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By R. H. Seraphim

"Western Mines Limited produces gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc from a number of Paleozoic volcanogenic deposits near Buttle Lake on Vancouver Island. The deposits were emplaced along a series of submarine linear volcanic ridges that extended for at least 6,000 metres in a northwesterly direction.Rock types mapped include: andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic flow s and volcanic breccias; detrital breccias, tuffs and hematitic silts; black and green cherts; and a variety of dykes and sills, including quartz porphyry and diorite. Orebodies are associated invariably, and in places intimately, with quartzsericite schist and rhyolitic rocks. The ore is complex, varying in mineralogy and tenor both within each deposit and from one deposit to another.Recent studies have increased our knowledge of the structure and left no doubt that the orebodies were deposited both within the throats of the linear vents and on paleoslopes adjacent to these vents.IntroductionWestern Mines Limited operates an 850-tonne-per-day mine, located 85 km south of Campbell River, B.C. The mine is at approximately 400 metres elevation, near the south end of Buttle Lake on Vancouver Island (Fig . I). It has operated since early 1967 and produced 3,650,000 tonnes with an average grade of 1.9 g (0.06 oz) gold, 93 g (3.0 oz) silver, 1.6 per cent copper, 1.0 per cent lead and 7.5 per cent zinc per tonne by the end of 1978. Current reserves are 1,157,000 tonnes of 2.7 g (0.09 oz) gold, 117 g (3 .8 oz) silver , 1.2 per cent copper, 1.2 per cent lead and 8.0 percent zinc per tonne (December 31, 1978).Ore from one zone, known as Myra High-Grade, is mined and milled separately because of its grade. Ore milled prior to December 31,1978, plus reserves, 180,715 tonnes of6.6 g (0.21 oz) gold, 554.5 g (17 .7 oz) silver, 0 .8 per cent copper, 3.2 per cent lead and 10.6 per cent zinc are included in the figures listed in the preceding paragraphs."

Jan 1, 1980

Duties: The successful applicant will be responsible to the Planning Superintendent for long and short term Mine Planning. The current expansion programme requires production to be derived from new mines, using the most modern equipment. Considerable forward planning is required. Qualifications: Applicants should possess a degree or diploma in Mining Engineering. Experience: Five to eight years' experience in hard rock mining is required of which some part has been spent on mine planning. Conditions: Salary to $7,000. Ample opportunity for further promotion exists in this expanding organisation. The person appointed will be eligible for benefits including discretionary annual staff bonus. An executive home will be provided in the new township with services at nominal rates. Primary schooling is available at Kambalda and the bus service operates for post primary students attending schools at Kalgoorlie. Reasonable relocation expenses within Australia will be met by the Corporation. Employment is conditional upon passing the necessary medical examination for admission to the Western Australian Mining Industry. Written applications, which will be treated in strict confidence, stating nationality, age, marital status and setting out qualifications and experience should be addressed to: The General Manager Operations-W.A., Western Mining Corporation Limited, Post Office Box 80, BELMONT, W.A., 6104. The envelope and application to be marked- "Attention: Senior Mining Engineer".

By M. L. Sisson, G. H. Rupp, R. L. Hair

THE iron ore supply for the Pueblo plant of CF&I is obtained from the Sunrise mine in Wyoming and the Duncan and Blowout mines near Cedar City, Iron County, Utah. The Sunrise mine is an underground operation while those in Utah are open pit.

Jan 11, 1953

By Fred S. Mulock

THE principal operating and producing properties covered by the Western Operations of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company are the U. S. and Lark mine in the Bingham district of Utah, the Bayard department in the Central mining district of New Mexico, the Midvale mill and smelter near Salt Lake City, the lead refinery of its subsidiary, U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc., at East Chicago, Ind., and the coal operations of its subsidiary, United States Fuel Company, at Hiawatha, Utah. Operations of lesser importance at this time are conducted either on company account or by lessees in the Centennial, Bullion Beck, and Eagle and Blue Bell mines in the Tintic district of Utah, the Hidden Treasure and Ophir mines in the Ophir district of Utah, and the White Knob mine in Custer County, Idaho. The Richmond-Eureka Mining Company, in which the Company owns a controlling interest, has leased its properties near Eureka, Nev., to the Eureka Corporation Limited. The Gold-road property at Goldroad, Ariz., has been shut down since 1942, and due to high costs of labor and supplies, consideration is now being given to removal of all surface and underground improvements. The mine and mill im¬provements at the Sunnyside property in Colorado, recently purchased by the Sunbank Corporation, a subsidiary of the Company, are now being dismantled.

Jan 1, 1948

By A. J. Getz

Major precious metals projects are underway in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, the Philippines and New Zealand. This article reviews the status of those projects. Included in this review are project location, reserves, method of resource exploitation, anticipated production, and other unique conditions. The article is limited to major precious metals projects in the Western Pacific region. This is not meant to negate the attractiveness or importance of the many other projects in that area. The geographical setting of these five countries are shown in [Fig. 1]. The gold output of the countries has increased dramatically during the 1980s. [Table 1] compares 1980 and 1988 production figures. The compound growth rate is 120%. That reflects the attractiveness of the region’s resource base as well as the impact of price increases, new exploration models and processing technologies, and changes in government policies. If the 10 projects discussed here are all brought onstream, their combined output - at about 130 t (4.17 million oz) - would amount to an increase of greater than 50% over 1988 production from this region. Table 2 shows indicative production levels for each of the 10 projects. Dollar amounts are in US currency unless otherwise specified. Australian dollars have been converted to US dollars at the rate of 1.28: 1.00.

Jan 1, 1990

After the close of the Revolution, settlers began to pour over the mountains, to settle in the western parts of Pennsylvania, of Virginia, to move down the Ohio into Kentucky, and in the late seventeen-eighties to settle on "the Indian side" of the river, now Ohio. With the growth of population the interest in coal increased and it was not long before the production of coal west of the mountains was larger than that east of them. Foreign nations, too, became interested in the young republic and in 1783, at the instance of the Swedish government S. A. Hermelin, an engineer, visited this country to investigate its iron industry. He made a very interesting report, not published until 1931, in which he gave many details of the iron plants in the eastern United States; apparently he was not west of the mountains, but was well informed about conditions there. He says, "that some coal near the first branches of the Schuylkill River has been mined and utilized by the blacksmiths," referring, of course, to anthracite; again that "coal mines have also been worked for several years near Pittsburg," and that "great supplies of iron ore are available at the Ohio Falls and further to the west, at Coney Creek, a part of the Green River, where there is also coal."' In 1788, Dr. Johann David Schoepf, who came to this country with the Hessian troops, visited Pittsburgh. He was an intelligent man and acquainted to some extent with minerals and methods of working them. In speaking of Coal Hill on the south side of the Monongahela he mentioned several strata of marble in the lower part and that

Jan 1, 1942

Mills Day left a journal of his travel to Ohio and return by way of Pittsburgh in 1810. He left this comment about western Pennsylvania: "June 19. As I proceeded toward Pittsburg, (From Washington and Canonsburg) the country grew more populous. The hills appeared to consist of strata of freestone, iron, coal, and slate. June 20. Its (Pittsburg's) water communication with a vast extent of country and the immense beds of coal in its immediate vicinity render it a place peculiarly adapted to manufactures. Coal may be obtained of a good quality, ready delivered at 5 cents a bushel."1 Until within a year or so of this period, coal was used for domestic purposes, brick-making, by blacksmiths, etc.; now the industry entered a period of rapid growth caused by the introduction of the steam engine. As manufacturing was increasing due to the settlement of the western country, the additional facilities created by mechanical power were welcome. Apparently the first engine was installed in Pittsburgh, in a steam grist mill, in 1808; it is described in the Navigator of 1811: "The water of the boilers are heated by large fires made of stone coal, which is introduced at one end into a grated fire place as long as the cylinders themselves; the quantity of coal consumed daily by these boilers is said to be about twenty bushels, which cost one dollar." Later it mentions the effect of burning coal:

Jan 1, 1942

It is always the case with heavy and cheap materials that the area within which they can be economically used depends upon the cost of transportation, and in those days of poor roads and no mechanical means of haulage on them, coal could only be moved a few miles from the mine by any other means than water. The need of better means of transport to the areas west of the mountains had been urged by Washington and many other leaders, but the first turnpike over the Alleghenies only reached the Ohio River at Wheeling, W. Va. in 1818. The James River and Kanawha road reached the Ohio in 1831, that from Winchester, Va. to Parkersburg in 1838, and the road through the Cumberland Gap was completed in 1797. None of these affected the coal industry excepting indirectly by building up some of the river towns which coal could reach. The inadequacy of roads alone to carry the traffic of the rapidly growing interior communities was demonstrated only a few years after the National Pike was completed, and in the early 1820's several of the states embarked upon the construction of a canal system, which had been under discussion for some years. The Erie Canal was opened in 1825 from Lake Erie to the Hudson River through New York; Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland had already started similar projects designed to bring traffic to their principal cities from the interior. The Pennsylvania Canal was started from Columbia, as a railroad extended from Philadelphia to that point, and it followed the Susquehanna and Juniata Rivers to Hollidaysburg; thence to Johnstown, a distance of 36 miles, where it consisted of partly railroad and partly inclined planes, the boats being hauled up, and lowered down the planes; from Johnstown the canal followed the Conemaugh, Kiskiminitas and Allegheny Rivers to Pittsburgh, 104 miles. Boats first reached Pittsburgh by this route in 1834. The Chesapeake and Potomac Canal followed the Potomac River from a point above Alexandria above the falls, to Cumberland. This canal was chartered in the eighteenth century and a portion of it was used by traffic in 1800. It was too small to be of much use and was abandoned, and later after many legal and financial vicissitudes was completed to Cumberland, traffic from there starting late in 1850. This date, however, was long after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had been completed to

Jan 1, 1942

By Phillip R. Moyle

Voluminous deposits of commercial-grade phosphate occur in sedimentary strata in a 350,000 km2 (135,000 mi2) area of the middle Rocky Mountains of North America known as the Western Phosphate Field. The Permian marine strata that host the phosphate were deposited on the western margin of the North American craton and subsequently deformed, first by folding and thrust faulting of the Laramide orogeny, and then by Cenozoic Basin and Range block faulting. Carbonate fluorapatite is the primary phosphorus-bearing mineral. Organic matter is abundant in some strata, and both biogenic and non-biogenic pyrite are also present. Certain strata are enriched in several trace elements, especially in arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), uranium (U), and zinc (Zn). Phosphate has been mined from the Western Phosphate Field for nearly 100 years. Phosphate mining and processing constitutes the largest mineral industry of Idaho, producing more than $600 million in processed mineral value in 1997. Resource management agencies, phosphate producers, and others are concerned about the release of Se from phosphate mine wastes, especially at Maybe Canyon, and the potential effects that Se and other trace elements may have on the environment and on human health. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Resources Team scientists initiated a multidisciplinary study of the Permian Phosphoria Formation and related rocks in the south- eastern Idaho sector of the Western Phosphate Field in response to a request by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Studies to date reveal that Se is present in several phases, including native Se, and in an as yet unidentified form, possibly an organo-Se compound. Selenium is also present in pyrite and sphalerite. Selenium concentrations range from 1.2 to greater than 1,000 parts per million (ppm) in samples collected from exposures of the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation (Meade Peake) at Enoch Valley. The results suggest that Se concentrations vary spatially across strata and with depth, perhaps comparable to spatial variations of phosphate and organic carbon concentrations throughout the Western Phosphate Field demonstrated in previous studies. Some Se-enriched strata may be of adequate dimension to allow selective extraction during mining. Such units could be handled separately from the main ore process or waste streams and isolated in order to reduce the potential for release of Se to the environment

Jan 1, 2001

By S France

The Waterview Connection will complete a strategic Auckland motorway route linking the south, west and north. The project will comprise 2.5 km of ‘undrained’ driven tunnels and 900 m of drained cut-and-cover tunnel and portals.The project is aligned beneath a stream valley of Oakley Creek incised through alluvium and in places overlain by landfill, between Mt Albert volcano and a ridge formed in alternating sandstones and siltstones. The hydrogeology of the area is complex with perched aquifers in compressible soils, cascading water levels in fractured rock aquifers, and discontinuous higher permeability units resulting in artesian water levels and groundwater springs.Numerical groundwater modelling was undertaken to assess the potential effects of tunnel construction and long-term operation on the groundwater system; the magnitude and extent of changes in groundwater level and the resulting potential for settlement, buoyancy effects, contaminant migration and adverse effects on creek base flow. Modelling also provides inputs to tunnel design such as groundwater seepage volumes and water pressures.The driven tunnel will be ‘undrained’ long-term so potential effects on the groundwater system are limited to short-term dewatering during construction. Significant project time and cost savings can be made if the portal areas are permanently ‘drained’, but this means potential effects are greatest in the long term condition.This paper summarises the investigations, implications of the complex hydrogeological setting on tunnel design and environmental assessments, and groundwater modelling undertaken during the planning stage of this project. The groundwater modelling has been used to incorporate mitigation options in tunnel design and construction sequencing; a comprehensive monitoring program will be used to trigger appropriate responses should effects differ from those predicted.

Mar 8, 2011

By J P. Burr

The Waterview Connection will complete a strategic Auckland motorway route linking the south, west and north. The project will include 2.1 km of ‘undrained’ driven tunnels, 500 m of drained cut-and-cover tunnel and tunnel portals.The project is aligned beneath a stream valley of Oakley Creek, which is incised through alluvium and in places overlain by landfill, between Mt Albert volcano and a ridge formed in alternating sandstones and siltstones. The resulting topography, geology and hydrogeology of the tunnel alignment are complex.The Assessment of Effects required estimation of the likely settlements resulting from the tunnel construction and assessment of their effects on the buildings, services and other features. A conservative approach was taken when estimating settlements in order to provide an upper bound estimate of the consequent effects. There are three sources of these settlements: mechanical settlement from the tunnel excavation, mechanical settlement from the displacement of retaining walls and consolidation settlement from the groundwater drawdowns during construction and, in some cases, in the long-term.The settlements from these sources were calculated independently and then combined to identify the most critical effects. These combined settlements were used to assess the potential damage to the buildings, services and other features above and around the tunnels. The combined settlement results generally followed the anticipated trough shape centred on the underlying tunnel but with some noticeable effects relating to the underlying geology and hydrogeology.The effects on buildings were typically assessed as negligible with some areas of very slight to moderate damage predicted. Effects on services are anticipated to be minor but some large and older pipes will require specific monitoring during construction. A monitoring programme is proposed to allow the actual settlement and effects to be compared to those estimated with appropriate responses should those effects significantly differ.This paper describes the methods used to calculate and combine the settlements and assess their effects.

Mar 8, 2011

By H. G. Fleshman

?Wyoming bentonite? has become almost a world-wide trade mark for high quality sodium bentonite. Although bentonite is produced in more than a dozen U.S. states the largest producing area covers Wyoming and adjacent parts of Montana and South Dakota. Bentonite was originally known as Taylorite and later renamed Bentonite by Dr. Sam Knight, the State Geologist of Wyoming. The new name came from the Fort Benton shale member of the Mowry Formation. Bentonite is a clay consisting essentially of the montmorillonite group of minerals. Since bentonite has good ion exchange capabilities, various cat-ions are easily replaced. These cations are usually calcium and sodium; however, magnesium, lithium, potassium, and others can be exchanged. One way of classifying the clay is based on its swelling capacities when wet or added to water. Bentonite having sodium as the dominant exchangeable ion typically has very high swelling capacities and forms gel-like masses when added to water. Bentonite in which exchangeable calcium is more abundant than other ions has much lower swelling properties than sodium varieties.

Jan 1, 1987

By AIME AIME

THE Western States Joint Convention opened at Denver on Sept. 20, with about 400 registered the first day. Monday was devoted to the American Mining Congress, and the afternoon session was taken up with a discussion of the public land laws of the United States. Hubert Work, Secretary of Interior, and William Spry, Commissioner of the General Land Office, presented a comprehensive review of the origin and operation of the laws and argued against any general change in the system. Charles E. Winter, Congressman from Wyoming, marshalled the arguments in favor of turning over the public lands to the states within which they lie, and George H. Dern, Governor of Utah, presented a well-reasoned argument in favor of allowing the school sections to pass to the states regardless of their mineral or non-mineral character. The debate made it clear that in the West especially, there is strong feeling against any further development of the policy of reserving and leasing the public lands. Tuesday forenoon was devoted to the Silver Producers Association, F. H. Brownell and Charles A. Thomas being the principal speakers, and in the after- noon the American Association of Petroleum Geologists met with Alex. W. McCoy presiding, and Glenn C. Clark, J. V. Howell, and J. W. Beede presenting papers.

Jan 1, 1926

By H. Foster Bain

THE "miracle of production." which was such an essential element in winning the European war, was nowhere more in evidence than in our Western States. In shipbuilding alone the Pacific Coast States -et a mark never before equaled, and in production of war goods of many kinds, both Rocky Mountain and Coast States accomplished more than their proportionate share if measured by population standards. This was only possible because of the building of immense new plants of many types, largely financed with Government money. Their operation has built up payrolls in the West and brought a measure of prosperity which Westerners are naturally anxious to have made permanent. A widespread doubt obtains, however, throughout the nation and even in the Western States themselves, as to whether, and if so to what extent, this may prove possible. The question has been raised as to whether the national treasury has not been raided to stock the Western ranges with a voracious breed of white elephant .

Jan 1, 1945

By R. S. McClellan

Western Talc Company, Inc., with headquarters in Los Angeles, Calif., has just completed an extensive modernization and expansion program at its talc mine near Tecopa, Calif., and at its talc and clay mills at Dunn Siding, Calif., the nearest rail shipping point to the mine. The basic objective of the program was to provide facilities necessary to produce 300 tpd of a wide range of ground talc and clay grades for the ceramic, paint, paper, rubber and other industries. In the planning of the program every effort was made to provide a system which would permit a high degree of quality control and uniformity of the finished products, along with efficient operation. Several years ago, R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. purchased Western Talc Co. after a comprehensive investigation of its properties, including an extensive diamond drilling campaign. Western Talc's properties embraced a number of claims in the Resting Springs mining district in the northern part of San Bernardino Co. and the southern part of Inyo Co., Calif., some seven miles southeast of the town of Tecopa. Operations by the original company were started on a small scale in 1913 and production from that date to the time of purchase of the company by Vanderbilt is estimated at 250,000 tons. The major part of this output was sold to the ceramic wall tile industry.

Jan 3, 1968

By Donna L. Boreck

In an effort to increase recovery in thick and closely spaced coal seams, the Bureau of Hines, U.S. Department of the Interior, is studying the feasibility of introducing three mining methods-high-face longwall, multi-slice longwall, and longwall caving-in western coal operations. Geology plays a significant role in determining the success of such methods. Some of the factors that will affect development are as follows: (1) thickness and three-dimensional configuration of the seam, (2) cleats, joints, and fractures in the coal and roof rock, (3) roof composition and variability, and (4) coal quality and changes in quality within the seam. Through geologic mapping, the presence of many of these factors is predictable prior to development.

Jan 1, 1987

Officers of the Institute have been entertained by, members at nine meetings in different parts of the country during the months of March and April. Institute policies have been discussed by the officers and by members present at the different meetings, with the result of bringing about a better understanding of Institute policy among the members; it has also been made clear how various suggestions are viewed by members who are not all in close touch with Institute activities and with the policy of the Board of Directors. President Jennings devoted his remarks chiefly to an account of Institute activities in connection with Government service for the war, and presented an able address on the relations of labor and capital; with special relation to possible changes that may be necessary during the reconstruction period following the war. This carries forward the suggestion made by him in taking up the reins of government at the Annual Dinner on February 20, 1918, and makes available a paper which has aroused great interest at the different meetings; this address will be found on a following page. In referring to Institute activities in connection with the war, the President mentioned especially the Naval Consulting Board, the War Committee of Technical Societies, the War Minerals Committee, and the census of engineers prepared not only by the Institute in connection with the Bureau of Mines, but also by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. He announced also the appointment of two committees, one on ferrous and one on non-ferrous metals, advisory to the Tariff Commission, and the appointment of a member of the Committee on the Excess Profit Tax, having especially to do with the question of excess profit taxes on gold mines. He also announced the appointment of a new committee known as the Committee on Industrial Organization, which will devote its energies largely to the question of relations of capital and labor and of "human engineering."

Jan 5, 1918

A new departure of unusual importance in Institute annals was in-augurated by the trip of President Philip N. Moore to the Local Sections at Nevada, Southern California, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Montana, Utah, and Colorado. Everywhere the visit of the President was the occasion of an enthusiastic and successful meeting, which is reflected in the account, published under the different Sections in this and other Bulletins. The President also joined the members of the Columbia Section in their visit to Nelson, British Columbia, at the International Mining Convention, which was attended by mining engineers of Canada and the United States. The President of the Canadian Mining Institute, as well as the officers and members of the Western Section also attended this convention. For full particulars we recommend to our readers the ac- count of this very interesting meeting, which is given on another page of this. Bulletin. It is believed that this is the first meeting between the mining engineers of America and any other country since America joined the Allies. The Secretary of the Institute accompanied the President at the first four meetings and was expecting to attend the others also, but was called home by a death in his family.

Jan 7, 1917

By Scott SD

The 1986 PACLARK Expedition established that propagation of a seafloor spreading zone into continental crust has created a complex series of volcanic basins on the floor of the Western Woodlark Basin. In addition to abyssal basalts, felsic volcanic rocks were recovered - especially at the leading edge in the extreme west. A recent deposit of hydrothermal Fe-Mn oxides was discovered on an axial seamount of basaltic andesite, and seawater plume anomalies suggest current hydrothermal venting elsewhere. As a modern analogue for the settings in which ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide orebodies probably formed, the Western Woodlark Basin warrants further investigation.

Jan 1, 1987

By Otto Braach, Wolfgang Frietzsche, Erdogan Gürkan

The Westerschelde Tunnel is located in the south of the Netherlands and links the two parts of the Provinces of Zeeland, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen and Zuid-Beveland, which are separated by the Westerschelde. Road traf?c has up till now taken the detour via Belgium or crossed by ferry. This unsatisfactory transport link signifies major economic disadvantages above all for Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. The first fixed link for road traffic between the communities of Terneuzen and Borsele are to be created by means of the two 6.6 km long tunnel tubes down to 65 m below sea level.

Jan 1, 2003