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WaihiÆs Cornish Pumphouse is located on the edge of town in a dynamic and changeable area where history affects the future. As in any successful project, ingenuity and team work have been significant factors in the planning and implementation of the buildingÆs relocation.   Work around the Pumphouse site commenced circa 1900 with preparation to sink the No 5 shaft. Construction of the pumphouse and the steam driven C pump was completed by 1904 with hints of what was to come evident in 1905 as the No5 Shaft collar had sunk 350mm in four years. By 1907 surface cracking developed over the Milking Cow cave area and in 1913 200 mm was cut off the main pumping rod as the ground was sinking at a rate of 25 mm per year.   In 1913 ground around No 6 shaft had subsided 600 mm.It was also the end of an era as steam gave way to hydroelectricity and electric pumps replaced the C Pump. C Pump was maintained as a backup from 1913 to 1929 and then finally scrapped. 25 years of underground caving operations removed approximately 400 000 cubic metres of ore leaving a 7 ha collapse crater that eventually became known as the mine lake.   On the edge of town a tension zone over the Royal Lode began to develop 50 m diameter chimney collapses as large scale blocks relaxed into unfilled stopes in the old Martha underground mine. After the 1999 collapse part of the main street was closed and after the 2001 collapse Hazard Zones were declared, more streets closed and areas evacuated and retired from residential use.   By 1984 the Pumphouse has approximately one degree of tilt and in 2002 tilt on the Pumphouse accelerated briefly and then settled down. Tilt accelerated again late in 2004 and a scoping study was initiated to define protection options for the pumphouse. The Martha Mining Licence requires Newmont to 'Take whatever precautions are necessary to protect the old Cornish Pumphouse adjacent to No5 shaft' and viable solutions needed to found.   Any work on the Pumphouse comes standard with a wide range of stakeholders, governing agencies and legal framework to consider. Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) is owner and administrator of the pumphouse.

Jan 1, 2006

By Nora M. Hutt, Kevin A. Morin

One technique for controlling ongoing acidic drainage is to relocate and submerge net-acid-generating waste rock in a lake or water-retaining impoundment. This can lead to the overall improvement of water quality and the reduction In short-term environmental liabilities. A case study of this technique is the Eskay Creek Mine in northern British Columbia. Some findings of the study are: (1) the addition of lime to each truckload of rock, based on its rinse pH, neutralized the accumulated acidity and suppressed the accumulated-metal release, (2) only 10-20% of the dump's neutralization potential had been consumed when acidic drainage appeared, (3) water chemistry in the watershed recovered roughly three years after relocation, and (4) environmental liability was reduced due to the cessation of on-land acidic drainage with no degradation of lake chemistry.

Jan 1, 2000

By Steve Griles

Mr. Griles did not make his speech available for reprint. Looking Down the Road: The Environmental Side of the 1990s and Beyond Environmental Social Responsibility Love Canal, Buffalo Creek, Widow Combs, Bohpal and Three Mile Island are familiar names to all of us-names which evoke memories of environmental tragedies. These memories, as well as memories of other environmental disasters, lead us to pose this question: What is the nature of the environmental social contact between industry and society? The manner in which one answers this question will. in large measure, answer the question of where one thinks environmental issues will go, or should go, in the 1990s and beyond. The history of the evolution of the environmental movement will be helpful in defining and under- standing just what society's environmental responsibility is and, perhaps, what it will be. To Define the Future Start With the Past The common law, which most of the United States adopted from the English system of jurisprudence, traditionally considered pollution control and other environmental issues to be a matter of determining the relative rights of private property owners and of individuals. Legal and equitable theories, such as nuisance, negligence, trespass and the law of riparian rights, were utilized to allocate responsibilities between parties under the common law. The discharge of pollutants into streams and into the air was by and large considered acceptable, at least up to the point that another's "reasonable" use of the same air or waterway was significantly impeded. Further, the judicial decisions interpreting the applicability of the common law to the protection of the environment generally reflected the social and economic pressures of the age. During the Industrial Revolution, the decisions and policies had a marked tendency to favor industrial development. Jobs and industrial growth are deemed as important, and in some cases more important, than the protection of people and property. Additionally, the idea of a social responsibility, beyond that owed to a competing land or water user, was nearly alien to the early common law.' One could even go so far as to say that, had there been a social environmental contract under early common law (which, of course, there was not); but if there were, it would have been to promote actions which facilitated industrial development, even at the expense of the environment. Post-World War LI industrial expansion brought with it a growing awareness of limits on the environment's ability to absorb increasing levels of pollution. Thus evolved an era of social and political adjustment, as society began to shift away from supporting big business and industrial development and toward supporting domestic government programs and limits on industry. States gradually stepped in with efforts to address environmental issues. The Pennsylvania Clean Streams Law and the West Virginia Surface Mining Act of 1939, while lax in comparison to today's standards, nevertheless marked definitive efforts toward altering the balance between industrial development and environmental protection Pollution control continued to be viewed as a state responsibility through the 1950s, until Congress began, for the first time, to allocate funds for federal research on air and water pollution and to implement

Jan 1, 1988

By G G. Suffel

T HESE remarks on the occurrence of strata-bound massive sulphide deposits are submitted be-cause the writer recently visited the principal Cyprus deposits (in January, 1965) and has also a back-ground of many years spent largely in detailed observation and map-ping of the Horne and Amulet ore-bodies, now largely inaccessible. They are particularly related to the Symposium papers (September Bulletin) by Hutchinson and by Roscoe. Some comments are offered on the cupriferous pyrite deposits of Cyprus. As the writer is currently reviewing the published literature on the related deposits in Turkey, a brief account of some characteristic Anatolian sulphide occurrences is given. The discussion is closed with some thoughts on the relationship between these Mediterranean sulphide deposits and those of northwestern Quebec and the Superior province in general. The geology of Cyprus, as it relates to the sulphide deposits, is well summarized by Hutchinson (1965). After visiting Mavrovouni, Skouriotissa and Limni and after much thought on the possible ge-nesis of these ores, it seems quite logical to me that he is right. They are indeed closely related to late-stage submarine volcanism.

Jan 1, 1965

By George W. Maynard

IN the course of an examination of some of the California hydraulie mines in November last, I visited the property of the Gold Run Ditch and Mining Company, near Dutch Flat, Placer County. This is one of the most important and extensively worked mines in the district. The gold occurs in the characteristic blue gravel, which averages 175 feet in thickness, the lower 40-60 feet being made tip of cement gravel, which resists the action of water, and can only be loosened by blasting. The specimen which I have the pleasure of laying before the members was presented to me by Mr. I. L. Gould, the intelligent superintendent of the mines, who informs me that he found it in the old river channel, about twelve feet above the bedrock. The flattened water-worn nugget of gold, about the size of a kidney-bean, is imbedded in blue cement gravel, around which quartz has crystallized. When found the projecting portion of the nugget was enveloped in quartz, the core of gravel and gold having only been discovered after breaking the lump of quartz. On the quartz there is a shell of cement. The specimen is a remarkable confirmation of the theory of the deposition of quartz from solution. DISCUSSION. DR. T. STERRY HUNT, in commenting upon this occurrence, remarked that it is in accordance with what we already know of the recency of some of the quartz of this region, and cited the microscopic

Jan 1, 1880

By R. W. Raymond

HAVING had recently the opportunity of examining a transit and a plummet-lamp, manufactured by Messrs. Heller & Brightly, of Philadelphia, and intended for the use of mining engineers in under-

Jan 1, 1873

By J. Henry Harden

I DESIRE to call the attention of the Institute to a new form of drawing-board trestle. With the ordinary four-legged trestle, commonly used, one has not the means of adjusting the height of the board to the draughtsman. To obviate this inconvenience, and at the same time to enable one to incline the board, I have devised an arrangement of curved and straight slots and thumb-screws, by means of which the board can be raised three or more inches, and placed at any desired angle of inclination on either side. Figures 2, 3 (Plate I) show side and end elevations of the trestle for a single board, and Figure 4 for two boards. The latter form is adapted for use in schools, or where it is desired to economize space.

Jan 1, 1874

By T. Sterry Hunt

I HAVE already referred to this interesting locality in the opening address, but at the request of some of the members of the Institute, brought before them specimens of the ore and the accompanying rock. The ore, which is cassiterite, is also met with elsewhere in Maine, at Paris and Hebron, but it there occurs associated with orthoclase, quartz, tourmaline, and beryl, in concretionary granite veins, which cut the micaceous gneisses of the White Mountain series. At Winslow the veins traverse an impure gray micaceous limestone, which is found in many parts of this region, and is subordinate to the same gneissic series. The veins, which are seldom more than an inch or two in thickness, are abundant through a considerable breadth of the rock, and are interlaminated with it, occupying places between the sedimentary layers, which are distinctly marked by different shades of color. Occasionally, however, they cut across the stratification for a little distance, showing that the disrupting action was not always confined to tearing the layers apart. The vein-stone consists of purple fluor-spar, and silvery white mica with quartz. In this gangue the cassiterite, nearly black in color, is disseminated in small crystalline masses, sometimes one-half an inch in diameter, and is associated with a little mispickel. I have only seen the veins as exposed at a single point, but was informed that similar veins holding the ore are met with at a distance of several thousand feet.

Jan 1, 1873

By G. W. Brooks

This short article is quite different to the general run of papers that are presented to the Institute, but no apology is offered because I consider that first-aid and mine-rescue work are of equal importance to many other subjects that are dealt with in our Transactions. Members of the Institute should be as much interested in the safety of persons engaged in the mining industry as they are in the practical methods of modern mining. We must not only do our best to conserve life and property by adopting every known device to that end, but we must also prepare ourselves so that we may take prompt and effective action when life is in danger, or when property is subject to loss. The need for such preparation in Alberta is perhaps greater than in most places where mining is carried on, and we must spare no effort to assemble at every mine men who are well trained in first-aid and mine-rescue work. The large area over which the mines are distributed renders central training stations out of the question, hence the need for local rescue-teams. Hospitals with skilled staffs, close enough to the mines to be convenient, also seem to be out of the question; therefore the greater need of a high standard of first-aid training for the people in our mining camps. The Government mine-rescue cars are supplied with the equipment necessary for training persons in this essential work and also for dealing with disasters should they occur. The question then arises: are there a sufficient number of men who are trained ? If so we can rest assured that what is possible to be done will be done. But if a sufficient number of trained men are not available much loss of life and damage to property is likely to result.

Jan 1, 1925

The district specially referred to in this paper comprises the very gently sloping country extending from the western shores of Port Phillip from the mouth of the Yarra to Footscray along the Bacchus Marsh railway to near that town thence in a southerly direction to the Little River, and along that river to the coast, 1 as may be seen on the accompanying map. Almost the whole of this area is covered by volcanic rocks, consisting of pumerous sheets of basalt, which have been poured out of various volcanic hills in the districts, such as Mts. Atkinson and Cotteril, near Melton; Mt. Maryand Bald Hill, 12 and 16 miles respectively N.W. of Werribee; and vents in different parts of the parishes of Tarneit, Mouyong, Mooradoranook, Pyweitjorrk, and Derrimut. These volcanoes were in an active state of eruption during a late period of the earth's historyprobably the late Pliocenll, or still younger Pleistocene.Occupying a narrow strip of country, for most of the distance along the coast from Williamstown to past the mouth of the Little River, there occur deposits of still younger age, belonging to the Recent period. These lie on the basalt, and extend for distances varying from a few chains to more than a mile back from the beach. They comprise superficial deposits of blown sand, and raised beaches, composed of marine sands...

Jan 1, 1902

By T. Sterry Hunt

I HAVE lately had occasion to examine sulphuretted ores of bismuth both from Tudor, Ontario, and Latete, New Brunswick. The former consisted chiefly of bismuth-glance, carbonated at the outcrop, and within associated with some metallic bismuth, iron-pyrites and graphite, in a quartz gangue. In the second locality, where it appears to be present in considerable quantity, the veinstone is also quartz, but the associates of the bismuth-glance are chalcopyrite and galena. The treatment of such mixed ores in the furnace for the extraction of the bismuth could yield only a very impure product, and in view of the high price of the metal I tried with success a wet method for the treatment of the ore, which is based on well-known chemical reactions, and may, in some cases, be advantageously used. The pulverized ore is dissolved by heat in commercial nitric acid, and the remaining gangue washed by displacement, first with a little strong acid (which is used to attack a fresh portion of ore) and then with a moderate quantity of water, which is added to the first solution. This, if the excess of acid be considerable, may be partially

Jan 1, 1873

By T. Sterry Hunt

THE essential principle of this new process, now in operation in Chili and in North Carolina, for the extraction of copper from its ores, is the dissolving of the oxides of copper by a hot solution of protochloride of iron and common salt. In the action which takes place, the protochloride of iron is converted into peroxide, while the oxides of copper are changed into protochloride and dichloride, the latter of which, though insoluble in water, is readily soluble in a hot strong brine. From the solution thus obtained, metallic iron throws down the copper in a metallic state, regenerating the protochloride of iron; which is then ready for the treatment of a fresh portion of oxidized copper ore. In the case of slimy ores, the contact of the bath with the ore is effected by agitation in tubs ; but when the ores are granular, lixiviation in large vats is equally efficient and simpler. The hot solutions, charged with chlorides of copper, are digested in tanks with scrap-iron, or better, are made to flow through covered channels containing the scrap-iron, and in their passage lose the whole of their copper; the reaction at the same time evolving so much heat as to keep up the temperature of the liquid. In order to prevent a certain loss of chlorine, which otherwise takes place from the production of some basic ferric chloride in the reaction between the ferrous chloride and the oxides of copper (both protoxide and dinoxide being generally present in calcined ores), a portion of sulphurous fumes from the roasting is made to pass through the regenerated bath before adding it to fresh ore. This has hitherto been effected by injection, with the aid of a jet of steam.

Jan 1, 1873

By B. Silliman

THESE ores occur in the Laurentian rocks in the town of Clifton, St. Lawrence County, New York. The Clifton Mining Company have opened these magnetites upon their estate of 23,000 acres, on the waters of the Grasse River, an affluent of the St. Lawrence, which flows for about nine miles across the estate, exposing a section of the formation, and affording ample water-power at numerous points. In approaching this district from De Kalb Junction, upon the Watertown and Ogdensburg Railway, the observer passes from the zone of the specular ores, which abound to a great extent in Jefferson County, across a belt of non-metal-liferous limestones, continuing for some miles intermingled with metamorphic rocks, and gradually giving place to heavy beds of granitic and porphyritic gneiss, the weathered surfaces of which present a gray and rough appearance, from the washing out of the feldspar; leaving the quartz very prominent, and completely disguising the real character of the rock, which, when freshly broken, has a lively reddish appearance from the predominance of flesh-colored and red feldspar. Beds of fine-grained quartzite appear also intercalated in the granitic gneiss. These are the dominating rocks of the magnetite region, but the magnetite is always found, so far as the speaker's observation extended, associated with beds of calcite, carrying hornblende, black and green, biotite, and brown garnet interspersed with yellow and magnetic pyrites. The strike of these rocks is about northeast, and their dip about 40° to 45° southeast.

Jan 1, 1873

By R. W. Raymond

THE specimen of anthracite which I exhibit is from the Ortiz Mine Grant, about fifteen miles southwest of Santa Fe. The beds belong to the lignitic formation of the Galisteo, which Hayden and

Jan 1, 1874

By R. W. Raymond

I HAVE the pleasure of exhibiting samples of the rock in which the South African diamonds are said to occur, for which I am in debted to Mr. Franz Groeger, of Vienna, formerly an assistant of the Royal Imperial Geological Institution, whose account of the general geology of Southern Africa was contained in a recent number of the proceedings of that Institution. The rock is apparently a sort of tufa, evidently of volcanic origin. Mr. Groeger assured me that it could be seen in situ, bounded by uplifted stratified rocks; and that diamonds had been mined from it, by means of shafts, some distance below the surface. Groeger calls it "greenstone-tufa," and says of it, in the proceedings of the Geological Institution, " it breaks through the younger members of Group III [lower Trias and Jura], . . .. and crops out in oval masses, filling fissures . . ..The occurrence of this tufa is not locally limited, but has been traced and proved already over a large territory." DR. HUNT remarked that the material looked like the trass of the Rhine region. He thought it a new occurrence for diamonds. He believed diamonds to belong to ancient crystalline rocks, although these materials might be brought tip by volcanic agency, and the diamonds remain unaltered. In the volcanic rocks of Auvergne, crystals of sapphire, zircon, and spinel are found; and yet no one supposes that these minerals have been generated by volcanic agency. He had had a conversation with Bertrand de Lom on this subject, who agreed with him that these minerals, being hard and resistant,

Jan 1, 1874

By R. W. Raymond

WISH to call the attention of the Institute to a curious subject, brought to my notice last summer by Mr. Begger, the accomplished metallurgist of the smelting-works of the Boston and Colorado Company at Black Hawk, near Central City, Colorado. At these works, the richest auriferous sulphhrets of Colorado (particularly copper pyrites) are smelted in reverberatories, together with roasted tailings (iron pyrites), and the gold and silver are concentrated into a new, artificial sulphide, or copper matte, containing $1500 and upwards of the precious metals per ton, and this is shipped to Swansea. I will say in passing, that this shipment of an unrefined product, like the similar shipments from Utah and Nevada to San Francisco, Chi¬cago, St. Louis, Newark, New York, and Europe, of crude argentiferous lead or "base bullion," is not a sign of incomplete metallurgy here, but has a sound business reason. The separation of the precious metals in the West would be more expensive, to begin with ; and then it would necessitate the movement of these metals by express, at high rates and risk, to commercial centres or coining mints, while the base metals having no home market, must be shipped and sold at little or no profit. At present, the gold and silver, safely packed, as it were, in the base metals, are transported with safety as ordinary freight; and the base metals probably more than pay cost of shipment and separation. To return to the Black Hawk reverberatories. On a recent occa-

Jan 1, 1873

By Eckley B. Coxe

IN the anthracite coal regions of Pennsylvania the custom has been to sight either at an open light (generally a mine-lamp), or at the string of a plumb-bob. If the station was intended to be a permanent one, a spud, as it is called, that is, a nail resembling a horseshoe nail with a hole in the head, is driven into the timbers over the station, or, if there be no timber, a hole is drilled in the coal or rock roof, into which a wooden plug is driven, which serves to hold the spud. The first operation in making a survey is to lay out the stations, that is, to mark the place where the holes are to be drilled for the plugs or the points on the timbers where the spuds are to be driven in. This should be done before any instrumental work is begun, as much labor can generally be spared, and the use of very short sights can often be avoided, by carefully laying out the stations beforehand. When the stations were laid out, a plumb-bob was hung from the innermost spud, which I will call No. 1, the instrument was put in position at No. 2, by plumbing down and putting a centre-pin under the spud, and then setting up over the centre-pin, and another plumb-bob was suspended from No. 3. If great accuracy was not required, a mine-lamp was set up under the plumb-bobs, at No. 1 and No. 3, and the engineer sighted at them. If great accuracy was required, a lamp or some white surface was held by an assistant behind the strings of the plumb-bobs. To work with any speed by the latter method (i. e., the accurate one), it was necessary for the engineer to have three assistants on whom he could rely even when the chaining was done afterwards; viz.: one to hold the light behind the string at No. 1, one at No. 3, and an assistant at the instrument to hold the light while levelling, reading the in-

Jan 1, 1873

By R. P. Rothwell

AT this our first meeting I beg to call the attention of the members of our Institute to what is certainly a question of the greatest possible importance to the industries we represent; and more particularly to the welfare of the coal and iron trades : I refer to the enormous waste of coal in mining and in its preparation for market, as now practised in our anthracite coal-fields. It is a fact which many of you can certify to, that we are wasting fully one-ha f of all the coal in the veins we are now working, and there are cases, which might be mentioned where this proportion, immense as it is, has been greatly exceeded. The popular belief that our deposits of anthracite coal are "practically inexhaustible," is very far from being founded on facts. On the contrary, supposing the present rate of increase in the production to be maintained, it is probable that a maximum yield for our coal-fields would be attained in about fifteen years ; there are in fact some of our smaller basins where the principal veins are nearly exhausted and the production has already attained its maximum. There are others, again, where the depth attained-and it must be borne in mind that we commenced working at the surface outcrop-moderate though it is (scarcely ever reaching eight hundred feet), has so increased the cost of mining as to imperil the capital invested, and though it requires but little foresight to predict the time when the difficulties of mining will be very considerably increased by reason of the greater depth, greater quantity of water, fire-damp, and other fruitful sources of cost, yet, ignoring these recognized facts, we continue to waste more than one-half of the coal where it is obtained with the least danger, expense, and trouble, that is, near the surface-either above water-level or at a moderate depth below it. The inspection of almost any accurate mine map will satisfy you that, on an average, we leave fully one-third. of the coal in the ground as pillars to support the roof; in some places more than one-third thus remains, while it is very rare that less than one-quarter is left. In almost every case this coal is absolutely lost, for it will very rarely pay to reopen gangways and lay roads to it after that portion of the mine has been abandoned. Is it necessary in all cases to support the roof, and where it is, may not some artificial

Jan 1, 1873

By Edmund C. Pechin

I REGRET that I am unable to present this subject in definite form and detail. All I shall attempt at this meeting is to lay before you some curious facts, the bearings and explanations of which must be reserved for future consideration. I hope before the next meeting to have carried experiments far enough to furnish a more important contribution to the science of iron metallurgy. The Wickersham process consists in the introduction into the molten metal, as it runs from the furnace, of air from the hot blast. Mr. Samuel Wickersham is the originator of the plan, as applied in practice, although Mr. Martien had the idea a long time ago, and, I believe, .went to England about it. But at that time Mr. Bessemer was coming before the public with his invention, which engrossed the attention of iron-masters, and Mr. Martien accomplished nothing. The principal difficulty in our experiments at Dunbar was to get a practicable runner or trough, through which the molten metal should pass, and in which it should be exposed to the action of the blast. The runner we used was ten feet long, and perforated on the sides to permit the entrance of the air-currents. When we used a cast-iron and fire-clay runner, the heat was so great that before we were more than half done with a run, the lower part of the runner was melted, and we had a magnificent Fourth of July display of fireworks until the blast was shut off. We had to abandon fire clay. The runner with which we have had the best success ,is made of wrought-iron tubes, 2 1/2 inches in diameter, attached to a wrought-iron frame, and lined with a mixture of crushed conglomerate (quartz) and a little fire clay to give it cohesion. The wrought-iron shell curves inward over the upper edges, so as to catch and throw back into the current the flying sparks and particles of metal thrown out by ebullition. With this we have been able to run 12 to 14 tons at a heat with great ease. Mr. Wickersham has since prepared this material (pounded quartz) into a shaped brick or tile, with the necessary perforations for the passage of the air, which promises to answer every requirement for steady working. As regards the improvement in the quality of the iron, there seems to be no question. A large number of practical tests were made in

Jan 1, 1873

By Ezio Martino Buselli Cánepa

El programa de remediación de la Bahía de Ite ha superado los compromisos establecidos en el PAMA de Southern Perú Copper Corporation para dicha zona. En este sentido, el presente trabajo describe la aplicación de dicho programa a través de un manejo apropiado del agua para establecer humedales y lagunas. La presencia de sulfatos, óxidos de hierro y la adición de pequeñas cantidades de materia orgánica (estiércol) han creado condiciones apropiadas para la generación interna de alcalinidad y la formación de sulfuros de hierro que posteriormente serán incorporados en los sedimentos, de forma que se genere especies de flora y fauna, como ecosistemas altamente productivos en la zona utilizada.

Jul 31, 2003