Search Documents

By W. Denham Verschoyle

IN designing a pocket instrument whereby any given horizontal or vertical angle may be closely approximated, the following points should be kept in view, if general utility is aimed at 1. The instrument should be light and compact, so that it can be carried in the pocket, or in a sling. 2. It should be capable of observing any angle whatever, horizontal or vertical. 3. Since time is often an important consideration in making a preliminary survey, it should be capable of giving the horizontal and vertical angle at one observation. I do not know of any instrument that will fulfill these requirements, except the one here described. Where the depression- or elevation-angle of the distant object, whose bearing is required, exceeds 50 or 60 degrees, it becomes difficult or impossible with a prismatic compass, for instance, to obtain accurate results; and since it frequently happens, particularly in mining, that much work requires to be done beyond that limit, it is obvious that an instrument which can be used to observe a high angle just as easily as a low one, if not absolutely a necessity, will at least be a great convenience. How this " pocket transit " attains to the required degree of universality will be understood from the diagram, Fig. 1, in which B is a beveled, graduated circle, attached to and freely revolving about the center of the magnet A. Light falling on B is reflected through a window in F (the compass-box), along the line AC, and is again reflected back to the eye at D by the prism C. By a simple arrangement, the sight-line DCE can be completely revolved in the vertical plane DE, which is normal to AC. It is clear, then, that no matter through what vertical

Jul 1, 1907

By William H. Dresher

World trade has increased significantly during the last quarter century. However, a new rational for protectionism is emerging which argues for the restriction of trade as a means of preserving and protecting the environment. Fearing lower environmental standards in the Third World, environmentalists are calling for new trade barriers between the developed countries and the developing countries to combat what they see as "eco-dumping." The "greening" of protectionism and the merging of environmental standards into international trade agreements could fundamentally change the world trading system as well as seriously impact the availability of raw materials to provide for the needs of the peoples in both the developing and the developed worlds. This discussion will deal with the agreements and regulations that promise to influence the trans boundary shipment and recycling of scrap metals and wastes containing metals and their projected impact on world trade and metal prices. Emphasis will be placed on the Base1 Convention, whose restrictions concerning trans boundary shipment of scrap metal and metal-containing wastes for recycling took effect on December 31, 1997.

Jan 1, 1998

Agenda ? Where?s Victor ? What work was done to get approval to spend $982m ? a brief history ? Some project facts ? The triple bottom-line accomplishments to date ? Construction A Brief History of Victor ? 1960?s ? first sampling in area ? 1980?s ? stream samples and Victor kimberlite discovered ? 1990?s ? test / bulk samples ? 1999 / 2000 ? large bulk samples ? 2000 / 2003 ? technical evaluation through to Feasibility Study, permitting process

May 1, 2006

By A. L. Field

WOOLSEY McA. JOHNSON, Hartford, Conn. (written discussion).¬When ;we regard the number of British thermal units running into the billions that-must be applied to metallurgical slags in the United States, we cannot but conclude that the physical chemistry of-slags is a very important subject when measured in dollars and cents. A further contemplation of the subject shows us that it has been hitherto treated in too purely a practical manner. It is needless to comment at length on the cost of these heat units and on the cost of fluxes to produce these metallurgical slags, for, it amounts to tens of millions of dollars annually. Accordingly, this research is of value to the country. But we must,all balance our results against our efforts. Therefore, while the speaker is unwilling to criticise unduly this meritorious research, lie does criticise it in the interest of the profession for the reason that it seems to him too highly theoretical. The article is much too, scientific to produce results at a minimum cost. Let us explain our meaning. It has been said that there are always two sides to a question. It may be further said that there are always three sides to a question, the two extremes and the middle ground. In any industrial research there are the highly theoretical side, the purely practical side, and the theoretico-practical side. To study a slag and be practical in the studying, there is something needed that represents in the laboratory (or in microcosm) what actually happens macrocosmically in the blast furnace. There is such a thing as the art of metallurgical research occupying the middle ground between theory and practice.

Jan 4, 1917

By Robert H. Hooff

The Vor-Siv Dewatering and Classifying Unit was developed by the Polish Coal Industry because of a need for a unit that would dewater and classify high volumes of solids in water slurry. To be practical, the unit needed to be relatively small in size, simple in design, involve low operating costs, and be able to give a dewatered product of less than 30% moisture. The answer to the above mentioned criteria was the Vortex Dewatering Sieve or, as we refer to it, the Vor-Siv. The original installation of the unit, as we know it today, began in 1963 when the Pols installed the unit in a full scale pilot application. By 1966, at least 30 of these units were installed throughout the Polish Coal Industry. This equipment was originally introduced in the United States in 1966 at the Fifth International Coal Preparation Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The first installation in the United States was not achieved until 1970, when Mr. Fred Sachs of The Valley Camp Coal Company, Triadelphia, West Virginia, installed a Vor-Siv in a retrofit application. To date, there are 36 Vor-Sivs installed in this country and 29 in the process of being installed or delivered.

Jan 1, 1976

By C. M. Anson

Introduction The prosperity of any country today is dependent upon the efficiency and growth of its primary steel industry. The ?march of the United States of America to its present commanding position in world affairs parallels the growth of its steel industry. The remarkable growth of that industry was possible only because bountiful providence endowed that country with adequate supplies of the raw materials necessary for steel making -coal and iron ore. If we accept this hypothesis, and surely we must, then to what extent can we envisage the future of our own country? This symposium deals with the most important of the raw materials required for steel making -iron ore. If we are blessed with a bountiful supply of iron ore, then surely a glorious future awaits only our taking advantage of that blessing. It is becoming increasingly evident that Canada has immense iron ore deposits. It is my privilege to make you acquainted with one of these, one that can only be classified as among the more important ore reserves in the world. I refer to the Wabana ore deposits in Newfoundland. Location These deposits lie under the floor? of Conception bay, off the east coast of Newfoundland. They consist of a series of beds which outcropped for a distance of about three miles on the northeastern shore of Bell Island, dipping at approximately 8° toward the northwest. This three-mile outcrop is the only key to the occurrence.

Jan 1, 1951

By Jan M. Mutmansky

"When, in 1973, a limit was placed on the amount of dust in the coal mine atmosphere, restricting the average exposure of a coal miner to 2 milligrams of dust per cubic meter of air (mg/m'), skeptics in the United States and abroad Said the standard could never be achieved. They cited much more lenient standards already established in other countries and refused to believe that the United States could meet the world's most stringent requirements in mines where dust had never before been regulated. Yet 10 years later the goal had largely been achieved and miners were working underground in a cleaner atmosphere than ever before. It was a major achievement and a big stride in what had become a war on coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), the black lung disease prevalent among miners in underground coal mines.Although the health hazards caused by working in a dust-filled mine atmosphere have long been recognized, the problem became particularly acute in this century with the mechanization and increased productivity of underground coal mining. The United States was much slower than some other countries to address the problem of respirable diseases among miners. While dust levels in South African gold mines were first regulated in 1912, in the United States it was only when 476 workers died of silicosis while blasting a tunnel through a mountain near Gauley Bridge, West Virginia in the 1930s that widespread public attention became focused on the plight of workers in dust-filled environments. Another 30 years passed before regulation of dust finally became law in the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969.With a stringent new standard imposed in all underground coal mines, the industry was faced With the daunting problem of reducing levels of airborne dust from perhaps 6.5 mg/m' to 2 mg/m', in an inherently dusty operation carried out in the close confines of underground passageways. Most of the coal dust is made by the cutting operation in which the continuous miner or longwall machine can produce several thousand milligrams of respirable dust for each ton of coal mined. Other dusty operations such as drilling holes for roofbolts, loading and unloading coal on shuttle cars, and the operation of conveyor belts contribute to the overall problem.Since the institution of the new dust control standards, a number of strategies have been adopted for reducing the coal dust in the mine atmosphere. These strategies involve engineering and design improvements that help lo prevent the generation of particles, keep particles of dust from becoming airborne, carry dust away from the working area, and isolate the dust from the workers in the mining operation. These procedures have been pursued vigorously by the Bureau of Mines, and many successful methods have been developed to reduce the mass concentration to which the workers are subjected. The mining companies were reluctant at first to confront the problems but after a period of trials and gradual improvement, they joined with others in the fight to reduce the dust concentrations in the working place."

Jan 1, 1990

By Milnor Roberts

WAR struck the mineral industry of Washington with cross currents that produced a peculiar result. The State's production of coal, industrial minerals, and metals for 1941, valued at $28,507,282, was increased in 1942 under war pressure to approximately $35.000,000. Meanwhile a tremendous demand had arisen for men to construct airfields and many other large projects for the Army and Navy in Washington and Alaska, and Government plants for the mineral industry costing $140,000,000 or more, as well as a call for employees in the U. S. Navy Yard at Bremerton, the sixty shipyards, the four Boeing airplane factories with many auxiliary shops, and hundreds of other plants turning out war materials. In spite of an influx of nearly 300,000 people, causing an increase of 17.1 percent in the population since 1940, according to the Census Bureau, the State clearly is still engaged in an unusual amount of war production in proportion to its population. A large proportion of the workers have been drawn from the mineral industry to the war plants, whether through motives of patriotism, high wages, or, in the Boeing plants at least, the glamour of the operation

Jan 1, 1944

By AIME AIME

The Washoe plant, 1 in Anaconcla. Mont., together with the local street-railroad, ranches a. foundry and machine-shop a brick-plant and the Montana hotel, form a property under one management; to which should be added the mines in Butte owned by the company, from which part of the ore-supply of the plant comes. The Anaconda Copper Mining Co., controlled by the Amalgamated Copper Co., was reorganized under the laws of Montana in 1893. A map of the plant, showing the numerous departments and illustrating the details of tracks, pipe-lines, and charging-stations for compressed-air locomotives, is given in Fig. 1.

Jul 1, 1906

By S Hanke, J Burden, P Spies

The Waterview Connection will complete Auckland’s long-planned Western Ring Route, a 48 km north-south motorway alternative to State Highway 1 that bypasses the central city to the west. The project involves construction of 5 km of new motorway – half of it underground in tunnels – to connect the Southwestern (State Highway 20) and Northwestern (State Highway 16) motorways.The Western Ring Route will link the major population and industrial centres of Manukau, Auckland and North Shore to give the region the connected and resilient strategic road transport system it needs to underpin economic growth and sustainable development. It will also provide a direct motorway link between Auckland’s central business district (CBD) and international airport.The project involves construction of twin 2.4 km driven tunnels with an outside diameter of 14.41 m beneath residential suburbs, a major arterial road and a rail corridor. Enabling works began in January 2012 while tunnel construction using an earth pressure balance (EPB) tunnel boring machine (TBM) began in November 2013.This presentation introduces the Waterview Connection project, its role in the development of the Auckland motorway network, its procurement process, the alliance delivery model and an overview of the project’s design features and construction progress to date.Design and construction highlights of the presentation include the TBM start-up, turnaround and breakthrough arrangements as well as the experience gained during the first tunnelling drive. The presentation also covers an innovative process developed for invert construction behind the TBM that is independent of tunnel excavation.CITATION:Spies, P, Burden, J and Hanke, S, 2014. The Waterview Connection Project – progress to date, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 519–540 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By R P. Douglas

During 1955, Cominco commenced an exploration pro-gram in northern New Brunswick; in the following year, what is now the Wedge mine was discovered. The mineralization is mainly pyrite, with associated chalcopyrite and minor amounts of sphalerite and galena. The property was brought into production at 750 tons per day in early 1962. The ore is trucked 10 miles to the Heath Steele concentrator, where a copper concentrate grading about 19.5 per cent is produced and shipped to the Japanese markets through the port of Dalhousie, New Brunswick. Introduction THE Wedge mine, owned by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada Limited (Cominco), is located in the Newcastle-Bathurst area of New Brunswick. It is 42 miles by road northwest of Newcastle and 37 miles southwest of Bathurst (Figure 1). The mine is located on the north side of the Nipisiquit river in one of the more mountainous areas of the Province, the local relief rising to 1,500 feet above sea level. There is an almost complete forest cover of mixed hardwoods and conifers -the val-leys and hillsides being covered by balsam, spruce and pine, the swamps by cedars and black spruce and the highlands by mixed hardwoods.

Jan 1, 1965

By F. F. Sharpless

ARRIVING at Davis Junction, after leaving Portland, we expected to wait for an hour and a half, but found the superintendent of motive power of the Southern Pacific, Mr. Williams, waiting for us with a car, and were immediately taken aboard this and whisked off to Sacramento. After dinner, we were taken to the railroad shops to see their work in reclaiming scrap steel. We saw them draw off the slag from the electric furnace, and later make a casting. At about 11 o'clock, we took the train for Reno. A delegation of the Nevada Section, with Mr. Kirchen and Mr. Rives at its head, met us at the station. Immediately after breakfast, we started for the property of the Comstock Mines Co., where General Bulkeley Wells was to be our host. We had a de-lightful ride out to the mines and through the old city of Virginia, or through what was left of that old city, reaching General Wells' camp at about 10:30. This contains the newest thing in cyanidation and a remarkably fine iron and concrete mill building. After a trip underground, we were called to luncheon, where about 250 sat down. The afternoon was spent in the mill, and we were taken to Gold Hill, which is a part of Virginia City, for dinner, again as the guests of General Wells, who made a consummate toastmaster. Governor Emmet Boyle was the first speaker; he was followed by President Dwight, and then came President William Sproule of the Southern Pacific. A song, "The Engineer," was followed by Senator Key Pittman, Professor Jones of the State University, Mayor Stuart of Reno, and ex-Senator Charles Hend-erson. The president of the Western Pacific and the president of the Pacific Coast Line were there, also many notable operators of Nevada and California.

Jan 11, 1922

By Michael B. Cortie

The young field of nanotechnology has as its objective the design and construction of useful devices made of nanoscale materials. Objects or structures which have at least one important dimension in the range 0.5 to perhaps 50 nm may be considered to be in the nanoscale domain. These sizes lie far below the 200 nm or so that can be resolved with an optical microscope, and are closer in size to the 0.3 nm diameter of individual atoms. Nanotechnology, which is the study and exploitation of these tiny structures, is attracting keen interest at present. The excitement is motivated by the observation that control of matter at the nanoscale holds the promise of faster computing, better medicines, and smarter materials. In this paper, the physical phenomena on which this optimism is based are broadly discussed and explained. Where appropriate, examples of the rather different and curious properties of gold at the nanoscale are used to illustrate the points covered.

Oct 1, 2003

By Louis R. Hodell

WHEN the drilling of an oil well is completed a permanent opening from the reservoir to the surface must be provided. This is done by lining the hole with pipe, commonly known as casing. In the past, all but a small amount of casing has been run in the hole and joined by threads and couplings. Recently, however, in California, Texas, and Oklahoma, there has been a definite tendency 'to adopt -the welded joint for the following reasons: (1) Plain end casing for welding may be bought for 15 per cent less than thread-and-coupled casing; some of this is offset by the cost of welding the pipe in the hole but a respectable net profit remains.

Jan 1, 1937

By Neil Campbell

Abstract Following discovery on the Giant property of very promising gold deposits, some of which terminate against the steeply-dipping West Bay fault, a geological study was initiated co locate possible faulted extensions of the ore. Geological mapping revealed that the ore and the shear zones to which the ore is confined are older than the fault and therefore subject co displacement by it. It also disclosed several diabase dykes which seem co provide the best basis for determining the fault movement. After applying various techniques co determine their strikes and dips, the dykes were used as structural markers and it was estimated that, subject co certain possible errors, the movement on the fault was 16,140 feet (3.06 miles) south and 1,570 feet (0.297 miles) down on the west side relative co the ease. Evidence supporting this conclusion was obtained when subsequent deep diamond-drill holes intended to test the hypothesis cut an ore-bearing major shear zone which, so far as can be determined, is nearly identical with its present correlative on the Giant property. Introduction The fault under consideration follows a northerly trend past the west side of the original settlement of Yellowknife, which is situated 600 miles north of Edmonton and 400 miles from the Northern Alberta Railway terminus at Waterways, Alberta. The mining properties chiefly concerned include the southern part of the Giant claims, on the east side of the fault, and the Con-Rycon-Demelt claims, on the west side, 3Y2 miles to the south. Geological data were also obtained from the eastern part of the A. Y.E. property, which lies south of the Giant claims, and from the Negus, Meg, Yellorex, and Kam properties, which are south and southeast of the Con-Rycon-Demelt claims. Recognition of the major faults in the Yellowknife Bay area, including the West Bay fault which appears to be the greatest, resulted from the work of Dr. A. W. Jolliffe (McGill University, formerly of the Geological Survey of Canada) in 1935 and subsequent years. It has been stated with little exaggeration that these faults rank with the largest known steeply-dipping dislocations of the earth's crust. In the winter of 1939, a mineralized shear zone named the Creek Vein was found on the Giant property. It was noticed that the space relationship between the new shear zone and a body of quartz-feldspar porphyry is roughly the same as that between the Con C-4 shear zone and a body of acidic flows lying north of the Con property. Coupling this relation with the assumption that the movement along the fault is dominantly horizontal, it was postulated that the Giant shear zone represented the faulted extension of the Con C-4 shear.

Jan 1, 1947

By E. G. Dahlgren, Dan O. Howard

THE West Edmond oil field, which covers parts of Oklahoma, Canadian, Kingfisher, and Logan Counties in the State of Oklahoma, is in geographical extent the largest single oil field found in the state. At the present time, its area of 26,800 acres is almost twice as large as the Oklahoma City field, which hitherto was the state's largest field. Many authorities believe that the West Edmond field is the most important oil pool found in the United States since Pearl Harbor. The discovery of the field without the help of geological, geophysical, or other recognized technical information, the fact that the oil and gas accumulated in a stratigraphic or wedge-type trap, and the rapid development of the productive area under wartime conditions are some of the interesting features of the field. The West Edmond field lies west of the Oklahoma City, Britton, and Edmond fields. The field is in an area that has been considered on the west flank of the Granite Ridge line of folding, on which a number of Central Oklahoma's most important oil fields are located. Over a period of years, especially since the discovery of the new pools such as Oklahoma City, Edmond, Britton, and Crescent, the general area of the West Edmond field has been explored intensively by geological and geophysical methods. This led at times to the drilling of a few dry Wilcox sand tests.

Jan 1, 1945

By R. W. Nice

Presently about 60% of the world's nickel resources are tied up with lateritic ores while about 25% of the world's nickel is produced from sulphides. Based on this the industry has to focus on improving lateritic nickel economics in order to maintain the high use of the metal worldwide. In 1997 three junior mining companies in Australia organised finance against all odds and commenced development of three separate nickel and cobalt extraction plants treating lateritic nickel ores. All three projects utilise similar pressure acid leaching (PAL) technologies while each has unique metal recovery technologies All projects have experienced numerous processing and maintenance related difficulties such that full ore throughput has been reached by only one operation after five years. This shortfall in performance has caused the owners considerable angst and financial pain. In 2000 Cawse went into receivership and was purchased by an international corporation. Recently, Bulong also went into receivership and has undergone an orderly shutdown, awaiting sale to a new buyer. Murrin Murrin has settled with its financiers and is in a position to operate as planned for many years forward. This paper will discuss a number of the technical difficulties that affect the ore preparation, PAL and solution treatment circuits of these plants. The objective is to identify the cause of some of the difficulties and propose possible solutions so that the next generation of lateritic operations can emerge as technically and, more importantly, economic successes. A number of these process improvements have been identified by the existing operators and in many instances have been or are being implemented into the existing operations.

Jan 1, 2004

"AbstractThe Sedimentary Basin area of Western Canada, which lies between the Precambrian Shield and the Cordilleran mountain area, covers approximately 800,000 square miles. Sediments ranging in age from Cambrian to Tertiary are present and, of these, horizons in the Upper and Lower Cretaceous, Jurassic, Mississippian, and Devonian have yielded commercial oil and gas flows. Producing horizons in the Cretaceous and Jurassic are sandstone, while all those of the Palaeozoic are carbonate rocks such as red limestone or dolomite (bioherms). Shows of oil and gas have been encountered also in the Cambrian and Triassic sediments.The broad structural features of this vast expanse of sedimentary rocks are the Moose Jaw syncline, the Sweet Grass-Battle River arch, the Alberta syncline, the Foothills belt, the Rocky and Mackenzie mountains, the Great Bear-Slave Lake basin, and the Mackenzie Delta Basin area.This contribution outlines the .stratigraphy and structure of the Basin area, and gives examples of present producing oilfield structures and stratigraphic traps.Part 1.-Regional StratigraphyIntroductionThe vast expanse of relatively undisturbed sedimentary rocks of western Canada has long been recognized as prospective territory to search for oil and/ or gas. This search in western Canada dates back before the turn of the century, but, considering the size of area to be explored and tested, the effort an<l money expended upon it, which, before the recent discovery of oil at Leduc, Alberta, appeared large and fruitless, now seems almost ridiculously small. A check-up of effort and money expended prior to and since the Leduc discovery would undoubtedly reveal that more wildcatting and development has taken place during the last two and a half years than during all previous years combined. The figures would astound not only the average citizen, but many within the industry itself."

Jan 1, 1950

By Dave Deglon

The Western Cape Mineral Processing Facility (WCMPF) is a collaborative educational initiative between the Departments of Chemical Engineering of the University of Cape Town, the University of Stellenbosch and the Cape Technikon. The WCMPF was established in 1989 with the aim of improving mineral processing education in the Western Cape. Since its inception the WCMPF has had a number of successes in this area, especially in improving the quality of mineral processing practical training. In addition, the WCMPF has played an important role in promoting liaison and interaction between tertiary educational institutions teaching mineral processing in the Western Cape. Over the past decade the WCMPF has played a key role in the education of over five hundred mineral processing graduates and diplomates. This paper presents an overview of the activities of the WCMPF and attempts to encapsulate the ‘lessons learned’ from over a decade of successful functioning as a collaborative educational initiative in mineral processing.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. F. KENP

THE White Knob copper-deposits are situated about three miles south of Mackay, on the Salmon River .branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad, in Custer county, Idaho. An outline-map of this district is given in Fig. 1. The deposits have been known and spasmodically worked for many years, and a total of over 3.5 miles of tunnels, shafts and other workings has been driven with a view to their development. These extensive excavations have exposed the deposits sufficiently to permit a careful geological examination. The peculiar features which give special interest to this paper are the branching, free-like form of the ore-bodies; the absence of zones of secondary enrichment in the partly oxidized pyritic deposits, and the fact that while the deposits are associated in a general way with the contact of an eruptive rock with limestone, which it penetrates, the garnetization has taken place not in the limestone, as is the usual case, but in the igneous

Mar 1, 1907