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"There’s no fast way to add more than four miles of track, most of it underground, to the Sound Transit Link Light Rail system in the Seattle area. But increasingly busy traffic through a number of neighborhoods made it necessary. That’s the challenge a joint venture of several tunneling contractors faced when starting its portion of the $1.9 billion Northgate Link Extension in 2013, and the project is still keeping them busy three years later. Completion will mean just a 14-minute ride from Northgate to downtown for an extra 60,000 passengers by 2030. The transit lines will join 58 km (36 miles) of new and under-construction light rail lines running north, east and south from Seattle.Voters, tired of long commute times, approved the project, a key part of Seattle’s regional mass transit system, in 2008. The extension is part of a plan adopted by the Sound Transit board in 1996 to connect the region’s major activity centers. The Northgate project is meant to relieve one of the area’s most congested traffic areas by connecting the Northgate, Roosevelt and University District neighborhoods to existing routes including downtown Seattle and SeaTac airport.Sound Transit dedicated more than a quarter of the project’s estimated expense — $440 million -— to general contractor JCM Northlink LLC to handle the tunnel segment. JCM is a joint venture formed in 2013 between Jay Dee Contractors of Livonia, MI, Frank Coluccio Construction of Seattle, WA and Michels Corp. of Brownsville, WI. The contractors regularly collaborate on large-scale projects and brought experience working on a different section of the extension they completed in 2013.JCM project leaders knew immediately that the schedule would be demanding. They had to work around the clock, six days a week to meet deadlines. The extension runs through highly populated areas, meaning contractors had to follow strict city noise restrictions between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m. Plus, supervisors needed to manage the scheduling of nearly 250 employees to keep work running smoothly.“We had eight different operations and four different subcontractors trying to work in one tunnel,” said Chris Wood, JCM site project superintendent. “It’s important that we keep work linear. That’s the biggest challenge: keeping a path in and out so you can pour concrete, keep electricians and carpenters going, and accomplish everything else.”"

Jan 6, 2018

By W. Morgan NeSmith

A drilled displacement pile program was utilized for the expansion of an existing power plant in Cohasset MN adjacent to the Mississippi River. The drilled displacement (DD) pile is an innovative foundation type that provides exceptional value in some geologies. In the U.S., DD piles have typically been used in coarse-grained soils due to the large friction capacities that can be generated by the piles in these conditions. This project was the first large scale experience for the project team where it was anticipated that significant portions of the DD pile capacity would be developed in primarily fine-grained soils. The project site consisted primarily of variable amounts of fill overlying predominantly low plasticity alluvial silts. In some cases, alluvial silty sand layers were encountered within the expected pile installation depths. Alluvial sands were typically encountered below the silts, in some cases within the expected pile installation depths. The project team developed a probe and pile load test program to address the variable subsurface conditions across the site. The program included monitoring various parameters (including applied torque and tool penetration rate) during the drilling portion of the pile installation using recently developed data acquisition techniques. This data was used to estimate the rig energy, or Installation Effort (IE), required for pile installation. IE profiles from the test and indicator piles were compared with subsurface data available from a number of previous site characterizations. Additionally, Cumulative IE values were compared to an in-house database of IE vs. DD Pile Capacity. Final production pile toe levels were based primarily on IE values selected from this comparison. The IE data collected during production was also used to address large variations in pile-cutoff elevation (relative to a fairly uniform ground surface elevation).

Jan 1, 2008

By K Lee, K Fernando, S Rayner

Copper-gold ores have been technically difficult and uneconomical to process due to high consumptions of cyanide. Many copper oxide and sulphide minerals react with cyanide to form copper cyanide complexes, partly contributing to the high level of weak-acid dissociable cyanide in the tailings which is normally experienced during the processing of copper-gold ores. The cost for detoxification, if required for treating these tailings, would further inhibit the development of these copper-gold resources unless the cyanide used for leaching was recovered. Several technologies have been proposed to process copper-gold ores, aiming to recover copper as a co-product and cyanide for recycling in conjunction with the leaching process. A critical review of these processes reveals that a pre-concentration stage (solvent extraction or resin ion exchange) is required. Cyanide is recovered by the conventional Acidification-Volatilisation-Regeneration technique in most cases. A critical evaluation is also provided on technical aspects related to the use of Vitrokele Technology and a newly developed Elutech process in processing copper-gold ores, in particular with its application at May Day Mine.

Jan 1, 2000

By Tam Tran

Most new gold mines in Australia are required to treat tailings to reduce cyanide levels before they are discharged to storage ponds to meet the stringent environmental management guidelines set by government statutory authorities. In New South Wales, the average level of weak acid dissociable cyanide allowed in open tailings dams is now limited to 20 ppm, As stringent environmental guidelines continue to be enforced in Australia as well as in other parts of the world, the management of cyanide wastes has emerged as a key issue for the gold mining industry. This paper provides a critical evaluation on technical aspects related to the use of ion exchange resins and affiliated processes in cyanide management and tailing treatment. Particular attention is given to the use of ion exchange resin technologies in the processing of mixed gold-copper ores, where cyanide usage is the highest. Information presented in this paper is heavily drawn from the experience on the application of ion exchange resin processes at May Day mine, in New South Wales, Australia and associated pilot plant test programs. Issues related to the management of thiocyanate, especially with respect to the recovery of cyanide from thiocyanate are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1998

By J. van Deventer

Ion exchange is widely used in hydrometallurgical operations for the recovery and purification of valuable metals. Special chelating resins have a high affinity for specific elements, allowing the selective removal of low levels of impurities from a background of highly concentrated valuable metal. Solvent-impregnated resins have been added to this group more recently, expanding the treatment options. These products find application in the purification of cobalt-rich liquor prior to the production of high-purity metal or metal salts. Impurities in copper-cobalt circuits that are typically targeted by ion exchange include iron, uranium, copper, zinc, nickel, bismuth, and antimony. Ion-exchange resins can also be used to treat tailings, thereby recovering additional valuable metal and improving the Environmental and Social Governance credentials of the operation. This article takes a look at various applications of ion exchange in copper-cobalt operations

Jan 1, 2023

By Bradford NL

The Isa Mine of Mount Isa Mines Limited produces 2.6 million tonnes of silver-lead-zinc ore annually from sub level open stopes of which approximately 40% comes from the narrow Racecourse orebodies below 15 level.Geologically the stoping environment is complicated by highly fissile shale hangingwalls and below 17 level by a high stress regime.The realization that major hangingwall failures and generally poor ground conditions could lead to serious dilution problems, and ultimately production shortfalls, prompted investigations into the use of low strength explosives.

Jan 1, 1985

By Scott D. Neely, Donald R. Clark

"An existing landslide located at the southeast corner of the Telluride Regional Airport has been in an active state of failure for several years. The presence of the landslide has represented an on-going liability for the Airport, the Federal Aviation Administration and the Colorado Department of Transportation. A catastrophic failure of this landslide occurring in a manner similar to that which occurred at the Airport in 1987 has posed an on-going threat to closing Colorado State Highway 145 south and below the slide area. The existing landslide has been characterized as a series of multiple failed block areas located downhill of the airport runway that have occurred in severely weathered Mancos Shale.A total of 12 alternatives were evaluated to mitigate the landslide, including the preferred alternatives of either partial or total landslide removal. However, prior development has left essentially no place on the airport property that would allow for the disposal of the landslide debris for either the total or partial removal alternatives, and the closest off-site disposal area was approximately 40 miles from the site. As a result, in-situ stabilization of the landslide, including a primary system of isolated tie-back anchor plates with strand anchors, and a secondary system of high strength steel mesh and intermediate anchors was selected for the ultimate design of the project to stabilize the landslide in place.For design purposes, geotechnical characterization of the slide area was accomplished through geological mapping, conventional borehole exploration and geophysics using multiple electrical resistivity. The paper discusses the design process utilized and the unique challenges faced one-third of the way through construction when discovery of a survey error required redesign of the entire landslide mass stabilization system using the prefabricated anchors that had already been delivered to the project.INTRODUCTIONTelluride Colorado is located at the toe of the Colorado Rocky Mountains on the western slope. The Telluride Regional Airport is located on Deep Creek Mesa about 5 miles west of the town of Telluride.The landslide is located at the southeast corner of the airport just below an abandoned portion of the quarry access road on a south facing slope. The quarry access road is located below the elevation of the runway and outside the elk fence that surrounds the air traffic area of the airport property. Since the reconstruction of the runway, the access road to the quarry and the construction access road for the reconstruction of the airport runway and safety area were rerouted to stable ground north of the previous access road location and off of the head scarp of the landslide."

Jan 1, 2015

By Thomas E. Wayland

AN isopachous map is one on which lines connect points of equal thickness of a given unit. This type of map is used by the Florida Phosphate Project of the U. S. Geological Survey to represent the economic phosphate deposits known as matrix and the waste material, or overburden, that overlies the matrix. The top of the bed on which the phosphate was deposited is known as the basement and a subsurface contour map of this old buried erosion surface is known as a basement map. Recent experiments have been made in preparing maps that show tonnages and grades of the phosphate content of the matrix.

Jan 11, 1951

By Wall L, Dobos S. K, Berry-Lyons W

The air we breathe and both plant and animal matter consist largely of nitrogen, oxygen carbon and hydrogen; each of these elements has two or more isotopes, The rocks, soils and waters on which we live and from which we extract minerals and other resources are comprised of elements such as oxygen, silicon, hydrogen, sulphur, iron and magnesium; each of which has two or more isotopes. Since isotopes of an element behave identically in chemical reactions, they cannot be separated or analysed by chemical means. The different isotopes of a particular element, however, vary in mass, reflecting the variation in the number of neutrons in their nuclei, so that physical processes based on the relative atomic masses of the isotopes are used to separate and analyse them (eg, mass spectrometry). Many biologic, atmospheric and geologic processes alter the ratios of the different isotop1ees of many elements. The isotope ratios D/H and O/ O, for example, exhibit significant variations in natural waters because of isotope fractionation during evaporation and condensation. Isotope analyses of both naturally-occurring and synthetic isotopes in the near-surface and biospheric environments can be used to understand natural processes and predict the results of man's interaction with his environment.

Jan 1, 1991

By J. K. Wolski

This paper addresses the effects of using jet fans as booster fans in mine ventilation networks. A method was developed to determine the pressure generated by jet fans using the momentum theory. The influence of a reduction cone and other ventilation parameters on the jet fan pressure was analyzed. Verification experiments conducted in the Waldo Mine are described. Examples are given to demonstrate the conditions for the effective use of jet fans.

Jan 1, 1998

By S. S. Clarke

LATE in 1942, the increasing demand for zinc, coupled with the growing shortage of miners and the knowledge that some abandoned mines would have to be reopened for prospecting and development, led to considerable thought as to the possibilities of further mechanization in order to conserve man power. The ore bodies, locally termed "sheet ground," are an important ore bed in some mines and are in the lower part of Boone formation of the Mississippian Series. Some mines contain interbedded layers of nearly pure galena and sphalerite in horizontal sheets ranging in thickness from a thin seam to several inches and is persistent over large areas. This type of ore body offered the best opportunity for study and experiments. The use of jumbo drill carriers was advanced but some doubt was expressed as to the adaptability of jumbos as then in use to mine headings as compared to post and arm mounting (Fig I). Another consideration was the introduction of truck haulage when several mines were trackless. A drill frame, built to carry 2 4-in. drifters, was mounted on a truck chassis. This design proved a failure as it was not rigid and the resiliency of the tires and springs allowed too much play. Long screw jacks were then used to hold the truck firmly in place, but placing the jacks and securing the truck required more effort and time than setting up post drills, so the truck carrier was abandoned. The use of a bull dozer underground had been under consideration for some time to be used in "brunoing" the broken dirt from behind pillars and other inaccessable places so the slusher drags could load without double dragging the dirt. A dozer with hydraulic blade lift was purchased and R. I. Tuthill, Superintendent of Section 30 Mines, suggested that a long drill arm be substituted for the blade, and the drills mounted on the cross member. The hydraulic lift would permit drilling holes at any required spacing. The "cat" was very mobile and answered the problem of a trackless mine. The initial tests showed that the "cat" would make a good carrier, but the hydraulic controls Were not positive enough to keep the drills in alignment while drilling. The next step was to build a small hoist. This hoist was attached to the power take-off on the "cat" and by means of sheaves and a double line of 3/8-in. hoist cable, a positive control for raising and lowering the boom was obtained. To avoid serious injuries to the drillers should the cable break, a safety chain was fastened to the drill boom and hooked into a slot in the back of the "cat" frame. A different power unit was obtained for the "cat," as a state law prohibited the use of internal combustion engines in mines. A custom machine shop had just placed on the market a small hoist powered by a Model A Ford engine that had been very ingeniously converted to a slide valve engine using compressed air. To use this unit on a "cat," our master mechanic de-

Jan 1, 1947

By T. Cuscino, D. D. Lane, C. Cowherd, T. E. Baxter

Three types of commercially-available dust suppressants, commonly used in the surface mining industry to control fugitive particulate emissions from unpaved roads, were tested in the laboratory for cohesive strength and resistance to reduced effectiveness by large water addi¬tions. Results indicate that each product tested varies in cohesive strength with a range of 34-300 kPa (5-44 psi). Total cohesive strength depends on the aggregate moisture content and the means by which the sample is dried. Results show that laboratory testing can be used as a decision¬making tool concerning the type of dust suppressant for a particular mining operation. Also, the road surface aggre¬gate moisture content u critical to successful dust suppres¬sant performance. Large water additions to the aggregate road surface after initial suppressant application can pro¬duce nondesirable results. A modified wet sieving analysis is presented to test the effect of water addition.

Jan 1, 1984

By Stuart McHugh, Douglas Keough

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Because of the potential for large reserves from increased production in the eastern Devonian shales, the Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) selected these materials for the application and evaluation of existing and novel well stimulation techniques. One technique selected for further study was pulse tailoring, or tailored pulse loading, i.e., shaping the input borehole pressure history to produce a specific fracture pattern and to increase communication with the reservoir. The complexity and expense of in-situ mineback experiments prohibits direct evaluation of pulse tailoring in various geologic formations. An alternative approach used by SRI International consisted of evaluating fracture enhancement by computational simulations with supporting laboratory experiments and using data from field tests by other agencies to validate the computational model (McHugh and Keough, 1980). Laboratory experiments were conducted on core samples to determine fracture phenomenology and parameters and to verify material properties. The fracture parameters were obtained from posttest measurements of fracture distributions and correlation with stresses calculated by a wave propagation code. Model development was guided by these experiments and similar experiments in various materials performed by other agencies. The validity of the modeling, parameters, and scaling was evaluated by comparing fracture patterns from field tests with calculational simulations.

Jan 1, 1982

By G R. Hancock, J B. C Lowry, T J. Coulthard

A reconstructed landscape may exert long-term influences on its surrounds and behave in ways that may not be predictable given uncertainties regarding climate, soil and vegetation interactions (Evans, 2000). In recent years, computer-based landscape evolution models (LEM) have been used to assess potential and existing mining landscapes and their long-term geomorphic behaviour (Hancock et al, 2007; Hancock, Lowry and Coulthard, 2015; Tucker and Hancock, 2010).In this paper, we focus on the evolution of post-mining landforms, which are designed to include burial or encapsulation of mine-impacted areas and materials, including tailings, drains, spoil tips and other industrial architecture (Figure 1). At the Ranger Uranium mine in the Northern Territory of Australia, low-grade uranium ore, tailings, brines and other mine wastes will be buried at depth in the areas of the former pits and tailings storage facilities.The use of LEMs to predict long-term landscape evolution has several issues. These include that model predictions are based on the calibration and parameterisation of the model carried out using values determined from present day, or recent surface conditions. Furthermore, there is also the question as to how subtle perturbations or roughness on the DEM surface can produce alternative model results by randomly varying the elevations of the DEM surface.In this study we examine the effect on sediment transport rates and geomorphology for a proposed rehabilitated landform using multiple landscape realisations with increasing magnitudes of random changes in the DEM using the SIBERIA LEM (Willgoose, Bras and Rodriguez-Iturbe, 1991).CITATION:Hancock, G R, Coulthard, T J and Lowry, J B C, 2016. Use of landform evolution models to assess uncertainty in long-term evolution of post-mining landscapes, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2016 Conference, pp 67–70 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 28, 2016

By K. Kawakami

In Japan, pile foundations have been used extensively for buildings, bridges and port facilities. A large number of steel pipe piles were first used in the 1960's and the amount of steel used in foundations increased by 1973 to one million tons. This report describes current practice in the actual use of large diameter and long steel pipe piles in Japan, related to their performance: including consideration of pile size, hammer types used for driving the results of field tests measuring stress occurring in the piles and the driving formulae currently being used in practice in Japan.

Jan 1, 2010

The use of scrapers in mining and earthmoving operations is not new, in fact they are one of the earliest methods of bulk earthmoving. A single machine which can load, haul, and dump material with a minimum of ancilliary support is a highly productive and cost-efficient method of earthmoving. In recent times scrapers have been unpopular due to perceived problems and operational limitations, but the last couple of years have seen a resurgence in the use of scrapers in the Bowen Basin as a primary prestripping tool. The main operational limitation of scrapers is the economic operating range. maximum productivity and lowest cost per bcm is achieved on short leads, as the lead distance increases the cost per bcm quickly reaches and then overtakes that of an truck-excavator fleet. The geometry of a ætraditionalÆ coal mine does not readily allow short leads for prestrip fleets due to the nature of dragline stripping operations. The strip arrangement means that material has to be taken around the end of the pit, meaning a longer haul distance than the actual point-to-point distance between load and dump. This can be alleviated by using pit bridges, however these can cause spoil problems for draglines if not properly planned and have been avoided by many mines. Due to the economic haul distance limitation of scrapers, truck-excavator fleets have become the normal method utilised. Currently more geologically complex mines are opening up, which do not allow traditional down-dip strip mining to occur. Cross-dip mining methods allow for short leads between prestrip loading and dumping areas, hence scrapers and bulk doze are realistic alternatives to a truck-excavator fleet in the prestrip environment. Keeping the lead distance to a minimum a fleet of 657Æs can move material at a very low cost. The other main operational limitation of scrapers is the type of material that can be economically excavated. Hard material can lead to damage to the bowl, free-flowing sand will not readily stay in the bowl leading to reduced load factors. Ripping the material with a dozer prior to excavating can lead to improved loading time, and greatly reduced GET consumption. When considering scrapers for prestrip operations a number of things must be considered: is the lead distance within the economic haul distance? should twin power (push-pull) or single power (dozer pushed) scrapers be used? do I need to rip, what should I rip with? what ancilliary support is required? is there another system already available on-site which is currently under utilised? This paper considers the parameters under which large twin power scrapers are the most effective way of undertaking prestrip operations.

Jan 1, 2003

The use of scrapers in mining and earthmoving operations is not new; in fact they are one of the earliest methods of bulk earthmoving. A single machine, which can load, haul, and dump material with a minimum of ancillary support is a highly productive and cost-efficient method of earthmoving. In recent times scrapers have been unpopular due to perceived problems and operational limitations, but the last couple of years have seen a resurgence in the use of scrapers in the Bowen Basin as a primary prestripping tool. The main operational limitation of scrapers is the economic operating range. Maximum productivity and lowest cost per bcm is achieved on short leads, as the lead distance increases the cost per bcm quickly reaches and then overtakes that of an truck-excavator fleet. The geometry of a ætraditionalÆ coal mine does not readily allow short leads for prestrip fleets due to the nature of dragline stripping operations. The strip arrangement means that material has to be taken around the end of the pit, meaning a longer haul distance than the actual point-to-point distance between load and dump. This can be alleviated by using pit bridges, however these can cause spoil problems for draglines if not properly planned and have been avoided by many mines. Due to the economic haul distance limitation of scrapers, truck-excavator fleets have become the normal method utilised. Currently more geologically complex mines are opening up, which do not allow traditional down-dip strip mining to occur. Cross-dip mining methods allow for short leads between prestrip loading and dumping areas, hence scrapers and bulk doze are realistic alternatives to a truck-excavator fleet in the prestrip environment. Keeping the lead distance to a minimum a fleet of 657Æs can move material at a very low cost. The other main operational limitation of scrapers is the type of material that can be economically excavated. Hard material can lead to damage to the bowl, free-flowing sand will not readily stay in the bowl leading to reduced load factors. Ripping the material with a dozer prior to excavating can lead to improved loading time, and greatly reduced GET consumption. When considering scrapers for prestrip operations a number of things must be considered: is the lead distance within the economic haul distance? should twin power (push-pull) or single power (dozer pushed) scrapers be used? do I need to rip, what should I rip with? what ancillary support is required? is there another system already available on-site which is currently under utilised? This paper considers the parameters under which large twin power scrapers are the most effective way of undertaking prestrip operations.

Jan 1, 2003

By S. Jess Larsen

Modern technology has provided the world with many innovations to improve living standards, ease of job performance, efficiency, and managerial control. While not expected to compete with the computer revolution, Kerr-McGee Coal Corporation has found a way using laser technology to solve one of their haulage problems. Operating successful and profitable surface coal mine facilities in Wyoming's Powder River Basin require economies of scale, flexibility of operation, conscientious cost control, and ever-present innovative effort. Because haulage costs are the major source of expenditure in surface mining, Kerr-McGee recognized early the need for maximum haulage productivity and the economies of scale provided by large haulage trucks. Special conditions that exist in the Powder River Basin coal fields require consideration. The coal thickness (up to 100 feet and more) and varying depths of overburden dictate that a haulage unit with good gradability characteristics be used to avoid undesirable long ramps. Two and often three coal seams are encountered by most mines, which necessitates operating from several coal and parting faces simultaneously. This situation consumes much space, and to minimize the scope of problems, a coal haulage unit with good maneuverability and stability is needed. Finally, the low density of coal (±1500 pounds/loose cubic yard) demands a large volume capacity to utilize truck load carrying capability effectively. These conditions prompted Kerr-McGee to select unitized two-axle bottom dump trucks of the 160-170 ton size for primary coal haulage at its two Gillette-area mines. Use of 170-ton bottom dump trucks at the Clovis Point Mine handles most of the coal haulage, but the truck

Jan 1, 1983

By Pascal Lesagel

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a holistic environmental assessment tool that allows the compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its life cycle, from cradle to grave (i.e., from resource extraction and transformation to final disposal, including production and use stages). The relevance of LCA for the mining industry is twofold. First, the mining industry has a role in providing the LCA community the data that allows subsequent evaluations of the life cycle environmental impacts of primary materials such as metals, as well as the environmental comparison of the downstream products of the mining industry with other competing materials for specific uses. Second, the mining industry can use LCA in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of its activities, identify their environmental hotspots and compare the impacts of available technical options. For example, the environmental impacts of different extractive and processing technology can be compared through the use of LCA. This latter use of LCA by the mining industry is less common. This paper discusses the use of LCA to compare sulphidic tailings management options. The paper also presents some of the LCA research challenges that still have to be addressed to increase the relevance of LCA results for the specific context of mining activities.

Nov 1, 2008

By E. B. Kroeger

One of the problems encountered when constructing a roadway is the planned route often needs to cross soils that are soft and highly compressible. An approach to dealing with soft and compressible soils is to construct the fill from lightweight materials, thereby reducing the stresses on underlying soils. Most lightweight fills have approximately the same cost, so the most important consideration when choosing a lightweight fill is that the material properties of the lightweight fill match the conditions existing at the site. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) has been used as a lightweight fill material for more than 30 years. The EPS used for road fills is typically in the range of 0.5 to 2 lb/ft3, and has a compressive strength of in the range of 10 to 30 lb/in2. If a higher strength material is needed, then the material density is increased, which also adds to the cost of the material. Another type of lightweight fill material that is commonly being used is lightweight aggregate (LWA). LWA can be created by passing slate or shale through a rotary kiln or reheating coal fly ash with other materials to form pellets or aggregate. Several companies throughout the U.S market these materials under a variety of names. LWA can have a unit weight from 45-80 lb/ft3. For sites where trucking granular fill does not pose a problem, this material may be an alternative to EPS. One of the drawbacks to using LWA is the availability of the material. Only a few companies are manufacturing LWA, so it may not be available or may be cost prohibitive in certain areas of the country. Lightweight flyash blocks have been produced which may fill the gap in unit weight between the EPS and LWA. Blocks have been produced with a unit weight as low as 30 lb/ft3. They are relatively inexpensive, easy to handle, and have a moderate compressive strength. Although the unit weight is dramatically higher than EPS, the strength is also higher. If lateral stabilization of the fill is a problem, then geofabrics or grids can be incorporated into the design to add lateral strength.

Jan 1, 2003