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By Kristine L. Pankow, Keith D. Koper, Michael K. McCarter, Jared R. Stein

"The Wasatch Plateau region of central Utah contains a number of active underground coal mines in an area of well-documented natural seismicity. As a result, there are several hundred seismic events recorded in this region every year that may or may not be attributed directly to mining activity. Previous studies have linked the majority of this seismicity to mining activity through various means, but have not attempted to develop a method for categorizing individual events within a seismicity catalog. This study uses both relative relocation and waveform cross-correlation to separate events based on hypocentral depth and waveform similarity, respectively, in the area surrounding a single longwall coal mine within the Wasatch Plateau. We conclude that relative relocation can help with depth discrimination, but there are some unavoidable limitations caused by sparse seismic network coverage. The cross-correlation technique is more promising, with the ability to group events by waveform similarity and track mining progress over both space and time. With cross-correlation based clustering, we confirm that the vast majority (97.6%) of events in the study area are directly related to mining activity, but that a small population of natural seismicity is present as well. Eliminating this natural seismicity from the catalog of seismic events, leaving only those events related to mining, can give operators valuable information about the changing conditions as mining progresses and eliminate concern over events unrelated to mining activity.INTRODUCTIONA number of underground coal mines are located in the Wasatch Plateau region of central Utah, and have been in operation since the late 1800s. This activity has resulted in a well-known history of mining induced seismicity (MIS) (Wong, 1985). Additionally, this area is situated near the border of the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau physiographic provinces, where naturally occurring tectonic earthquakes also occur (Arabasz et al, 1980). Seismicity separating these physiographic provinces is part of a larger band of seismic activity known as the Intermountain Seismic Belt (ISB) that runs from Montana to Arizona and cuts through the western boundary of the central Utah coalfields (Smith and Arabasz, 1991) (Figure 1)."

Jan 1, 2015

By D. A. Paice, A. B. Shimp

Illegitimate loads on a mine dc power distribution system can be detected by measuring a superimposed ac current. To implement such a scheme, a 10-volt, 3-kHz voltage is applied at each dc power substation. By this means, the mine dc power distribution network, consisting of a feeder and trolley wires with a grounded rail return, is caused to serve also as a 3-kHz ac distribution network.

Jan 1, 1975

By Guangyao Si, Ismet Canbulat, Xun Luo, Yi Duan

Routine analyses of seismicity and event locations are essential for coal burst risk management, especially in the presence of unfavorable and complex geology. In an Australian longwall coal mine, a small-scale seismic monitoring network was installed to monitor a section of a major dyke intersected by the roadway, which was classified as a coal burst prone zone. The Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) technique was adopted for automatically discriminating seismic events to assess seismicity in this zone. The discriminated seismic events were located with the Shortest Path Method based on the Boundary Discretization Scheme (BDS-SPM) for temporal-spatial seismic event distribution analysis. The results demonstrate that the seismic events are discriminated with an average accuracy of 94%. Moreover, the seismic events are more accurately located using the BDS-SPM with a 3D heterogeneous velocity model compared with results obtained with a homogeneous velocity model. The temporal and spatial variances in seismic activities identify that the rock fractures in the dyke zone are closely related to the longwall mining process and a local dyke has a controlling influence on the stress concentration in its vicinity.

Apr 26, 2022

By Sherwin F. Kelly

THE present lull in engineering activities presents an advantageous moment for inquiring into the position now occupied by geophysics in its various fields of application. The recent over-expansion in all lines of work resulted in an uncritical employment of these methods of exploration which was bound to have its harmful reaction. The pendulum has now swung back, producing a decidedly hypercritical attitude toward the new science that had been recently welcomed so joyfully as the panacea for prospecting troubles. The severe retrenchment in exploration has forced upon us a period of waiting and, it is to be hoped, of profitable contemplation. This can well be employed in trying to pass a reasoned judgment on what position geophysics should occupy in the new geological exploration programs that will inevitably ac- company the looked-for industrial recovery.

Jan 1, 1931

Contents A-Metal Mining B-Minerals Beneficiation F-Coal

Jan 11, 1951

Dr C. M. van Staden (Fellow): Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much for this opportunity to contribute to the paper by Dr Stander, and Messrs Henzen and Funke. First of all, my congratulations to Dr Stander on being re-elected President of the International Association of Water Pollution Research. We in South Africa are proud that this honour was again bestowed on our leading scientist in the field of water research. Furthermore, my congratulations to the authors of this paper. The growth of the pollution problem caused by acidic water discharged from abandoned collieries, is known to most of us. However, I am not aware of any case where an abandoned gold mine is directly discharging polluted underground water. I think it is also a debatable point as to what the quality of underground water being discharged from abandoned gold mines would be in the long run. Any reduction works on a gold mine which practises only fairly good housekeeping, should not cause any water pollution by cyanide. First of all, any cyanide solution before gold precipitation would be too valuable to lose. Secondly, the precipitated solution, which contains the cyanide, is used to pump slime to slimes dams. Any cyanide pollution that may occur at the slimes dam, must come from the top and, fortunately, the days when pen stock water was discharged directly from the top of dams into public streams, have gone. Run-off and seepage is usually acidic, thus decomposing the cyanide. The code of practice by the Chamber of Mines is quite clear on the point as to how the tops of dams should be secured, to prevent any process water or storm-water polluting public streams. The general standards are given on page three of the paper. To my knowledge, under certain circumstances a degree of relaxation can be given regarding the faecal coli count; namely a permissible count of 1 000 per 100 ml. I feel very strongly that research aimed at inhibiting the activity of acid-producing bacteria should be encouraged. Success in this field would be of great benefit to the mining industry. I am very thankful that the authors have mentioned vegetation of dumps as a method to combat water pollution, with the full awareness that the key objective in vegetating dumps is to prevent air pollution. A problem that I have not heard mentioned before and on which I would appreciate the views of the authors, is the pollution that may be caused by power-stations discharging

PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: I have every reason to know Mr. Pryde was carrying out some experiment a while ago in some of his mines. He and I had a little correspondence on the question, and I think he may have a word or two to say about it. He has not been on his feet today at all. I will ask Mr. Pryde to tell us what he has to say. MR. PRYDE: I have not very much to say about shooting coal with permissible powder as far as slack is concerned because we are not in the commercial business. All of our coal goes to the railroad and a very large part of it is crushed for use in the stokers of the locomotives. We are on a 100 per cent permissible powder basis and as far as I am able to see, I do not believe that the percentage of slack is increasing with its use. We find it hard to convince our commercial neighbors of this fact because they are naturally very much against increasing their percentage of slack on ac- count of the low price received for this grade of coal. I, personally, believe that where a change is made from black powder to permissible powder the percentage of slack will be increased for a time because the miners have been accustomed to using black powder and they are rather suspicious about going to the permissible powder and I do not believe that we can blame them very much. So the tendency with them is to use too much powder. We have gradually overcome this, although, as I said before, we have not kept close track of the production of slack. However, we try to get as large an amount of lump coal as possible. Broadly speaking, I can say from observation that in my opinion there is very little difference in the percentage of slack with the use of the permissible powder that we have today than there was with the use of black powder. I also get this information from our mine superintendents. Mr. Peterson and the other explosive men have been very helpful to us in the use of permissible powder and I confess I have to take everything back that I said several years ago. At that time I was against permissible powder, particularly on account of the cost, but, with the newer permissible powder, we have gotten the cost down very well. I know today that the cost of permissible powder in the coal mines of the Union Pacific Coal Company is less than when we were using black powder. I know this because of the fact that we kept a record of the number of tons we got with black powder, and the number of tons we get with permissible powder compares very favorably in cost. I know this, too, because of the fact that our employes, except in the first few weeks of using permissible powder, have made no demand upon us for any in- crease ill pay to offset any added cost that might accrue in the use of permissible powder and the fact that they have asked for no increase is very conclusive proof to me that it is not

Jan 1, 1925

Contents A - Metal Mining B - Minerals Beneficiation F - Coal H - Industrial Minerals I - Mining Geology L - Geophysics

Jan 11, 1953

By R. R. Maclachlan

The Estimation of Fragmentation in Blast Muckpiles by Means of Standard Photographs, by H. van Aswegen and C.V.B. Cunningham. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol.86,no. 12. pp. 469-474. Dec.1986.We have recently read the above paper and wish to make a number of observations.

Jan 1, 1988

MR. LITTLEJOHN: Have you any maximum length that you make your dust barriers? What I mean by that is, your entries are 10 feet wide, and I believe if I remember right, in your single track entries you had only one dust barrier to cover the full width of the. entry in your double track entries, I believe you had two-I would like to know, have you any maximum length you make these barriers? MR. CHAS. LEGER, ROYAL FUEL CO., UTAH: It is stated that they shouldn't be over 8 feet long to obtain sensitiveness. If they make them over 8 feet they are not as sensitive as they should be. They should be made short for two reasons in order to keep the sagging out and to make them as sensitive as possible. MR. DAN HARRINGTON, U. S. BUREAU OF MINES: I didn't come here to enter into any extended discussion on rock dusting or to discuss in particular the situation at Dawson. At the February meeting at Denver, we made a complete study of this matter. Since that time a report was completed and reported to the Phelps-Dodge Corporation and Mr. Moorhead probably has a copy of it, which can give you more complete information as to what we found. We found that with the adobe dusting that they have done, they had six miles of entry pretty thoroughly dusted and of all the samples we took, at least 95 percent of them showed that not only the floor but the ribs and roof were in such a condition that an explosion could not originate in any part of this entry. In other words, this entry as it was dusted was absolutely protected from ignition and propagation. The adobe they used was of material that was non-combustible. In most instances there was not more than 3 per cent of moisture in it.

Jan 1, 1924

MR. GERALD ALLEY (C 11 i e f Draftsman, C. F. & I. Co.) : This invention is primarily intended to correct anything that goes wrong with the fan and any conditions in your air current underground which do not produce a change in your fan water gauge

Jan 1, 1925

PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: The paper of Mr. Emrick will now be open for discussion for about twenty minutes. The meeting is now open for discussion. MR. EMRICK: There is some question that may have occurred to you at different times, that is how are you going to tell when the bits are properly made? A fairly good rule to go by is when the used bits come out of the mine, if half of them are bent and half of them are broken, the average is pretty good MR. GEO. B. PRYDE (Union Pacific Coal Company): I would like to ask Mr. Emrick if he has any figures as to the saving of Dower with the different styles of its. MR. EMRICK: I suppose you mean chisel point bits and pick point bits? MR. PRYDE: Yes. MR. EMRICK: So far as I have been able to learn, the only reason why chisel point bits are used is to prevent coring that might be done by the cutter chain. The pick point bit, of course, is the proper thing to use. It can be used when the position of the cutter links in the cutter chain is right. I do not know of any figures which give power consumption ratings on the use of pick point and chisel point bits, but there are tests and ratings, etc., which have been taken- which have been tested as against different bits, which have been given proper clearances against bits not having been given proper clearances, and they will run,-in their saving in power, they will run 20 to 25 per cent. MR. A. C. WATTS (Chief Engineer, Utah Fuel Company) : I would like to ask Mr. Emrick if he has any record showing the saving in power on using the alloy steel chisel bits. I know that several experiments have been made; I do not recall the figures now, but we had a very decided saving in power. MR. EMRICK: I haven't any of the records. Do you think that is because of the steel that has been used? MR. WATTS: Well, they were all sharpened by the same man and used in the same machine, and at the same shop. I do not know the composition. It is "Red Star" Vanadium that I had in mind. MR. EMRICK: I have not seen any records. Some companies are using the tool steel bits because they stand up a little bit better. MR. BENEDICT SHUBART (Secretary) : I was going to ask Mr. Emrick about that question. There is one company that does not recommend tempering the bits. They recommend using not exactly self-hardening steel, but one that is bard enough without quenching-they use 80-90-point car- bon but about a 70-point manganese, not exactly self-hardening steel, but they do not temper this at all. Will Mr. Emrick state if a steel of that kind could be worked in the bit sharpening machine that his company makes, as it

Jan 1, 1925

THE CHALRYAN.--I think that we have set the stage for the balance of the sym- posium. Most of the emphasis has been placed on the immediate value of every- thing we can do and everything we can learn for the furtherance of the war effort. I believe that ought to be first, but I also believe that this is the time for us to con- sider very seriously not only what these improved methods and techniques do to form a closer approach to ideal segregation but what effect these great quantities of scrap metals and alloys that are going to be produced this year and next, are going to have-what their impact will be-on post- war industry in general and in particular ,, on the primary metals fields. In some cases we have been hearing in the last month or two of the law of diminishing returns coming to the fore. We find alloy simplification growing and certain alloys being produced in great quantities, which will perhaps drop out of the picture some- what as the war ends but never to the lower ( stage they had before. We have I think a pretty good cross- section of the producers, the refiners, the reclaimers and ingot makers, the ultimate users here, and there ought to be some good and helpful discussion. The papers are open for discussion. Mr. Beattie, do you want to make any 1 comment? H. J. BEATTIE.*-To start the discussion I might ask Mr. Deitz what they do with manganese bronze turnings? We segregate the manganese bronze turnings from the other bronze turnings. The value of it seems to be much out of line with the price of ingot, that is, as compared to some of the other alloys like 88-10-2 or 85-5-5-5. I assume it is because they can only use a

Jan 1, 1943

(The following discussion took place on this screen lecture in the dark.) MR. SHUBART: Would you give us a little .explanation as to the operation of this machine and what you are doing with it? MR. TESCHER: There is a 20- horsepower motor, rheostat, crusher, and a fan mounted on one base plate and operating on one shaft. The fan is overhung on the shaft. The only bearings you have are the bearings on each side of the crusher and the motor hearings. On one side of the ma- chine there is an opening for feeding shale. The machine is operated at 1,200 revolution per minute and as the shale is pulverized, the fan automatically exhausts fine dust from the crusher from an opening in the top of the crusher. The machine pulverizes 3,000 pounds in eight hours, reducing the materid to one hundred mesh. The last ma- chine we put in has been operating continuously fifteen hours a day for the past sixty days, without repairs of any kind. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Where is the machine in operation? MR. TESCHER. At the Royal mine. We have used ordinary mining ma- chine cable in local movements of the machines. This has enabled us to have twenty-two locations throughout the mines. The mine is highly gaesous, and the machines had to be placed on intake air. MR. SHUBSRT: What type of crusher do you use? MR. TESCHER. A No. 16 Universal, operating at 1,200 revolution per minute. M. SHURART: What material do you feed to it? MR. TESCHER: We have shale three-quarters of a mile from the mine. In the winter months we have been troubled with moisture. We build a kiln and get this shale and load it into the kiln for drying and then place it into a pit car and take it into the mine. The material must be dry. We have also used slate in the mine and have had good success. The slate at the mine is fairly hard. I presume, however, that the slate will probably carry a high silica content. MR. SHUBART: Mr. Harrington claims that silica does not do the harm, as was formerly supposed. MR. TESCHER: There is still a question as to whether it is harmful or not. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Are there any of these machines in operation closer than Aguilar? MR. TESCHER: There is one at the Alamo mine. Mr. Quealy also purchased a couple of them for use at his Wyoming mines. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Are there any other questions you would like to ask Mr. Tescher regarding his rock dusting machine while it is on the table for discussion? MR. DALRYMPLE, SR.: How many men does it take to operate it? MR. TESCHER: One man operates the machine. Sometimes we put the

Jan 1, 1925

THE CHAIRMAN.-Thank you. Since the papers are rather closely related, I think rather than taking them one at a time we will entertain discussion on any of these problems at this time. W. A. REICH.*-We, of course, quite a while ago got the yellow light that Mr. Cole spoke of, and like everyone else immediately started to study silicon bronzes and brasses. We were interested in the silicon bronzes and brasses because we felt that in order to replace gun metal which makes up a large part of our use we needed something with an elastic limit at least equal to that of gun metal. That means at least 12,000 lb. per sq. in. This study was aimed only at tin conservation. Then we dropped the study of silicon bronzes because high purity copper which is needed in their manufacture became a scarce item. To make a long story short we have recommended to our designing engineers that they use 85-5-5-5 wherever possible because 85-5-5-5 we understand can be made entirely from scrap with little or no tin addition. 85-5-5-5 has a lower elastic limit than 88-8-4, so we felt that we would need another substitute material, a structural alloy with an elastic limit equal to that of 88-8-4, and we immediately turned to the manganese bronze type of alloy. The poor foundry properties of standard manganese bronzes were mentioned by Mr. Thieme and since we feel that high zinc content is largely responsible for this difficulty, our development is directed along the lines of uncovering a material with a lower zinc content and which gains its elastic strength from the addition of other alloying elements, such as, aluminum, manganese and iron. It must be possible to make this alloy entirely from scrap with no additions of scarce high purity material. I would appreciate an expression of opinion on how low we can go in zinc content with this type of alloy without seriously impairing the availability, and how high we can go in aluminum content without making use of aluminum restricted for that use. We assume that the maximum lead content must be placed at 1 ½ per cent to insure good availability and we feel that about I per cent of tin in the alloy would improve salt water corrosion resistance similar to the effect of tin in Admiralty Metal. Has anyone here had experience with the effect of tin and lead on the weldability of such an alloy? C. S. COLE.-What percentage of lead and tin? W. A. REICH.-About 1 per cent of lead and 1 per cent of tin. We are studying the weldability of the alloy but perhaps someone already has the answer. (Pause, no answer) The claim has been made that 1 per cent of lead can be added to certain silicon bronzes without impairing their properties. A silicon bronze with a low zinc content requires high purity copper in its manufacture but if say the 15 per cent zinc, 44 silicon balance copper alloy could be made, with a I per cent lead content, some quantity could be made from scrap. We do not know whether the aforementioned is

Jan 1, 1943

By W. A. Koehler, W. L. Eaton, Reynold Q. Shotts, M. E. Hinkle, M. R. Geer, Ralph M. Hunter, H. F. Yancey, Andrew B. Crichton, E. Zimmerman, S. H. Ash

R. Maize and H. P. Greenwald presiding) E. T. POWELL*-I would like to ask either Mr. Ash or Mr. Eaton if they know of any place where the Mine Inspectors' for¬mula has been used that water has flowed from one colliery to the other. W. L. EATON (authors' reply)-We have made considerable study but we have not gotten around to very many of the barrier pillars. I would not say that any or all of them have been designed to the strict figures of this formula. Most of those ex¬amined will not hold back the water that they are supposed to hold back. E. T. POWELL-If the pillar remains ac¬cording to the Mine Inspectors' formula? W. L. EATON-We have not found very many where the provisions were followed. E. T. POWELL-Where the Mine Inspec¬tors' formula has been fully complied with, have there been failures or not? W. L. EATON-I cannot say. Most of these barrier pillars probably were designed in accordance with this formula, but most of them, if they were so designed, are not in that shape now because a large number of them will not hold back the water; they have been reinforced, and they are punc¬tured in various places. Holes have been driven through them to relieve the hydro¬static pressure to avoid a failure. They do not dare to have a failure. In many instances, the barrier is punc¬tured to avoid a failure. In order to mine their coal safely, many companies must pump water from mines that were aban¬doned many years ago. R. MAIZE-That is true, Mr. Eaton, but do you know of any case where a barrier pillar actually failed and flooded an ad¬joining mine when the pillar had been left in accordance with the Mine Inspectors formula?

Jan 1, 1948

[Contents AH-Metal Mining and Industrial Minerals Pipeline Transportation of Phosphate. (Paper by I. S. Tillotson, R. B. Burt, and J. A. Barr, Transactions AIME, 193, 273; Mining Engineering. March 1952. Discussion by Howard Howie.) 1066 B-Minerals Beneficiation The Effect of Zinc Deleading Operations on Lead-Zinc Selectivity at the Parral and Santa Barbara Mines. (Paper by C. L. Boeke an G. C. Gunther, Transactions AIME, 193, 495; Mining Engineering. May 1952. Discussion by I. M. Symonds, L. H. Lange, Norman Weiss, H. S. Wildman, C. F. Zeuch, E. H. Crabtree.) 1067 Jaw Crusher Capacities, Blake and Single-Toggle or Overhead Eccentric Types. (Paper by D. H. Gieskieng, Transactions AIME, 190, 971; Mining Engineering. November 1951. Author s supplement.) 1069 Screened Ore Use for Fine Grinding at Lake Shore Mines. (Paper by Bunting S. Crocker, Transactions AIME, 193, 499; Mining Engineering. May 1952. Discussion by Fred C. Bond, J. Myers, Norman Weiss, Harlowe Hardinge, Oscar Johnson, L. E. Djingheuzian.) 1069 The Third Theory of Comminution. (Paper by Fred C. Bond, Transactions AIME, 193, 484; Mining Engineering. May 1952. Discussion by Milton C. Shaw and Donald R. Walker; R. J. Russell.)1071 Flotation Rates and Flotation Efficiency.t (Paper by Nathaniel Arbiter, Transactions AIME, 190, 791; Mining Engineering. September 1951. Discussion by Gregoire Gutzeit and Porter Clements.) 1074]

Jan 1, 1952

By R. T. Rudd

DISCUSSION R. T. RUDD I have the following comments on Mr Bosman's paper. Before giving the company permission to discharge neutralized mine drainage containing 1800 mg/l of dissolved solids into a public stream, my Department had to consider the matter from both the legal and the practical viewpoint.

Jan 4, 1974

PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Is there any member that has any question to ask Mr. McCleary on the subject? MR. TESCHER: What do you figure it costs to do this? MR. McCLEARY: Between one and a half and one and three-quarters cents per kilowatt hour. MR. TESCHER: That includes all charges? MR. McCLEARY: All charges, fuel and labor. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Mr. McCleary, you were talking about a ten-inch top on the cars. Don't you find there is considerable spillage when raising or lowering the cars? MR. McCLEARY : Not after the men get accustomed to loading cars properly; at first, they just loaded it on in any old way, but wall it onto the cars solidly after a few days at the mine. I do not think we have that condition now. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Did I understand from the paper there that the rock dust you are using contains 90 per cent silica? MR. McCLEARY: Twenty; less than twenty. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: I got that figure wrong. Are there any other questions to ask? MR. SCHLOSS: I would like to know what kind of machinery Mr. McCleary is using for rock dusting and are they rock dusting the rooms, or not? MR. McCLEARY: We have only recently started rock dusting, and the machine that we are using is Mr. Tescher's machine. We start in at the face of the main entry and move against the air current rock dusting every room and the entry every 50 feet. Every 50 feet, we stop the machine fifteen or twenty minutes at that point and rock dust up in the room and around the entry at that point. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Do you do any water sprinkling at the faces-at the working face? MR. McCLEARY: Yes, sir, every working face is sprinkled every day, and at least every two days at all points in the mine. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Does it affect the rock dust in any way? MR. McCLEARY: That was true before we started rock dusting. The faces only are sprinkled now. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: Where you stop to sprinkle with water, you do not figure on rock dusting? MR. McCLEARY: I will just change that around. Where we do rock dusting, we do not expect to sprinkle. Where the faces of the coal are fresh, from day to day, that is where the sprinkling will be clone. PRESIDENT LITTLEJOHN: That is the fresh faces? MR. McCLEARY: Yes. I might add right here, I believe Mr. Tescher made the statement that cross-cuts up an 8 per cent pitch were the steepest that

Jan 1, 1925

The Role of the Drilling Contractor BY FERRIS E. SAINSBURY Ron Haxby, Occidental Minerals What is the best method for drilling a 12-in. diam hole to a depth of 1200 ft and maintaining the deflection within 25ft from vertical? Ferris Sainsbury: In order to drill a 12-111. hole down to 1200 ft, In most places you would have to employ a rotary tricone bit With a down-the-hole hammer, I expect by that depth significant Inflows of water would be experienced Even with foams, we would not be able to get the water out of a hole of that diameter So the down-the-hole tricone method of drilling would be best. To keep it straight, we would probably employ the largest square drill stem compatible with the diameter of the hole. Ron Haxby: Is it common in drilling contracts to put in a vertical hole clause? Ferris Sainsbury: You can put in the vertical hole clause Ron Haxby: Does it cost more? Ferris Sainsbury: Normally, if the hole deviates, the driller can correct it with deflection wedges and will charge it back to you at cost, plus 10% or somewhere along that range Any drill hole has a tendency to go perpendicular to the dip, and there are times when stabilization systems are not successful in preventing the hole from turning into the dip of the formation. The only solution, in this situation, is to go in with an oriented wedge and kick the hole back out.

Jan 1, 1979