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By J. H. Collier

The mother lode, or mineralized belt, at Angels, in Calaveras county, California, is 3 miles wide. At least, a region of that width has been, and is being, prospected which has shown considerable mineralization. The lode proper divides into three lodes, or groups of veins, at this point. On all of these branches, mines have been operated with more or less success.

Jan 1, 1900

By W. L. Watts

The existence of petroleum in California has been known for many years. From time immemorial the California Indians used this mineral, in the form of asphaltum, for various purposes. In the early history of the State the Catholic fathers utilized it for roofing their missions and other buildings. It is said that in 1855 or 1856 Andreas Pico distilled petroleum on a small scale for the San Fernando Mission. He obtained his crude oil from Pico canon, near Newhall, in Los Angeles county; and he was probably the first refiner of petroleum in this State. In 1856 a company commenced work at the La Brea ranch, in Los Angeles county, and tried to refine the crude oil. In 1857 an attempt was made to produce illuminating-oil from crude petroleum at Carpenteria, in Santa Barbara county; and there are records of similar attempts in other localities previous to 1860; but none of them were successful. The first scientific report on petroleum in California was made by Prof. B. Silliman, who published his researches in 1865. He spoke favorably of the possibility of obtaining petroleum in remunerative quantities in this State, and gave the results of his experiments in the fractional distillation of California petroleum. The next decade was marked by a considerable oil-excitement in California; and a great many companies mere formed for the purpose of petroleum-mining and for distilling crude oil. In most instances these companies did not meet with success; but it must be remembered that the pioneer oil-miners did not

Jan 1, 1900

By E. A. H. Tays

At the present time, the mine-owner has a number of patent crushers to choose from, when contemplating the erection of a mill; and a number of new ones are yearly brought to notice. We all know that the stamp-mill is the old standard; but several of the patent crushers, especially of the roller-type, are not without their merits. Having had a working experience, extending over a period of four years, with the " Bryan roller quartz-mill," working alongside of stamp-batteries, I take pleasure in giving to the members of the Institute the benefit of my experience with this mill.*

Jan 1, 1900

By James Douglas

At this last meeting of our Institute for the year 1899, it is appropriate that we should look back at the past. To review the century's progress in the exact sciences and the resulting arts that fall within the scope of our labors is beyond my ability. But I wish to draw your attention to some phases of that progress, almost as important, which lie within the zone of sociology, touching at so many points the domain of applied technology. One of these is suggested by the library of technical literature which this century has produced —not the least important contribution to which is our own Transactions. The nineteenth century has witnessed the beneficial spread of democracy in politics. Under the impulse, to no small degree, of the same spirit, there has grown up a brotherhood of fellow-workers and a sense of fellow-ownership in the secrets of nature. Though the Patent Office has assumed such proportions as to hare become a source of national revenue, and a multitude of inventors, great and small, are seeking through its agency to secure some pecuniary profit from their devices, there is even greater eagerness among both interested and disinterested workers in the field of technology to publish their observations, and even their discoveries, and to give them to the world without remuneration. The motives influencing the great body of writers who, without any pay, use the technical journals and such media of communication as our Transactions, in order to give to the brethren of their craft the results of

Jan 1, 1900

By Robert Gorham Morse

This paper presents the results of an investigation made in the metallurgical laboratory of Columbia University, New York City. The object of the investigation was to determine how the tensile strength, the elastic limit, and the size of the grain, of a pure medium-carbon steel are affected by heating to successive temperatures between 500° and 1300° C., with slow cooling therefrom. Since Dr. Sorby's first investigations into the microstructure of steel, the study of the subject has been continued by Professor Martens, Mr. F. Osmond, Professor Arnold, Professor Howe, Mr. A. Sauveur, Mr. J. E. Stead, and many others. Among many valuable and interesting papers I mention the following as having a special bearing upon this investigation.* " Microstructure of Steel," by Albert Sauveur, Trans., xxii., 546 (1893); Microscopic Metallography," by F. Osmond, Trans., xxii., 243 (1893); "The Microstructure of Steel and the Current Theories of Hardening," by Albert Sauveur, Trans., xxvi., 863 (1896); "The Crystalline Structure of Iron and Steel," by John Edward Stead, J. Iron and Steel Inst., 1898. II.—Statement of Experiments. Through the kindness of Mr. N. Lilienberg, New York City, round rods 3/4 of an inch in diameter were obtained, which had been rolled from one ingot. The analysis of the steel was as follows : C, 0.343; Si, 0.027; Mn, 0.221; I?, 0.0266; S, 0.0037 per cent.

Jan 1, 1900

By John C. Branner

Within a couple of years I have received many inquiries in regard to the manganese-mines of Brazil. These inquiries were doubtless directed to mc because I had lived and traveled in Brazil for more than eight years, and was therefore supposed to be pretty well acquainted with its geology and mineral resources. Somewhat to my chagrin, I not only knew nothing of manganese-mines in that country, but I had never before heard of the mineral having been found here in quantity, and I did not even know in what State the mines were located. The present summer found me in Brazil again, trying to finish up some of my early geological investigations along the northeast coast, and I have used the occasion to find out something about the manganese-deposits. Very little is known of these mines, even in Brazil. While at Pernambuco I was told that they were in the distant interior of the State of Bahia. In August I reached Bahia, and there I found out, concerning the mines and their geology, enough to be worth telling for the benefit of those interested in the mining or using of this mineral. Thus far, all the manganese-ore shipped from this State has come from two mines, the principal one of which is known as the Pedras Pretas mine. This was the first mine opened, is the best developed, and was the original discovery; the second one is on an adjoining tract, and the general geology and natural conditions are about the same in both. The Pedras Pretas mine is on the Nazareth-Amargosa railway, twenty-six kilometers west of the town of Nazareth, which is on tide-water, at the head of navigation, and is reached from the city of Bahia by a small side-wheel steamer that runs across the bay of Bahia and up the Rio Jaguaripe

Jan 1, 1900

By Edward Halse

The tin-deposits of Durango, Mexico, have been ably described by Mr. W. R. Ingalls in a paper published in our Transactions in 1895.* While the occurrellces of tin-ore in other parts of the Republic are similar in many resperts to those in Durango, there are noteworthy local differences which, it is hoped, ma? lend interest to the present paper. The deposits examined by me in May, 1895, are found in the Serrania de Chacuaco, Municipality of Sain Alto, District of Sombrerete. The workings are situated in a range of mountains having a general northwest to southeast trend between Sombrerete and Fresnillo; the most northerly claim (La Desparranlada) being about six leagues southeast of the former town. El Refugio lies about four leagues to the southwest, and El Calabrote eight leagues to the west, of Fresnillo. The claims are from about 8425 to 8775 feet above sea-level, and from 1500 to 1800 feet above Sain Alto, the position of which town is marked in the map printed in Mr. Ingalls's paper. In order to reach the claims, one uses the carriage-road from Sain Alto to the small tin-colony of Las Cuevas; from the latter place to the mines there is only a rough mule-track. The mountain range consists of a rugged, weathered, gray granite rock, remarkable for large grains of quartz, and is flanked by masses of rhyolite and rhyolite-tuff of upper Tertiary age. The whole formation is broken up by narrow and steep willding arroyos and deep barrancas, mainly the result of denudation, and it appears to be a southeasterlj extension of the tin-bearing belt of rocks north of Durango City. Here and

Jan 1, 1900

By O. R. Foster

The use in the iron blast-furnace of slags high in magnesia has been generally condemned, not only on the ground that magnesia renders the slag less fusible, but also because it is said to have less power to remove sulphur from the iron. Percy? says the use of dolomite as a flux should obviously he avoided, because magnesia " tends to induce infusibility," but says nothing of its relation to sulphur in the charge. Bell suggests the absorption of SO2, by lime and magnesia in the blast-furnace, but leads the reader to suppose that the really active agent is lime. Howes says: " The greater desulphurizing power of lime than of magne-

Jan 1, 1900

By H. O. Hofman

In the blast-furnace smelting of lead, copper and other non-ferrous metals, the largest part of the product obtained is slag. Its formation consumes more of the heat-energy of the fuel charged than any other chemical reaction that takes place. It is therefore of importance to know at what temperatures the different slags will form, so as to be able to choose in a given case the slag that will form at the right point in the operation, will keep the products thoroughly fluid, so as to insure a satisfactory separation, and will permit the consumption of fuel to be reduced to the lowest practicable point. While practical experience has brought out in a general way the leading differences as to the formation-temperatures of Rome silica—iron —lime slags, accurate details are still wanting. The object of the investigation here described was to supply some of these.* Prominent among the men who have worked on the fusibility of silicates are Lampadius, † Sefström,‡ Berthier,§

Jan 1, 1900

State of California, Division of Mines, Ferry bldg., San Francisco, Calif. Walter W. Bradley, State Mineralogist. A list of publications available will be sent upon request. Bulletin 77 is a list of publications complete from 1880 to 1917 and contains synopses It is sent free. Bulletin 105, California mineral production and directory of mineral producers for 1930, brings the complete list up to date, sent free on request The Division of Mines issues principally (1) A series of Reports, (2) Bulletins, (3) Preliminary Reports, and (4) maps. The Reports were first issued biennially, later annually, and for the past few years they have taken the form of quarterly reports. The yearly subscription price for the quarterly reports is $1, payable in advance Reports and separate chapters available are Report 2, First Biennial (1892), $1, 14 (1913-1914), Chapter on mines and mineral resources of Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Mann, Napa, Solano, Sonoma, and Yolo counties, 50 cents, 15 (1915?1916), Mines and mineral resources of Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter and Tehama counties, 50 cents, and Mines and mineral resources of Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, 65 cents, 16 (1917-1918), Nevada County, 75 cents, Plumas County, 50 cents, Sierra County, 50 cents; 17 (1920), Mining in California during 1920, $1 75, 18 (1922), Mining m California, chapters for Aug , Sept , Oct , Dec , free, 19 (1923), Mining in California, chapters for Jan , Feb , Mar, Sept , free, 20 (1924), Quarterly chapters on mining in California (except July, out of print), 25 cents, 21 (1925), Quarterly chapters containing county reports- Jan (Sarcramento, Monterey, Orange) 25 cents, April (Calaveras, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Ventura), 25 cents, July (Del Norte, Humboldt, San Diego) 25 cents, Oct (Siskiyou, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara), 25 cents; 22 (1926), Quarterly county reports: Jan. (Santa Cruz, Trinity), 25 cents, April (Shasta, San Benito, Imperial), 25 cents, July (Mann, Sonoma) and Copper in California, 25 cents, Oct (El Dorado, Inyo) Minarets District, 25 cents, 23 (1927), Quarterly county reports- Jan (Contra Costa), 25 cents, April (Aniador, Solano) Bibliography of clay

Jan 1, 1933

The State Mining Bureau of California under the direction of Fletcher Hamilton, State Mineralogist, is starting a field campaign to report on the economic minerals of California, which have an important industrial and military bearing on the present war situation. Particular interest and value attaches at the present moment to our available supplies of chrome, coal, iron, magnesite, manganese, molybdenum, quicksilver and tungsten. Trained geologists and engineers of the Bureau's staff are being sent, out to obtain information with relation to the latest developments. Advance notices will be sent to the local newspapers, from time to time, of the arrival of the engineers in the various districts. All persons interested in the minerals mentioned are earnestly urged to cooperate with the State Mining Bureau by meeting the field men while in their districts or by communicating direct with the State Mineralogist at his office in the Ferry Building, San Francisco. The State Mining Bureau has just issued Bulletin No. 72 on The Geologic Formations of California. It was written by Prof. James Perrin Smith of Stanford University, and contains a complete bibliography and resume of all of our present knowledge relative to the geological formations occurring in California. It also contains much previously unpublished data, and six tables showing geologic columns. It covers 41 pages.

Jan 6, 1917

No records have been found of coal in the old Spanish documents, although some mention of it probably exists in manuscripts. Coal was found in Mt. Diablo, in Contra Costa County, about five miles south of the San Joaquin River in 1852, but the first mine, the Teutonia, was located in 1858. The deposits are located on both sides of a high ridge, and vessels of 1,000 tons burden could ascend the river to the nearest point to the mines.1 In 1854, coal was found about four miles from Oroville, on the Feather River, in Butte County. Development work was started and in 1856 a mine was opened. From the description the coal was likely a variety of lignite and probably never amounted to anything commercially, as it does not appear again in the records 2 The more valuable mines at Mt. Diablo were opened in 1859 and 1860. By 1867 there had been 11 mines started and at that time five were in operation. The seam conditions were much disturbed and lack of knowledge of them caused much waste of effort and money. All of the coal excepting that used locally and in nearby towns, was shipped to San Francisco, and largely used for steam purposes. The first receipts were in 1861-6,620 tons. A railroad to the river had been constructed and opened in February 1866. The Corral Hollow field in Alameda County was found and prospected to a small extent in 1862. Two mines were opened but little work was done and the field was then abandoned. Good exposures were rare and the cost of underground exploration was then prohibitive. The Commercial mine produced coal in 1869 and 1870, but a fire in the latter year destroyed the tipple and communications to the mine. The Livermore mine was abandoned after 18 months operation in 1875 and 1876 and no other work was done here until the nineties. In 1867 Hyne reported the presence of coal in workable thickness, and of good quality, on the property of the Pacific Coast Petroleum Company,

Jan 1, 1942

By James C. Sever

Two green field magnesium reduction plants are under consideration using dolomite as the raw material. The Calix calciner was independently selected for both plants. The unique design of this calciner is detailed and the advantages defined for the specific application. The low carbon foot print of this unit combined with the ability to capture food grade carbon dioxide makes this an environmentally proactive approach to carboniferous ore calcination.

Jan 1, 2015

By J. P. Navarro

Mediante muchos trabajos de campo, se ha reconocido una relación entre calizas, que se originan en ambientes bajo en nutrientes (condiciones oligotróficas), y yacimientos polimetálicos. Las calizas oligotróficas son altamente calcáreas y por lo tanto formadores de estructuras kársticas; así también su fauna que contiene tiende a ser fácilmente dolomítizada y recristalizada. Todo esto mejora la porosidad primaria y a la vez da origen a porosidades secundarias, permitiendo el paso de fluidos hidrotermales mineralizantes.

May 1, 2008

By Q Liu, P D. Katsabanis

The energy output of crushed AN/FO, crushed AN/FO mixed with Aluminum (5%, 6.4% and 9.4% A1 by mass) and a commercial emulsion explosive has been measured using a detonation calorimeter. The charges had a diameter of 10 mm and were heavily confined by a 11 mm thick copper shell. In order to achieve stable detonation glass microballoons were used in the explosives so that the density of the AN/FO charges would be around 1.1 g/cc. The charges were detonated in vacuum and the detonation products were analyzed using gas chromatography. It was found that energy values were very close to calculated values obtained by ideal detonation codes.

Jan 1, 1993

By M. S. Celik

Adsorption of sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDS) and dodecylaminium hydrochloride (DAH) on Buller seam coal, New Zealand, have been studied. Both surfactants adsorb effectively on the coal below pH 8, and the adsorption isotherms established at pH 4 are essentially the same at lower concentrations. These findings suggest that the adsorption of these two ionic surfactants on coal is controlled by a hydrophobic bonding mechanism. However, the results of calorimetric studies suggest that coulombic attraction also plays a part in the adsorption mechanisms. It has also been found that both the SDS and DAH adsorbed in the first monolayer are not removed by lowering the surfactant concentrations in the bulk solution.

Jan 1, 1993

By Brian Maroney

In this paper an overview of the California Department of Transportation's (CALTRANS) bridge design criteria is presented. Special emphasis is focused upon seismic design and retrofit criteria. Topics include earthquake load definitions, foundation and structure type selection, structural earthquake analysis, and structure behavioral requirements.

Jan 1, 1993

Jan 1, 1993

By D. Zhou, T. Hamano, Tsukihashi. F., W. -G. Seo

The thermodynamic properties for the CaO-CaF2and CaO-BaO systems were calculated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using Born-Mayer-Huggins type pair potential. The parameters of interatomic potential were obtained by fitting the thermodynamics properties of CaO, CaF2and BaO with the experimental data. The phase diagrams for the CaO-CaF2 and CaO-BaO systems were calculated by the thermodynamic properties obtained by MD simulation. The eutectic composition and temperature of the CaO-CaF2system calculated by MD simulation were about 28 mole per cent CaO and 1575K, respectively. The calculated eutectic point agrees very well with experimental data, which are about 22 mole per cent CaO and 1633K, respectively. Keywords: molecular dynamics simulation, thermodynamics, phase diagram, calcium oxide, calcium fluoride, barium oxide.

Jan 1, 2004

By Robert Rautenberg, Ted Budd

The paper will discuss the successful construction of the largest dollar value ($194.5 million, U.S.) TARP (Tunnel and Reservoir Plan) project built to date for the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. The mining and lining of the 18.5km (11.54 miles) tunnels will be emphasized. The tunnels were driven utilizing three TBMs ranging in size from 9.85m (32.33 ft) to 3.70m (12.16 ft) in diameter. The operations surrounding the 11,546m (37,876 ft) long 9.85m (32.33 ft) diameter tunnel will be highlighted. A total system concept was utilized to attain mining rates up to 29.3m (96 ft) per shift and lining productions of 58.5m (192 ft) per day. The reliability of these systems was instrumental in the completion of the project more than a year ahead of schedule.

Jan 1, 1995