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By D. Amariei, G. Bartolacci

Preconcentration of precious and base metal ore types is becoming more relevant with the discovery, the development and the operation of many lower grade deposits around the world. Ore preconcentration designates an operation consisting of sorting an ore to reduce the quantity of waste material sent to the concentrator. It can be seen as rejecting waste material as much as possible, without compromising the recovery, or as the recovery of as much valuable metal as possible into an optimum mass yield. Benefits of preconcentration are multiple: grinding energy savings, costs reduction, lower environmental footprint, extension of the reserves, etc. However, all of these benefits do not apply simultaneously and are not applicable to each ore type. Technologies employed for preconcentration are highly dependent on ore properties, especially on the particle size at which the gangue is liberated. Thus, from coarser to finer particle sizes, technologies such as screening, ore sorting, gravity separation (Dense Media Separation (DMS) and jigs) and coarse flotation could be used for the rejection of liberated gangue. The difficulty starts when a benchmark is needed to select a suitable technology, especially for low-grade gold deposits. This paper presents the challenges of comparing lab-scale technologies (DMS versus jig) for gold preconcentration. The experimental data will show to what extent comparing two lab-scale gravity technologies for gold preconcentration can be challenging. An attempt to evaluate the energy savings by assessing the hardness of the tailings after gravity separation will also be presented. Keywords: Challenges in gold preconcentration, gravity separation, jig, dense medium separation

Jan 1, 2020

By Bernd-Arno Behrens, Klaus-Georg Kosch

"In times of increasing energy costs automotive lightweight construction is gaining in importance. This paper deals with the production of hybrid steel-aluminum compounds by forging. The compound forging process is a promising method to successfully manufacture functional parts by applying resource-saving process steps. Nevertheless, challenges resulting from different material properties must be solved.The heating of hybrid material work pieces made of steel and aluminum is a great challenge. Steel is forged at a temperature of at least TSt =900 °C, while aluminum should not exceed a temperature of TA1= 500 °C. For achieving the required temperature gradient extensive experimental investigations have been carried out. Intermetallic phases form during the manufacturing process and can influence the bonding and the global part quality. In addition, methods for the characterization of the joining zone between the materials steel and aluminum are analyzed and the factors influencing the formation of intermetallic phases are determined experimentally.IntroductionIn times of increasing energy costs and stricter conditions relating to environmental protection, automotive lightweight construction is gaining in importance. The production of hybrid compounds by forging is a promising method to manufacture functional parts by applying resource-saving process steps. In compound forging a hybrid raw part consisting of a solid core, which is enclosed by a hollow casing, is joint in the forming process. This results in a graded material structure in the part in which the mechanical properties can be specifically adapted to the requirements. Compound forging is the form joining and/or firmly bonded joining of at least two different materials while plastic shape forming occurs (Figure 1)."

Jan 1, 2012

By T A. J Hopper, S Mukkisa, M L. Johns, K T. O’Neill

Technological advances the sensor design and performance for logging while drilling (LWD) instrumentation offer considerable opportunities in iron ore exploration. Here we focus on the development of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) LWD tool. NMR is an advanced geotechnical logging technology capable of providing in situ measurements of the porosity, pore size and permeability of the formation of interest. The ability to provide real-time characterisation of iron-ore systems is beneficial to both drilling operations as well as real-time formation evaluation. The development of an NMR LWD tool for mineral exploration drilling has previously not been achieved due to the significant technical and environmental challenges associated with the design and operation of such a tool. The tool outlined in this work is designed to work in reverse-circulation (RC) drilling systems. As such, the tool needs to be compatible with the RC drill-string, as well as being highly robust to survive the shocks and vibrations experienced during RC drilling operations. The magnetic physics of the probe must be capable of measuring at the appropriate depth into formation whilst being subject to the array of motions experienced during drilling operations. Furthermore, conducting accurate NMR measurements in an iron ore formation is challenging and the measurement methodology must be tailored to characterise the magnetic environment. The tool also requires high-powered electronics capable of operating the necessary pulse sequences for excitation and acquisition. The resultant tool design must therefore optimise the inherent trade-offs which exist between the physical components (ie mechanical structure, magnetic components and electronic hardware) in order to operate appropriately whilst not hindering RC drilling operations. Current experimental analysis of the prototype indicates that the current probe design exhibits the required measurement specifications and is nearing field testing. Future work will look towards commercialisation of the instrument.

Nov 8, 2021

By J Hadjigeorgiou, T R. Stacey

A ground support system is a combination of individual reinforcement and surface support elements that work together to retain and contain the rock mass. The various elements are subjected to external loads and to interactive loading between individual ground support system components. This paper focuses on the challenges in determining the capacity and behaviour of mesh, recognizing that installed mesh can be subjected to several loading mechanisms. Field observations from underground hard rock mines demonstrate that there are multiple types of damage and modes of failure of mesh. However, these are difficult to reproduce in a laboratory environment. A critical review has shown that existing mesh laboratory testing rigs reproduce very limited loading conditions that may not be representative of underground conditions. This has significant implications in quantifying and extrapolating the performance of mesh to ground conditions. CITATION:Hadjigeorgiou, J and Stacey, T R, 2018. Challenges in determining the capacity of mesh, in Proceedings The Fourth Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference (AusRock), pp 280–290 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 30, 2018

By M Yahyaei, F Vos, J Siliezar

Site-based case studies (including data collected from industrial surveys) and their application in evaluating circuit performance, have a significant role in developing reliable process models. Such models are useful to both plant metallurgists and researchers. Appropriate process models enable the plant metallurgist to assess the impact of different operational parameters on the overall circuit performance. They also provide the researcher with a detailed understanding of process behaviour in response to changes in ore characteristics and process conditions (ie plant throughput, ore competence, ore type). Thus enabling the identification of effective operating factors, and allowing them to be ranked in order of their influence on the process response, which eventually develops into a process control tool in the hands of plant operators.The above approach has been developed and applied at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) separately for both comminution and flotation processes. In recent years, the JKMRC has attempted an integrated approach by developing process models that incorporate the impact of upstream processes on downstream processes. This is not possible using the traditional approach of separate comminution and flotation surveys, so conducting integrated plant surveys is crucial for success in developing integrated process models. This paper summarises industrial experience gained while conducting such an integrated plant survey at Glencore’s Ernest Henry Mining operation near Cloncurry in north Queensland. An appropriate approach should be taken to enable the alignment of different requirements from different processes during the plant survey. This, as well as the challenges faced in integrating comminution process models with flotation process models, are identified.CITATION:Yahyaei, M, Vos, F, Powell, M S, Siliezar, J and Perkins, T, 2014. Challenges in developing integrated process models based on industrial survey data, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 437–446 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

By John E. Good

A new coal boom is under way in western Canada. As recently as the mid-1960's, the coal industry in western Canada was considered stagnant and, by some people, dying. But Japan's growing need for coking coal, which became more pronounced in 1966, sparked great interest in western Canadian reserves.' As a result of a rapidly expanding export market and growth in domestic demand, Canadian coal production spurted to 16.6 million tons in 1970. Production in 1965 was 11.5 million tons. Today, about 60 percent of Canada's output comes from western Canada, but by 1975, 87 percent (23.1 million tons) is expected to come from this area, and 96 percent (68.3 million tons) by 1990. Opening, developing and operating new coal mines to meet the needs of a rapidly expanding market for western Canadian metallurgical coals pose some unique and difficult problems. Covering nearly every aspect of opening properties in remote areas, the problems are met in exploration, transportation, construction, mine operations, coal preparation, manpower and ecology. Paul Weir Company has been involved as coal consultants on various projects in western Canada for some years. In presenting this paper, we make no attempt to present an in-depth or detailed analysis of any one specific situation. Each has, or would have, its own peculiarities or characteristics, both physical and economic. Instead, the objective is to provide for those not intimately

Jan 1, 1972

By Denise Müller, Axel Preusse

"Due to multilateral underground use, mining subsidence is discussed more and more with regard to issues other than mining, such as post-mining topics, storage, or geothermal use. These discussions and the influence of the energy policy is why the situation in Germany is described as a transition from active to abandoned mining. Many PhD theses have been written within the last 20 years—every single one with a different topic but all with the same issue—the effects and challenges of mining subsidence.These challenges start with the research regarding geological and hydrogeological conditions, which is the basis for calculations like the angle of draw or predictions of subsidence due to water table drawdown. Furthermore, the research investigates issues like risk-management and financial planning. One of these issues is post-mining calculations; others include potential hazards of storage or the use of geothermal energy.This paper outlines an overview of German mining and the consequences due to subsidence. It deals with an overview of the circumstances related to hard coal mining, lignite mining, the use of geothermal energy, gas, and opportunities regarding underground storage. Basically, it describes the essential steps of processing mining subsidence, starting with monitoring to forecast and up to safety measures.With a glance back to the applied research of the prior two decades, we compare given forecasts with experiences already gained.Even though mining decreases, ground control does not.INTRODUCTIONAfter the Second World War, an economic recovery started in Germany, during which the mining industry provided an advantage. Areas like the Ruhr District or Saarland were characterized by hard coal mining. In addition, there was lignite mining in the Rhenish mining area and the middle German coal district. In the Lausitz area, there were gravel and sand companies for the construction industry and many other medium-sized mining companies. Especially in the Ruhr District and in Saarland, where large coal fields were built, mining played a major role. The number of mines increased, and the negative effects on the terrain got bigger. While minor open pits or quarries have influences on the landscape only, large open pits and underground mining lead to significant ground movements. This results in a larger importance of mining subsidence engineering. Calculations of subsidence and forecasts have been developed and refined within the last several years. Due to the fact that the mining areas were and still are densely populated, the forecasts are getting more and more precise."

Jan 1, 2018

By S. Wegerer, M. Semel

The search for minerals typically starts with a reconnaissance phase. After finding a promising target area, further prospecting work will be conducted. Finally with growing confidence of having encountered an ore deposit with commercially viable concentrations of relevant minerals, an extensive exploration campaign will verify its potential. Best practice and reliable, efficient tools for mineral resource estimation of massive sulfide deposits in the deep sea have to be established yet. Therefore, a new seabed exploration system is in development. Various challenges are caused by the extreme environmental conditions in the deep sea and by the nature of massive sulfide deposits. Information of past and ongoing expeditions were gathered to form the basis of an in-depth requirement analysis. System functions and corresponding process times were derived. The experience from the existing MeBo seabed drill rigs serve as starting point for the concept study and following development. Initial MeBo system was built for maritime research purposes and now has to be converted into a new design, suitable for efficient and economic resource exploration. The new system configuration is modular structured to adapt easily to different application scenarios and challenges. To achieve an extension of the deployment depths, the overall equipment weight has to be limited through light weight construction and material. The drilling module contains a range of geotechnical coring tools to face the varying soil conditions of heterogeneous massive sulfide formations. The major challenge to overcome is the touch down sequence on uneven, 25° inclined, rough terrain in up to 4.000 m water depth. Furthermore, high precision of the final unit positioning is necessary. Landing sub-system proof of concept is validated in laboratory environment with small scale model. A novel seabed exploration system capable to land and operate safely on highly inclined slopes of mineral deposit is described. Obtaining high quality samples by wire-line coring technique is the objective.

Feb 22, 2026

By Paul Nicholas, Raju Gottumukkala

"India’s economy is expanding with rapid urbanization. Improvement in infrastructure is a keystone to the Indian government’s economic plans, including expansion of transit systems. Most of these systems are designed with elevated and underground sections. New Delhi, a city of 23 million people, suffers from heavy traffic congestion and pollution. The transit (metro) system is seen to be of critical importance. Phase 3 of the Delhi transit system project is 140 kilometers (km), with 40 km of twin-bore tunnels requiring 35 tunnel boring machines (TBMs) for construction. Transit systems are also under design or construction in Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Jaipur and Mumbai. Most have twin-bore tunnels. At present, 55 TBMs are operating on underground metro construction, and future projects will increase this number. This paper highlights the unique challenges of construction of underground metro systems in highly congested urban environments, using Kolkata and Delhi systems as examples. INTRODUCTION The first transit system in India was constructed in Kolkata (India’s third-largest city by population.) This line is 28 kilometers (km) in length, has underground and at-grade sections, was built in phases, runs north/south, and has 24 stations. This project was sanctioned in 1972, started construction in 1984, and was completed in 1995. The tunnels were constructed primarily by cut and cover methods with some open-face, compressed air shield tunneling. In 2006, the urban transport policy recommended construction of transit rail systems in all urban cities with a population exceeding 2 million. Further, in 2014 the central government stated that it would assist in financing transit systems in all cities with a population of over 1 million. In 2015, the central government approved the development of transit systems in 50 additional cities across India with a budget of $75 billion (see Figure 1). Transit development is just part of a huge expansion in planned rapid transport systems, which include metro, bus, high-speed rail, and monorail systems. Metro systems will include elevated and underground sections with twin-bore tunnels and underground stations. In the Delhi/National Capital Region (NCR), now the largest city in India by population, Delhi Metro Rail Corp (DMRC) was formed in 1995 as a joint venture company between the central government and Delhi state. DMRC operates the Delhi metro system. (see the case studies described later in this paper). DMRC has developed an external function to carry out studies and to offer consultancy to other cities planning transits. Since its inception, DMRC has produced Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for every metro and monorail project in India. In 2012, DMRC became a partner in the management consultancy for Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit System, its first project overseas. DMRC became a model organization for other cities to follow. These cities have included Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bangalore, Jaipur, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Nagpur. Other cities (e.g., Lucknow and Patna) are in the metro planning phase. Metro systems are under construction or partially operating in Hyderabad, Bangalore, and Jaipur."

Jan 1, 2016

By M Haydon

How do you portray a large structurally and stratigraphically complex deposit to return a meaningful resource estimation, and produce a geological model that is useable for planning on a daily basis? The George Fisher Mine is located 22 km north of Mount Isa and forms part of XstrataÆs Zinc Group operations. It is currently a major producer of zinc, lead and silver in the region with an estimated total resource for all categories of 127 Mt at 100g/t Ag, 5.3 per cent Pb and 9.2 per cent Zn (June 2005). Production in 2005 totalled 2 647 492 wet tonnes for 317 699 kg Ag, 140 317 tonnes Pb and 230 331 tonnes Zn from underground operations. George Fisher (GF) consists of two deposits that are structurally complex on a mine scale, George Fisher North (GFN) and George Fisher South (GFS). Regional faulting has resulted in a 2 km long package of variably pyritic shale and siltstone that separates the deposits. This paper looks specifically at GFN. Distinct correlations exist between the two deposits based on stratigraphic matches; however, orebody characteristics, geometry and fault architectures differ significantly between the two. The deposits consist of multiple, sedimentary-hosted, stratiform orebodies from 2 to 25 m wide, separated by waste intervals of variable width. Each ore-waste interval is modelled as an individual geological domain. Structurally, George Fisher North (GFN) contains a series of major late-stage NE faults with dextral offset(s) of up to 130 m. Further complexity is added by NS, NW and NNE striking fault orientations that can produce either a loss or repeat of stratigraphy, local drag folding, orebody attenuation and block rotation. Due to this structural complexity and orebody offsets, domains at GFN are further divided into fault blocks (FB). The GFN model comprises eight FBs over a strike length of 1 km, all of which are modelled independently. As drilling progresses and additional resources are converted, further FBs will be added at major fault offsets to accommodate orebody and model expansion. This will be in addition to what is already a large and time-consuming data set to manage and update. For example, each FB has 18 domains each with two constraining wireframes (hanging wall and footwall). Each wireframe has several sets of point data depending on the type of data available, ie diamond drilling, mapping or interpretation points. This equates to over 1100 separate files to manage. Additional wireframes and files are also required for major structures, daily planning requirements and block model runs. In total some 1500 files are managed, updated and maintained for GFN alone. The ongoing need to expand as a business and optimise production in the current economic climate where there is a global demand for metal has led to an increase in production at GF. This has resulted in a rapidly growing data set and highlights the importance of practical and efficient modelling to achieve a meaningful resource estimate. This paper focuses on the geological modelling, modelling approaches and techniques employed for the GFN deposit.

Jan 1, 2006

By E. Lehtila, J. J. Talja, R. Jahila

Kopar Oy is acknowledged for engineering and manufacturing of robust systems for bulk material handling, especially at power plants and non-ferrous smelters. We have over thirty years of experience with systems specifically designed for hot and abrasive conditions, aiming at low cost of ownership, low operational expenses and high availability. Although Kopar has numerous applications in mechanical conveying, there is an increasing number of pneumatic conveying applications at copper smelters. They relate to conveying of concentrate, and primary and secondary flue dusts. Challenges of pneumatic conveying for concentrate are mechanical and do relate to broad particle size distribution and high abrasivity of the concentrate and the silica. Therefore, special attention shall be paid to system design and ceramically lined bends in the pipeline. Challenges of pneumatic conveying of primary flue dust relate predominantly to material stickiness and poor flowability which are mainly due to fine particle size and formation of sulphates and furthermore, crystalline water. Additional challenges of secondary dust, the white converter dust, are primarily due to the extremely fine 0.1–1.5 µm particle size and problems which come with this. Effect of material characteristics like size distribution, morphology and chemical composition in pneumatic conveying are discussed in detail. INTRODUCTION Fine materials like concentrate, feed mix, flue dusts (from waste heat boiler and electrostatic precipitator) and secondary dusts need to be conveyed at smelters. Both horizontal and vertical conveying and combination of those are used. For the purpose, both mechanical and pneumatic conveying are applied. Most widely used equipment are drag chain conveyors and various combination of pneumatic systems, e.g. air lift, dense-phase and dilute phase pneumatic conveyors. Kopar has 30 years’ experience with multiple material handling systems. Furthermore, acquired companies like Elmomet Oy and SITE Oy (both currently fully merged and integrated into Kopar Oy) have even longer history, especially in pneumatic conveying. It is commonly known that the finer the dust the more difficult it is to be conveyed pneumatically. Sulfates with crystal water makes it all even more difficult, if not ineligible. Challenges related to pneumatic conveying of various fine materials is discussed in detail in the paper.

Jan 1, 2019

By Jacques J. Eksteen

Metallurgical accounting around toll treatment smelters pose a number of challenges. This paper reviews the requirements for good sampling practice, and how conflicting requirements for good furnace operation and design often makes reliable closure of the metallurgical balance tenuous at best. Typical physical causes of variance and bias will be identified. The propagation of error (in the form of variance) will be discussed for a copper smelter.

Jan 1, 2006

By B. Holaday, H. McLaughlin

Orano Canada Inc. (Orano) operates the McClean Lake mill, located in the Athabasca Basin region of northern Saskatchewan. It processes high concentration uranium ore, delivered in slurry form from the Cameco Corporation operated Cigar Lake mine. After the ore slurry is leached at the McClean Lake mill, the leach residue solids are washed in a process known as counter-current decantation (CCD). This process uses six thickeners to facilitate counter-current washing of solids with diluted acid, flocculation and settling, as well as pumping the washed leach residue to the tailings neutralization circuit (TN), and the uranium laden aqueous to the solvent extraction circuit (SX). Challenges in settling the slurry in CCD started in early 2017. This is largely due to the variation in fines content of the slurry (D80≤75μm), and clay content. There are several changes that have allowed the mill to adapt to the evolving challenges of settling leached Cigar Lake leach residue. Flocculant selection and mixing, temperature effects, bed level management philosophy, and centre-well feed density are key parameters that have been explored as part of adapting to changes in Cigar Lake ore quality.

Jan 1, 2020

By Dan Brown

Renewal and revitalization of transportation presents a challenge in the need for replacement, repair, and improvements of existing bridges, as well as increased construction of transit systems within existing transportation rights of way. Difficulties with conventional deep foundation systems occur because of the limited site access, adjacent structures, the need to maintain traffic, and other constraints on construction activity. Major projects are often performed in a design-build contract environment in which the schedule is aggressive, and where speed and reliability represent major considerations. Foundation designers are confronted with a need to solve problems with a construction-oriented mindset, where typical experience with lowest cost solutions may not reflect the most effective approach. This presentation presents an overview of the challenges that may affect design and construction of deep foundations in this environment and the methods that have successfully been employed on several large transportation projects in the U.S.

Jan 1, 1900

By Wolfgang Koch, Bernd Friedrich, Ann-Kathrin Maurell-Lopez

Due to the high standards for silver in electronic uses, it is essential to control the behavior of the main impurities such as copper or palladium during electrolytic refining. In regard to palladium, it is indispensable to understand and manage its co-deposition behavior. The influence of electrolyte composition, current density, and acid concentration on Cu and Pd co-deposition during silver electrorefining is systematically investigated.

Mar 1, 2017

By Zofia Swierczek

This paper reports the results of a detailed mineralogical study of typical, low-grade Australian nickel laterite run-of-mine ores. Successful development of an effective beneficiation process for upgrading such low grade laterite ores relies on good knowledge of the laterite mineralogy and the value metal(s)? distribution characteristics. Both QEMSCAN and quantitative X-ray diffraction techniques were used to conduct the mineralogical analysis of three types of laterite ores, and the results were compared with those obtained by chemical analysis. Some of the major challenges faced included accounting for the mismatch between the nickel values measured by QEMSCAN and those recorded by chemical analysis. This was primarily due to the relatively low concentration of nickel in the ores and its wide dissemination among several major host minerals in complex association. Careful analysis showed that the limit of nickel detection in iron oxide host mineral grains under normal operating conditions was around 4%. Keywords: nickel laterites, mineralogy, characterisation, QXRD, QEMSCAN

Sep 1, 2012

By J. Hadjigeorgiou, J. Wesseloo

Mining companies employ a multitude of risk management tools. The effectiveness of these tools for decision-making and communicating risk has not been addressed. This paper investigates the use of verbal probabilistic expressions in communicating geomechanical risk. Analysing survey data obtained from a group of mining geomechanics professionals, it identifies limitations of common probabilistic expressions. The paper concludes by making specific recommendations to avoid the use of certain expressions that may result in increased uncertainty, thus compromising the use of risk management tools.

Jan 30, 2026

By A. D. S. Gillies

Inertisation is used to enhance the safety of underground mine areas either to avoid the potential for a combustion event or to stabilize a situation after an ignition, fire or heating. The primary objective of a recently completed Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) study was to review coal mine inertisation and in particular to focus on use of the Polish mine fire simulation software Ventgraph to gain better understanding of how various inertisation units interact with the complex ventilation behavior underground during a substantial fire. Critical aspects targeted for examination under the project grant included location of the unit for high priority fire positions, size of borehole or pipe range required, time required for inertisation output to interact with and extinguish a fire, effects of seam gases on fire behavior with inertisation present and main fan management. A major accomplishment of the project has been to take findings from the simulation exercises to develop inertisation related modifications to the Ventgraph fire simulation program in conjunction with the Polish program authors. Selected mines were ?evaluated or audited?as to the ability to deliver inert gases generated from GAG units to high priority underground fire locations .A coding system has been developed and many potential underground mine fire sources cannot be successfully inertized with the GAG docked at the current specified point; this is particularly so for fires in extended areas of workings or in panels. There is a limit to the ability of the GAG jet engine to deliver exhaust down smaller dimension borehole. There is a need to examine the use of the GAG for production or proactive uses in a wider application in Australian mines responding to recovering from mine fires, spontaneous combustion heating?s, elimination of the potential explosibility of newly sealed gobs or inert mines or mine sections on closure. Some of the current uses of low flow inertisation facilities could be more effectively undertaken with the GAG unit.

Jan 1, 2009

By Marco Sonnenschein

As time is costly, engineering companies have developed methods, procedures and mechanical equipment to tunnel faster. But the best excavation method will not be able to cope with the time pressure if there is not a reliable backup system. Therefore, the application of belt conveyors for tunnel boring machine (TBM) drives as well as for drill-and-blast driven tunnels assure a quick and smooth removal of excavated soil in order to enhance the efficiency of the tunneling equipment. During the last 10 years, belt conveyor systems have achieved ?state-of-the-art? levels and have become the first choice for muck removal systems in both TBM and drill-and-blast driven tunnels. Because time has become such a key criterion in tunneling projects, it is essential that all equipment is operated so as to derive optimum efficiency and minimize costs. Efficiency also means to think about new tasks for existing technologies.

Jan 1, 2012

By Bruce D. Hebb, Shahin Shadlou

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is an excellent material choice for a broad spectrum of corrosive fluids and, in many cases, offers the best value per dollar. FRP Flanges present the greatest design challenge of all standard piping components. The theory underlying the design of flanges is very complex. In addition, due to the nature of FRP material, proper fabrication of the flanges is as critical as the design. In this review, the challenges of making FRP flanges along with the design techniques and best practices of fabrication that will lead to a high-quality flange will be discussed.

Feb 1, 2024