Search Documents

By V. J. Kecojevic, W. A. Wilkinson

Mining companies are increasingly looking at Global Positioning System (GPS) technology coupled with 3D mine planning and visualization systems to deliver increased productivity and reduction in operating costs in drilling and blasting operations. Leveraging GPS into drill and blast operations requires that a drilling plan be developed and imported into the GPS to guide the operation to a planned and desirable outcome. State-of-the-art mine planning software systems provide the engineer with a 3D environment in which to design and visualize drill and blast plans. This paper discusses producing and exporting 3D drill and blast plans to GPS and how some coal companies are utilizing GPS and mine planning software technology in the drill and blast process.

Jan 1, 2004

By W. A. Wilkinson

In creating a surface mine design, a complicated series of events may be required to meet both mining and environmental objectives. Envisioning the mine at every step of the operation can greatly assist the engineer to identify design and operational problems that might otherwise go undetected until the field operations reach the problem. Providing operations a visual progression of the mine ensures that critical designs generated by the engineer are understood and effectively communicated to operations. Providing the plan as electronic data to the surveyors and/or on-board GPS systems can ensure successful implementation of the design. This paper discusses using computer technology to generate a virtual mine plan and strategies to consider when communicating a virtual mine plan through electronic and paper formats.

Jan 1, 2002

By Arthur Taggart

THIS paper describes the result of a series of experiments run in the laboratory of the School of Mines, Columbia University, during the winter of 1927-28. It shows that the several operating adjustments of a pneumatic table produce effects in the action of a, given coal that may be grouped into two classes, viz.: stroke length, speed and rocker-arm angle, which affect longitudinal travel; air supply and table slope (transverse and longitudinal), which determine transverse travel. The magnitude of the effect of the different adjustments varies. Some of the adjustments affect stratification of the bed, both as respects size and specific gravity of the bed components, as well as direction of travel. Operation of a pneumatic table is fundamentally different from that of a wet table in that the former exerts, through the air supplied, a force on the particles upward away from the deck which is lacking on the wet table while, on the other hand, it lacks the positive control over cross travel that is supplied by the wash and feed water.

Jan 1, 1929

OF THE many categories into which scientific knowledge has been arbitrarily divided, the one which has proved most applicable in our attempts to gain an insight into the details of steelmaking processes is physical chemistry. To the young metallurgist who has only recently survived a college course in this subject, the application of its principles to reactions in liquid steel should not be difficult. To one who has had no such course or whose auld acquaintance with the subject has all but been forgot, such application is all too often thwarted by the abstruse presentations of the subject found in many of the available textbooks. AS a tool for the control of a complex process involving many chemical reactions, physical chemistry can become very valuable. The specialist who is using this tool for many purposes and perhaps contributing to its development will want to know a great deal more about it than can be included in this book. He will be interested in its history, its accomplishments and limitations, and its applications to many and varied problems. To the steelmaker or metallurgist, however, it is only one of a number of tools that he must use. He is willing to forego the detailed study of its inner workings in order to concentrate upon the development of skill in its application. It is the purpose of this chapter to present a simplified view of physical chemistry as a tool of great potential usefulness. This purpose and the desire for brevity have required the elimination of many of the gadgets with which the tool is usually adorned. It is hoped that this simplification will be conducive to clear understanding. The beginner is urged not to overlook the more extended treatments of the standard textbooks.* He is assured at the same time that the basic tool is sound and serviceable and is guaranteed to give satisfaction if regularly lubricated with common sense. Certain parts of physical chemistry require rather formidable mathematics for their complete development, but in the main those applications in which we are here interested can be expressed in fairly

Jan 1, 1944

By Walter C. Jr. Sherman

6.1-SOIL MECHANICS WALTER C. SHERMAN, JR. 6.1.1-DEFINITION Soil mechanics is concerned with the behavior of soils in relation to the design, construction and performance of engineering works. In this context, soils include all uncemented materials, such as, gravels, sands, silts and clays, either naturally or artificially deposited, and, under certain conditions, weakly cemented, badly broken or weathered rocks. Many types of mine wastes have physical properties similar to those of soils and thus are amenable to analysis by the principles of soil mechanics. The principles of soil mechanics are used to solve such problems as the stability of various types of structures with respect to failure of the supporting soils, determination of soil pressures and deformations in the design of foundations and retaining structures, analyses of seepage and under seepage, and stability with respect to sliding of excavated and natural slopes and embankments. 6.1.2--SOIL PROPERTIES Soils are classified on the basis of index properties, such as, particle-size distribution and plasticity characteristics. The Unified Soil Classification System1 used to classify soils for engineering purposes is shown in Table 6-1. Other physical properties important from an engineering standpoint include natural water content, density, permeability, shear strength and compressibility. Physical properties are evaluated on the basis of carefully conducted laboratory tests. Procedures for laboratory testing are presented by Lambe. 2 Soils, either of natural or artificial deposition, are complex three-phase materials consisting of solids, water and gas (usually air or water vapor). One of the most important principles in soil mechanics is based on the concept of effective stress in the soil-water system. A stress, a, applied to a saturated soil is taken partly by the soil particles (effective stress, a'), and partly by the water in the voids (neutral stress or pore water pressure, u,) so that a' = a - u,. Only the effective stress affects the mobilization of frictional resistance between soil particles. In partially saturated soils, the pore-water pressure is negative due to capillary effects. The effective stress relation remains valid for small negative pore pressures, but anomolies arise if the soil is significantly unsaturated. In this case, the pore pressure is commonly assumed as equal to the pore air pressure, u,, so that [ u' = u - u..] 6.1.3--SOIL EXPLORATIONS Soil explorations are carried out by borings or test pits. Hvorslev3 has reviewed procedures and boring requirements, such as, type, depth and spacing employed. In general, soil strata are logged and representative exploratory samples are recovered for classification purposes and for determining the subsurface soil profile, which is constructed utilizing also knowledge of the geology of a site. Undisturbed samples are recovered if the properties of the undisturbed soil are required, as generally is the case. The undisturbed soil sampler consists of a thin-wall tube

Jan 1, 1973

By Marcelo Eduardo Rocha Gesualdi

A solução de eletrocentros aplicada a subestações elétricas dentro de uma planta industrial vem se consolidando no processo de mineração no Brasil em virtude de suas diversas vantagens de modularização, montagem e testes em fábrica, acelerando a instalação e energização das subestações em campo aonde os prazos de disponibilidade são sempre curtos para o início da operação da planta. Adicionalmente ao conceito de eletrocentros, a automação de subestações elétricas tem possibilitado através da utilização de redes de comunicação baseadas na norma IEC 61850 uma nova visão de integração dos diversos equipamentos, painéis elétricos e de automação que compõem as subestações dentro de uma plataforma integrada com a automação de processos da planta, disponibilizando um maior número de informações para o correto controle da subestação e gerenciamento de energia, bem como a redução significativa do cabeamento interno de controle e comando entre painéis facilitando ainda mais a modularização dos eletrocentros. Além das vantagens de montagem e comissionamento, o conjunto eletrocentro e sistema integrado de automação possibilita para a operação e a manutenção da planta consideráveis avanços através do gerenciamento remoto e integrado de informações, garantindo uma maior eficiência em seus respectivos processos.

Aug 16, 2017

By D Craw, K A. Hunter

Deposits of the metalloids arsenic and antimony occur in quartz veins of mesothermal hydrothermalsystems in the South Island as arsenopyrite (AsFeS) and stibnite (Sb2S3). Arsenopyrite and stibnite occur in natural exposures in gold-mining areas, and additional arsenopyrite and stibnite have been exposed to the atmosphere by mining activity. At present the drinking water limits for dissolved As and Sb are 10 ppb and 3 ppb respectively. Sampling and analysis techniques are critical to determination of metalloid concentrations at these low levels. Endeavour Inlet in the Marlborough Sounds is an historic mining area (late 19th Century) with elevated As and Sb in waters emanating from mineralised rocks. Waters running out of abandoned adits have concentrations of As and/or Sb up to ppm levels. Natural waters have high Sb and low As, and the As levels increase markedly where anthropogenic activity has exposed rock. Changes in Sb/As ratio could potentially be used to quantify the anthropogenic component of metalloid mobility on mine sites on the 100-year time scale.

Jan 1, 2002

By S. Curry

The Objana Cement Plant is located in central Nigeria, approximately 200km south of capital city Abuja (figure 1). It is the second largest cement plant in Africa, and the fifth largest in the world [1]. The selected mining location is unique as it has all the major raw materials (except gypsum) in close proximity. This includes limestone, clay, marl, laterite soil, and laterite iron. [ ] The plant has a capacity of 5 million metric tones per year (~15,000 tones per day). A 135 megawatt gas-fired power plant, with 90 km of natural gas pipeline, was constructed to power the plant. The total project cost is approximately 1.2 billion US dollars. The lifeline of the plant is two overland conveys totalling 7.7km in length. The first 800m conveyor is relatively mundane. The second conveyor however, is unlike any other troughed belt conveyor in the world. It 6.9km length transports 2,400 T/H and operates at 5.0 m/s. Its ?snake? profile consists of 11 vertical cuvees, and four horizontal curves. The last of which is 2,000m in radius, has a length of 2.2km, and is located at the high tension head end of the conveyor. Although these specifications are noteworthy, the unique feature of this system is that it is entirely elevated from head to tail using a triangulated truss gantry structure (figure 2).

Jan 1, 2008

By D. Fry, S. Hunsaker

Ammonium nitrate in explosives and sulfides in reactive ground have the potential to react at ambient and elevated temperatures resulting in premature detonations. The Australasian Explosives Industry Safety Group (AEISG) published, in 2006, a Code of Practice1 for elevated temperature and reactive ground. This paper reviews the chemistry, general reactivity of various ground types, elevated temperature hazards, and testing protocols contained in the code, that are industry best practices for managing ammonium nitrate-based explosives in elevated temperature and reactive ground conditions. In addition to reviewing the 5th edition AEISG Code of Practice, data is presented validating the recommended sampling guidelines within the code. Dyno Nobel has been screening reactive ground samples and performing sleep time testing since the code of practice was first released. Test results demonstrate the effects of samples that are allowed to oxidize before testing and are shown to be subsequently less reactive and not representative of the actual hazards facing mining blasting operations. Results also show that for a given reactive ground sample, reaction times decrease with increasing temperature. Data also quantify the delay in reaction time given by inhibited products. These results emphasize the importance of proper sampling and preparation of samples to accurately characterize elevated temperature and reactive ground hazards. They also demonstrate the efficacy of inhibited products in managing these hazards

Jan 1, 2024

By Xiaowei Du, Xitao Wang, Xuekun Shang

The deformation behaviors under both tensile and compressive forces and microstructure evolutions of cast SA508-4N steel were investigated at elevated temperatures. True stress-strain data were obtained from hot deformation experiments performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal-simulator under different temperatures (750-1200C) and strain rates (0.001-10 s-1). The reduction of area decreases as a function of temperature from 750C to 900C and then increases. At 1200C, the reduction of area reaches more than 99% with the strain rates of 0.5 s-1 and 1.0 s-1. The dynamic recrystallization under compressive stress occurs at 800C under low strain rate and a complete dynamic recrystallization can be observed when the temperature reaches above 1100C. A “two-stage” flow stress constitutive model concerned with dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization was established based on the true stress-strain data. This model shows good agreement with experiment results. Moreover, we developed a dynamic recrystallized grain size model to describe the average grain size after complete dynamic recrystallization.

Oct 1, 2019

By J. H. Craig

As a result of information that the Navy Department was questioning the advisability of raising the maximum allowable exposure temperature for zinc-coated steel parts from 500 to 750 F., it was decided to make a series of high temperature tension tests on several types of uncoated and zinc-coated steels. The objective was to determine at what temperature intergranular penetration of galvanized steel by zinc might take place under conditions of rapidly applied stress and temperature. Tests were conducted in the range from room temperature to 1400 F. In this range, low-carbon and high-carbon steels did not suffer any adverse effects due to zinc coatings. In fact, at 1400 F. the zinc coatings appeared to have a beneficial effect. In stainless steel, the coating had no effect up to 1000 F. Above this temperature, the zinc coating appeared to cause a marked loss in ductility and a less pronounced loss in strength. There was no visible evidence of zinc penetration of the stainless steel structure, but it was assumed that this was the cause of the adverse effect.

Jan 1, 1945

By T Stambolie

Mine planning processes are continuously evolving, increasing in complexity, and are required to be developed in shorter timeframes, often missing important steps in the process. Underground coal mines are also moving into more challenging environments, with the more favourable resources having been exhausted. In addition to traditional mine planning processes there is an increasing level of complexities associated with parallel systems including the preparation of Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) compliant estimates (JORC, 2012 and Guidelines Review Committee, 2014) or seeking critical regulatory development consent to undertake mining. There is a clear link between geotechnical considerations and success of mining operations, and therefore it is essential that such considerations are elevated in both status and priority. It is obvious that geotechnical considerations are paramount in any mine, however it is imperative to accept that such considerations, and the collection of information relating to such, are undertaken from the onset of any mining project. CITATION:Stambolie, T, 2018. Elevating geotechnical considerations in the Australian underground coal industry and mine planning process, in Proceedings The Fourth Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference (AusRock), pp 383–391 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 30, 2018

By G. A. Achilleos

The insufficiency of Boolean Logic and ?hard? decision making to represent and manage spatial data in set with their spatial errors comprises a remarkable difficulty for widely accepted estimation procedures, in realistic planning of space geometric problems and management through a GIS. Fuzzy logic as well as other theories such as the theory of Probabilities, Bayesian theory etc., contribute substantially towards this direction. Data are accompanied by their accuracy and are managed through the applications and modules of Spatial Analysis, aiming to access a decision with known accuracy and fuzziness. As it concerns the cases of waste sanitary landfill sites designing, which are based on the construction of a bank, the problem shown by this paper, seems to be quite serious. The determination of the theoretical waste disposals body in the landfill is based on an uncertain Digital Elevation Model (DEM). As this model is a result of a procedure enclosing errors and inaccuracies, it is for certain a non - error free model. Thus, the geometric computation of the excavation quantities and the waste disposals solid body volume, misquotes the expected standard theoretical computation and imports the need to decide and set a risk level for the project.

Jan 1, 2005

[ ]

Jan 1, 1938

By Samuel Vasconcellos

Existem vários tipos de compressores centrífugos de gás, mas em todos o sistema de controle de capacidade influencia diretamente a performance do compressor e também a capacidade máxima de compressão do mesmo. O Controle de Capacidade do Compressor por ser realizado a partir de válvulas tanto na sução bem como na descarga em forma de vent ou mesmo uma válvula em forma de recirculação. Todos os sistemas operam como forma de controle de capacidade mas o mais eficiente é por meio de controle por uma válvula na sucção do compressor, pois tanto a recirculação como um vent na descarga não reduzem o consumo de energia elétrica de forma eficiente pela vazão entregue. Neste trabalho trataremos particularmente de um controle de capacidade por meio de válvulas de sucção em compressores de nitrogênio centrífugos procurando uma forma mais eficiente de compressão e também elevar a capacidade de compressão.

Sep 25, 2017

By Daniela Miranda Cota

No processo produtivo de minério de ferro, dezenas de equipamentos são utilizados no preparo da mina para as operações de perfuração, desmonte, carregamento e transporte do minério retirado das minas a céu aberto. A iniciativa de trabalhar com a elevação da vida útil dos pneus dianteiros da frota de 992G/K (Caterpillar) ocorreu pelo fato do mesmo ser um dos custos mais altos na operação de mina, ser o maior representante de geração de resíduos de borracha e dentre os pneus em operação, a frota de carregadeiras 992G/K apresentava performance dos pneus do eixo dianteiro inferior à recomendação do fabricante e ao nosso orçamento anual, por isso se tornou foco do trabalho a ser desenvolvido. A metodologia aplicada para a elaboração do projeto foi Seis Sigma, que possibilitou a análise dos dados e alcance dos resultados acima da meta estabelecida por meio de ações processuais estruturantes e comportamentais, levando à redução da variabilidade.

Oct 30, 2017

By Luis Adrianzen Lamadrid

La eliminación de la dosificación de cal de un proceso de flotación es difícilmente lograda, si bien algunas empresas han logrado implementar reactivos que ayudan a depender menos de esta, otras empresas en cambio; han logrado no depender de este modificador de pH; pero con resultados poco sostenibles y solo en uno de sus circuitos.

Sep 1, 2017

By Carlos Del Río S

Se presume que el valor de los concentrados en tungsteno es afectado por un alto contenido de impurezas, generando considerables multas en el mercado minero. Por ello, el presente estudio señala la eliminación de estos sedimentos, a través de tres sistemas como el "leaching", la flotación y la separación magnética, donde además de obtenerse limpio el producto a costo de operación pequeña, se valoralizan los concentrados, evitando el pago de multas. Al tiempo que muestra la flotación de los sulfuros metálicos como el sistema más adecuado para separarlos de la hubnerita de los preconcentrados de la mina Pasto Bueno.

Jun 20, 1954

By Joseph Chancasanampa M.

"El presente trabajo propone una alternativa en el proceso de flotación de minerales polimetálicos (Cu-Pb-Zn), mediante la aplicación del método de Flotación Secuencial en cuyo proceso se obtiene un concentrado de cobre en una primera etapa, luego se flota el plomo y seguidamente el zinc, eliminando la separación Pb/Cu. Este trabajo presenta resultados metalúrgicos obtenidos a nivel de laboratorio, como base para el desarrollo de la flotación secuencial a nivel industrial."

Sep 1, 2017

By Frank V. Hicks

THE following paper-in no sense a technical paper-is a summary of a safety campaign instituted by a coal-mining company to improve an unfortunate safety record. The experience should be suggestive equally to coal and metal-mining companies. With few precedents to follow in the beginning, the course was charted by trial and error. The endeavor, often disheartening, finally resulted in the capture of the most coveted safety trophy in the mining industry, "The Sentinels of Safety," awarded by the Hercules Powder Co. of Wilmington, Del., through the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The period described covers the 10-year interval, 1924 to 1933, the year 1933 being that for which the award was made. The coal company considered has produced annually for a number of years an average of 2,750,000 tons of coal, employing at various times from 1.800 to 3000 men. Prior to 1924, the

Jan 1, 1935