine containing propellants should be investigated as a replacement of those containing fluorine as a conservation matter. Some discussion was devoted to recovering the fluorine content of phosphate rock, which is being practiced today, but was in its infancy in 1950.

Jan 1, 1978

By Arthur Notman

DESPITE the tremendous drop in the volume of domestic production of metals, their prices, and profits, the world as a whole has managed to produce and consume nearly as much as in 1937. Measured by production, 1937 was the record year for copper, lead, and zinc. The Copper Institute figures for 1938 (estimating December as equal to November) show that although apparent domestic consumption declined 309,422 tons, foreign consumption increased 133.035 tons. The total for 1938 was 1,971,790 tons compared with 2,148,177 tons for 1937. The domestic decline was 38.5 per cent, the foreign increase 9.9 per cent, and the total decline 8.2 per cent.

Jan 1, 1939

By Ralph Arnold

Since 1915, when Elk Basin field was brought in, eight oil fields have been developed in Montana and the production has arisen from 50,000 bbl. in 1916 to 8,000,000 bbl. in 1926. The production for 1927 was 5,121,600 bbl. and the total up to the end of 1927 was 27,138,239 barrels. The eight fields, with their year of discovery are: Elk Basin, Carbon County (1915); Devil's Basin, Petroleum County (1919); Cat Creek, Petroleum County (1920); Soap Creek, Big Horn County (1921); Kevin-Sunburst, Toole County (1922); Lake Basin, Stillwater County (1924); Pondera, Pondera and Teton counties (1927); and Bannatyne, Pondera and Teton counties (1927). About 170 wildcat wells have been drilled in the state of which 8 were successful and 162 gas wells or dry. Hence, only one out of 21, or 5 per cent. of the wildcats have been successful. The average depth of the wells has been 1600 ft. and the average cost $32,000 apiece. • Up to Jan. 1, 1927, a total of 1376 wells have been drilled in the producing oil and gas fields of the state, of which 904, or 66 per cent., were successful oil wells; 82, or 6 per cent. were gas; and 390, or 28 per cent, were dry. The percentage of dry wells is excessive as compared to the wells in other states, due to the uncertainties of limestone reservoir rocks. The total production of oil to Jan. 1, 1927, has been 22,016,639 bbl. and of gas 7,265,330,000 cu. ft. The average price at the well for the oil has been $1.47 per bbl. and for gas about 4 c. per 1000 cu. ft. The value at the point of consumption has been about 23 c. per 1000 cu. ft. The total revenue derived from crude oil has been $32,277,119, and from gas 8350,613, or a total income to the producer of $32,727,832. Each well drilled in the state has already (to Jan. 1, 1927) averaged a return of over $21,000. The total number of domestic (Montana) oil and gas companies organized, since the first in 1885, has been 844, of which 702 are still alive and 142 dead. Oil and gas companies registered for operation within the state to Jan. 1, 1927, but with outside charters, are 143, of which 66 are alive and 77 are dead. Outside the few distributing companies, which are included in these figures, the grand total of 997 companies which have

Jan 1, 1928

By L. W. Kesler

Kansas produced 41,966,773 bbl. of oil in the year 1927, thereby taking fourth place among the oil-producing states of the Union. The daily average production decreased from 121,609 bbl. in January to 110,244 bbl. in December. Due to excessive flush production and the resulting decline in the price of crude during the year, operations, both in proved and outlying districts, were reduced materially from those of 1926. There were 2338 completions in 1926, but only a total of 1333 in 1927. Regardless of this decrease in the total number of completions, Kansas made a slight gain in total production for the year, producing 620,262 bbl. more than in 1926. This is accounted for, in part, by the comparative long life of the settled production from the Bartlesville sand areas to the east of the Nemaha granite ridge, and by prolific production in eastern Summer County from horizons new in their importance in the state, productive here at two localities along the axis of the granite ridge (Table 1 and Figs. 1, 2 and 3.) For convenience in further consideration, the state is divided into Eastern and "Western" Kansas. Special emphasis will be placed on those areas in the state of which but little is generally known, and which have not been given detailed consideration in previous publications.

Jan 1, 1928

By W. G. Wender

The North Central Texas district, as known to the oil fraternity, is the area producing from sands and limes of Pennsylvanian age, roughly embracing the territory lying between Fort Worth and Abilene in an east-west line, and between the Red River and the Llano Mountains in a north-south line. The history of oil development in North Central Texas during the year 1927 is briefly reviewed in the following paragraphs. Brown County New discoveries and development in Brown County centered mainly around the Fry pool, located in the west central portion of the county. Important discoveries for the year were: Shoupe No. 1 John Byler, discovery well of the Byler pool, located 2 miles south of the Fry pool which camc in early in February, 1927, at 1262 ft. for 90 bbl. in the Fry sand of upper Strawn (Pennsylvanian) age. Rosenfield No. 1 P. Davis, discovery well of the Smith-Ellis pool located 1 1/2 miles northeast of the Fry pool, came in March 7, in the Fry sand from 1277 to 1279 ft. for 30 bbl. initial. Pandem Oil Corpn. No. 1 Mrs. T. Hutton, located 1 mile east of the Smith-Ellis pool, came in in December in the Fry sand from 1119 to 1130 ft. for 45 barrels. The Fry pool passed its daily production peak of 25,000 bbl. during the first part of June, and declined to a daily production of 5100 hhl. by the close of the year. The oil recovery from the Fry pool up to Jan. 1, 1928, slightly exceeded 4,000,000 bbl., averaging 4700 bbl. to the acre. over the entire pool. The Smith-Ellis pool passed its daily production peak of 5300 bbl. in Octohcr, 1927, and dropped to 3600 bbl. by the close of the year. The possibilities of the Byler pool will be unknown until the area is fully drilled up. In the Blake pool, production passed 2,500,-000 bbl. for the year. The per acre recovery in this pool up to lkc. 31, averaged slightly over 5000 barrels.

Jan 1, 1928

By R. A. Liddle

Intermitt'en'I'ly during the past 10 years showings of oil and gas in tests drilled in the eastern part of Texas have stimulated the search for production. Tests on the flanks of the long-known salt domes, principally Keechi and Butler, have found oil in small quantity in the Woodbine formation of the basal part of the Upper Cretacrous. In the central part of Cherokee County, Colliton et all in 1926, in their Clapp No. 2 found a good showing of 37" B6. oil at about 3500 ft. Several wells were drilled in 1926 and 1927 as a result of this showing. On Jan. 22, 1927, Humble Oil & Refining Co. wildcatting on Carey Lake salt dome, obtained commercial production in its Clark No. 1. This inaugurated intensive exploration both for salt domes and for other types of structure. As a result several new domes and a few promising structures of other types have been discovered. Development in East Texas durinG 1927 Carey Lake Dome Location.—On the Neches River in Anderson and Cherokree counties, 10 miles west of Jacksonville, Cherokec (lounty. (Fig. 1.) date of Discovery.—During 1925 geologisls of the Humble Oil & Refining Co. working in the Neches River valley discovered slight surface fracturexs, cratic dips, and slickensided clays and sands in green-sands of the Mount Selman formation north of Carey Lake. A number of core tests were drilled by the Humble Oil & Refining C'o. during 1925 and 1926, some more than 1500 ft. deep, to check their surface obsuvations of faulting, and the possibilities of a salt dome. On May 16, 1927, solid rock salt was reached at 2142ft. in the first deep test on the prospect. Surfacc Indications.—Surface indications of the Carey Lake dome, though not as evident as manifestations at the previously known domes of Palestine, Keechi, Butler, Grand Saline, Steen and Brooks, are more noticeable than on any of the domes discovered in 1927. F. E. Poulsen, of the Pure Oil Co., who examined the area before the deep tests were drilled, noted the alignment of erratic surface dips which suggested faulting, especially in conjunction with slickensiding, and the local deflec-

Jan 1, 1928

By R. S. Knappen, D. V. Carter

In the states east of the Mississippi River, oil field operations were generally restricted during 1927. Active drilling was chiefly confined to the flood district of Bradford, and to the new areas in western Kentucky, Michigan, and southwestern Indiana. In spite of the general depression, production increased in every state, except Illinois. This unexpected increase is. due to several factors. First, in 1926 there was little flush production outside of Illinois, and the decline 'curves in all states are exceedingly flat. Second, the floods in Bradford, Pennsylvania, and Allegany County, New York, proceeded normally and increased production in those states for the fourth consecutive year. Third, new pools in Kentucky, Indiana and Michigan gave important flush production. Fourth, the general unsatisfactory market forced the operators to scrutinize carefully all their operations and improve efficiency and production in all possible ways. Increases amounted to approximately 2,000,000 bbl. Illinois lost, 900,000 bbl., leaving a net gain for the states east of the Mississippi River amounting to 1,100,000 bbl., or a total 40,268,000 barrels. Pennsylvania and New York In northern Pennsylvania and southern New York, the principal activity centered in the districts where flooding is being used to increase the recovery from the old districts. Once started, the flood cannot be shut off. The producer must drill wells and take his oil on schedule, or irrevocably lose it. Accordingly, in face of an adverse market Bradford and Bolivar operations increased 24 per cent. This area furnished more than 40 per cent. of the oil wells completed east of the Mississippi River last year, although the average initial production was less than 2.5 bbl. Unlike all normal fields, this production increases for several months until water appears in the well. For this reason, these wells will produce much more oil than would appear probable from the statement of initial production. During the year, air or gas pressure was applied to several new properties. Surplus gas is rarely available and air has been more commonly used. Two explosions occurred as a result of recycling air-gas

Jan 1, 1928

By A. R. Denison

To those who are unfamiliar with the nomenclature in common use among operators in the Mid-Continent, the Permian Basin is a term to cover several widely separated productive areas. It includes what is designated in trade journals as the Panhandle fields, the West Texas fields and Southeastern New Mexico fields. It is bounded roughly on the east by the 100th parallel, on the west by the 104th parallel, 011 thr south by the Rio Grande River and various mountain ranges and on the north by the north line of the Texas Panhandle. The name is derived from the location of these three widely scattered areas which are all in a broad geosyncline which is chiefly filled with sediments of Perrliian age. The oil fields as now known and the approximate limits of the Permian Basin are shown in Fig. 1. The major part of the production in these areas comes from liniestonc or dolomite of Permian age. Some granite wash and sandstone production has been developed but ordinarily does not yield as large initial production as the limestone or dolorliite. Introduction During 1926, Texas, exclusive of the Gulf Coast, produced 12G1SS-1,-952 bbl. of oil,' of which 40,727,877 bbl., or 32 per cent., was produccd in the West Texas Permian Basin. During 1927 the same area in Texas produced 167,176,000 bbl. %f oil, of which 89,779,000 bbL13 or 52 per cent., was produced in the West Texas Permian Basin. The increase in the total production of Texas is about equivalent to the increase in production in the Permian Basin. Since production in the Panliandle District declined during the entire year, the increase of production in the West Texas Permian Basin, and also the increase in Texas, is due to the enormous increase from the West Texas fields. Daily average pl-oduction in the West Texas fields increased from 68,211 bbl. on ,Jan. 8 to

Jan 1, 1928

By S. Grinsfelder

Although wildcatting was hampered by the general overproduction and low price of crude, several developments, worthy of note in the history of the petroleum industry in the Rocky Mountain region, were made in 1927. This district records production from six new fields, two of these having been heretofore productive of gas. Deeper pay horizons were found in two other oil fields. In order to facilitate transportation from fields, six new oil pipe lines were completed or in the course of construction at the end of the year, and one line is proposed for 1928. Four gas lines were completed, one was under construction, and one was proposed for 1928. The total production in 1927 in the Rocky Mountain district was 29,591,379 bbl.,' a decrease of 7,771,991 bbl., or 21 per cent., fro111 the previous year. This was occasioned by natural decline and the general curtailment of production and drilling. A review of the development by states follows. Colorado Production from horizons in the Morrison and Sundance at Craig and at Ilrs Dome, and the bringing in of the deepest producing well in the Rocky Mountain district on North McCalluin anticline (Waltlrn) in Jackson County are the outstanding developments for the year in Colorado. In March the Midwest Refining Co.'s Parkinson 21 SD, SW SE, Sec. 22 T p. 4 N R 92 W, Iles Domr, Moffat County Colorado, found gas in sands in the Morrison estimated at 15,000,000 cu. ft., and at 3242 ft. an oil sand was encountered in the Sundance. Initial production from this horizon was 2575 bbl. in this well. This structure previously was only productive of water in the sands of the Dakota group but has been producing shale oil from horizons in the Benton. The second well completed by the Midwest Refining Co., No. 18 SD in Sec. 23 was also productive of gas in the Morrison and made an initial of 300 bbl. from sands in the Sundance. By the end of the year three other wells wrrc nearing the completion stage but none of them indicate that they will be as big producers as the discovery. To date the productive area has

Jan 1, 1928

By S. Bhagwat

Coals capable of emitting 2 lbs SO2/106 Btu heat input must be defined as high sulfur coals. This is because electric utility plants built after 1971 may not emit more than 1.2 lbs SO2, and those built before 1971, and regulated under the State Implementation Plans (SIP), may exceed the 2 lbs S0 limit only under closely defined restrictions concerning ambient air quality and prevention of air quality deterioration. Coals produced in Kentucky, Illinois, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana account for 77% of SO2 pollution potential and are, therefore, the subject of this investigation. These coals have suffered market share losses in the 10 years from 1974 through 1984. This is due to their sulfur content as well as their lack of price competitiveness with low sulfur western and imported coals. Kentucky and West Virginia have been able to increase their compliance quality coal production substantially, but other states have largely been unable to do so because of nonavailability of low sulfur coal deposits. Assuming that the current relative productivity and cost competitiveness of coal producing states will not change significantly by 1994, this paper makes two projections of coal production in the selected states. In scenario I, the current clean air regulations are assumed to apply until 1994, and coal production in the selected states is projected to in¬crease by about 6% in 1994 compared to 1984. In scenario II, it is assumed that acid rain legislation will be implemented, which will adversely affect the markets for high sulfur coals. Coal production in the selected states under this scenario is projected to decline about 10% between 1984 and 1994, jeopardizing up to 13,000 mining jobs. The author concludes that better coal quality and greater cost competitiveness are both essential to stem the market losses and to regain strength.

Jan 1, 1988

By Subhash Bhagwat

The definition of high sulfur coal varies from plant to plant and is subject to changes over time as the environmental regulations change. In plants constructed after September 1978 hardly any domestic coal can currently be burned without the use of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) because a 70 percent reduction in potential S02 emission is mandatory even when the potential emission is less than 0.6 lbs. S02/106 Btu heat input. On the other hand older power plants may in many cases be legally emitting up to 6 lbs. S02/106 Btu or more under some State Implementation Plans (SIP). The Clean Air Act requires, however, that in the long run all stationary sources of S02 pollution must abide by the ceiling of 1.2 lbs S02/10 Btu heat input.. Coals with a potential to exceed this limit must, therefore, be considered as high sulfur coals. Such a definition would be unrealistic because many SIP's aim at an emission level of 1.8 to 2.0 lbs. SO2/106 Btu for existing plants and a stricter limit does not appear to be enforceable in the next 5 to 10 years. As a result, coals with an emission potential of greater than 2.0 lbs of S02 per 10 Btu heat input are considered high sulfur coals for the purpose of this investigation. Based on this definition and the 1984 actual consumption of coals by U.S. electric utilities (table 1) only 7 out of the 24 coal producing states could be categorized as low sulfur states. The actual S02 pollution, however, depends on total tonnage of a type of coal as well as the sulfur content of the coal. Table 1 also indicates that only 6 states--Kentucky, Illinois, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Indiana-account for nearly 77 percent of S02 pollution potential in the United States. These 6 states have therefore been chosen for this investigation.

Jan 1, 1986

By V. ?. Chanturiya, I. Zh. Bunin, M. V. Ryazantseva

"Surface changes in naturally occurring metal sulfides (pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, and molybdenite) due to treatments from high-power electromagnetic pulses (HPEMP) at varying times were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Analysis of the obtained results revealed common patterns and differences in surface transformations. The transformations were found to include two main stages. The first stage was observed at low treatment intensities (up to n ~103 pulses). At this stage, formation and accumulation in the surface layer of the nonstoichiometric sulfide phase, oxides and hydroxides, as well as elemental (polysulfide) sulfur and/or metastable sulfur species (thiosulfate, sulfite) was observed. The second stage (N = 3·103 pulses) is characterized by thermal removal of sulfur species and renewal of the mineral surface (sulfidization).It was found that the chemical changes of the sulfur on the surface layer of pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite included accumulation/formation of S0 (Sn 2-) at the first stage of the transformation, followed by its removal. An increase in the surface concentration of elemental sulfur for pyrite and chalcopyrite was 10–12% while arsenopyrite was approximately 5%. A more complicated chemical change was observed for sphalerite and galena, that included formation/accumulation of metastable sulfur species (thiosulfate, sulfate) at the initial stage (up to 103 pulses) and during longer treatment times, the sulphur is reduced back to its initial state (sulfide or disulfide). The increased concentration of S0 sulfur, compared to the original sample, was only 3% in galena and sphalerite.The application of HPEMP treatment to improve flotation selectivity is supported by singlemineral flotation tests. Changes in flotability as a result of HPEMP treatment are principally explained by surface phase changes that resulted in higher adsorption activity."

Jan 1, 2016

By Gerald M. Ellis

ntroduction As the gold mining industry continues to develop in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, more deposits will undoubtedly be discovered that will be amenable to development. The Pueblo Viejo gold mine is currently in operation in the Dominican Republic. It has become an important component of that country's economy. Pueblo Viejo output is important to the government as a foreign currency earner. It is also said to be among the world's more successful gold mines. But, while Pueblo Viejo is successful, no other major gold discoveries have been made in recent years. Therefore, alluvial deposits of gold have caught the attention of geologists on the Island of Hispaniola. In the past four years, exploration and investigation of alluvial deposits have been initiated in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti. This type of activity is expected to continue over the next few years. Alluvial gold mining is rudimentary gold washing, done mostly by farmers. It is an old tradition, dating back at least 100 years, and is done by small, independent, or community farming villages in the mountains and plains of the Dominican Republic. Investigations in the DR Recently, alluvial gold investigations have been undertaken in well known locations of the Dominican Republic. One is in the Villa Altagracia area. Here, the terraces and gravels of the Haina River basin were examined, test-pitted, and assayed by Minera Altagracia, a local Dominican mining group. Results led to a new investigation by the state-owned Rosario Dominicana (RD), the company that mines the gold at Pueblo Viejo. Rosario tested areas previously investigated by Minera Altagracia. RD could not define the type of concentration that could justify an industrial-scale type of exploitation. The Haina River placers are located in the flats and valleys of Central Dominican Republic. They are classified as small-scale type of operations where local cooperatives can do the traditional gold washing. It is not now considered a dredgable project for a mining company. The next alluvial gold investigation was undertaken by the Dominican Department of Mines and others in an area of some 700 km2 (270 sq miles) in the northeast near Miches. Farmers have been washing gold in streams and excavating pits in various areas, particularly La Mina and have made a living. Government geologists panned several hundred streams and river tributaries. They also washed material from deep excavations. The results, however, were negative insofar as locating alluvial gold concentrations suitable for large-scale or industrial-scale exploitation. The most favorable locations were the terraces along the Jayán and Cuarón Rivers in the area of Miches. But the grade od concentration is poor. Actually, only traces of gold were found in these

Jan 8, 1986

By Mirian Mamani

El presente texto describe una base de datos geológica que comprende: geología integrada, estructuras definidas en campo de mediciones y edades en actividad, ocurrencia de minerales metálicos, mediciones de aeromagnetometría y geocronología de rocas ígneas y metamórficas donde es importante delimitar los dominios geotectónicos para la exploración de yacimientos. En ese sentido, el presente texto describe las nuevas zonas propicias para la exploración en el sur del Perú a través de la identificación de fallas corticales y dominios geotécnicos dentro del proyecto GR1: Geología de la Costa Sur y vertiente oeste de la Cordillera Occidental de la Dirección de Geología Regional del Ingemmet.

Feb 1, 2012

Don Hausen was a pioneer in the field of quantitative mineralogy. Methodology that he developed at Newmont almost 40 years ago is still employed today, only the technology has advanced. Petrographic methods were stressed with an emphasis on alteration, mineralisation and paragenesis. Methodologies employed by Don on the Carlin deposit were applied to developing the Carlin Trend by helping to work out lithology and structure, which ultimately led to the discovery of deep high-grade deposits. Quantitative methods used by Don on San Manuel, Copper Creek and Superior, Arizona were applied to the development of the Batu Hijau Deposit in Indonesia. Advancements in technology since DonÆs time have made the mineralogist much more efficient. Manual measurement of peak heights off of strip charts for semiquantitative XRD has been replaced by software that does Rietveld refinement and whole pattern fitting. Hand contouring of XRD data has been replaced by digitised data incorporated into geologic models. Optical point counting, which would take a dayÆs work to process 1000 points, has been replaced by automated SEM methods where 20 000 points are possible in an hour. The use of the optical microscope remains relatively unchanged, and still remains as Don emphasised the æeyesÆ of mineral exploration. However, the information can be relayed much more quickly with digital image capture and electronic data transfer. Don insisted on becoming involved in projects at the grassroots level and supporting the project through mine closure. This made the mineralogist a liaison between exploration geologists, mine geologists, metallurgists and mine engineers. The methodology that Don helped develop continues to provide invaluable support to Newmont geologists and metallurgists worldwide today.

Jan 1, 2008

The AusIMM came into being to foster the spread of professional knowledge within its client industry. It has evolved along with the Australian mining industry for more than a century. If the AusIMM is to become the world's premier mining professional body (whether by design, or by default), then draw up a strategic plan to get there. Define your strengths and market them Define the priority areas for professional competence which we most need, Target the groups within Australia who can produce the people, Create an industry peer group to speed technology transfer.

Jan 1, 1994

By S D. Cummings

"CRACKS CONCERN CORPORATION" Was the headline on the front page of the Terre Haute Tribune Star, March 1994. Having spent several years following up on blast-induced damage allegations made this article especially interesting. Knowing that there were no operating mines within 30 miles of this newly built, yet to be occupied building, also made the reading more enjoyable. The article went on to read, "Vigo County school officials have asked architects to find out whether some cracks in walls at the new school are due to NORMAL settling or if they indicate serious structural problems." It is obvious that if there were a mine within "Feeling" distance, blasting and the operator would have immediately become suspect as at least one of the potential causes. More alarming is that the investigation may have stopped there.

Jan 1, 1995

By Alicia O'Reardon

DIFFIDENTLY, because don'ts are rarely greeted with cheers; humbly, because I, myself, have never lined up with the irreproachables, I venture on the subject of manners for the mining camp matron. Mining camps can be divided roughly into two types-the large, opulent settlement that blooms like the rose about a strong mine in full operation; and the puny group of adobe huts, or calamina shacks, or even canvas tents flung down in the wilderness to shelter the gay pioneers of a shining prospect or the shattered survivors of a lost hope. Of the first, I know nothing; but in the second, I have spent some of my best years, and from its curious code of morals and manners, its comic hates and its unreasoning loves, its high impatience and its engulfing kindness, I have charted the narrow .and pitted path which must be trod by the woman who would success¬fully live therein.

Jan 1, 1936

By Alicia O&apos, Overbeck, Reardon

DIFFIDENTLY, because don'ts are rarely greeted with cheers; humbly, because I, myself, have never lined up with the irreproachables, I venture on the subject of manners for the mining camp matron. Mining camps can be divided roughly into two types-the large, opulent settlement that blooms like the rose about a strong mine in full operation; and the puny group of adobe huts, or calamina shacks, or even canvas tents flung down in the wilderness to shelter the gay pioneers of a shining prospect or the shattered survivors of a lost hope. Of the first, I know nothing; but in the second, I have spent some of my best years, and from its curious code of morals and manners, its comic hates and its unreasoning loves, its high impatience and its engulfing kindness, I have charted the narrow .and pitted path which must be trod by the woman who would success¬fully live therein.

Jan 1, 1936